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[null,null,null,"HITOS PARTICULARES CON RELEVANCIA MUNDIAL",null,null,null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES",null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES",null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES",null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES",null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES",null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES",null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES",null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES",null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES",null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES",null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES","CRONOLOGIA MEDIA",null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES",null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES",null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES",null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES",null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES",null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES",null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES",null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES",null,null,null,"HITOS HISTORICOS POR CIVILIZACIONES Y/O REGIONES"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"TIPO DE CRONOLOGIA",null,null,null,null,"CRONOLOGIA CORTA",null,null,null,"CRONOLOGIA CORTA",null,null,null,"CRONOLOGIA CORTA",null,null,null,"CRONOLOGIA CORTA",null,null,null,"CRONOLOGIA CORTA",null,null,null,"CRONOLOGIA CORTA",null,null,null,"CRONOLOGIA  MEDIA",null,null,null,"CRONOLOGIA CORTA",null,null,null,"CRONOLOGIA CORTA",null,null,null,"CRONOLOGIA CORTA",null,null,null,"INICIO\nAPROX.",null,"FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION",null,"CRONOLOGIA  MEDIA",null,null,null,"CRONOLOGIA  MEDIA",null,null,null,"CRONOLOGIA  MEDIA",null,null,null,"CRONOLOGIA  MEDIA",null,null,null,"CRONOLOGIA  MEDIA",null,null,null,"CRONOLOGIA  MEDIA",null,null,null,"CRONOLOGIA  MEDIA",null,null,null,"CRONOLOGIA CORTA",null,null,null,"CRONOLOGIA  MEDIA",null,null,"GRAFICAS   ILUSTRATIVAS"]
[null,"AÑO DE REFERENCIA",null,"REGIONES\nCIUDADES\nLUGAR","DESCRIPCION","GOBIERNO\n\nFECHA",null,null,null,"PRESIDENTE","INICIO\nAPROX.","FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION","REYES/EMPERADORES/PRIMER MINISTRO","INICIO\nAPROX.","FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION","REYES / CALIFAS","INICIO\nAPROX.","FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION","REYES / CALIFAS","INICIO\nAPROX.","FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION","REYES/PRESIDENTES\n","INICIO\nAPROX.","FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION","REYES/CANCILLERES\n","INICIO\nAPROX.","FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION","REYES","INICIO\nAPROX.","FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION","REYES/EMPERADORES","INICIO\nAPROX.","FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION","EMPERADORES","INICIO\nAPROX.","FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION","CALIFAS","INICIO\nAPROX.","FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION","CALIFAS/SULTANES","ANATOLIA","ARMENIA",null,null,"GRAN PRINCIPE / ZAR / PRESIDENTE","INICIO\nAPROX.","FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION","REYES","INICIO\nAPROX.","FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION","GOBERNADORES/REYES ","INICIO\nAPROX.","FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION","REYES / SAH","INICIO\nAPROX.","FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION","REYES","INICIO\nAPROX.","FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION","FARAONES","INICIO\nAPROX.","FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION","REYES","INICIO\nAPROX.","FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION","EMPERADOR/SHOGUN/PRIMER MINISTRO","INICIO\nAPROX.","FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION","REYES/EMPERADORES/PRESIDENTES","INICIO\nAPROX.","FINAL\nAPROX.","DURACION"]
[null,"SEEKER","0 (HITOS MUNDIALES)","_OFICIAL SYNCHRONOUS UNIVERSAL HISTORY_",null," NUMBER","CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR\nREGIONS STUDYED",null,null,"1 (AMERICA)",null,null,null,"2 (UNITED KINGDOM)",null,null,null,"3 (PORTUGAL_BRAZIL)",null,null,null,"4 (SPAIN)",null,null,null,"5 (FRANCE_BELGIUM)",null,null,null,"6 (GERMANY_ NETHERLANDS)",null,null,null,"7 (GREECE",null,null,null,"8 (ROMA)",null,null,null,"9 (BIZANTIUM)",null,null,null,"10 (CALIPHATES)",null,null,null,"11 (TURKEY) ",null,null,null,null,"12 (RUSSIA_CENTRAL  ASIA )",null,null,null,"13 (SUMERIA)",null,null,null,"14 (ASSIRIA)",null,null,null,"15 (PERSIA_IRAN)",null,null,null,"16 (LEVANTE_GREAT SYRIA) ",null,null,null,"17 (EGYPT)",null,null,null,"18 (INDUS VALLEY)",null,null,null,"19 (JAPAN_KOREA)",null,null,null,"20 (CHINA)",null,null,null,"FECHA:",{"$f":"TODAY()","v":"2024-02-29"}]
[null,null,"PARTICULAR HISTORICAL MILESTONES WITH GLOBAL RELEVANCE","LET'S STUDY HISTORY_LET'S MAKE HISTORY_LET'S WRITE HISTORY",null,"DESCRIPTION",null,null,null,"WESTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGION OF AMERICA\nUNITED STATES - CANADA - CENTRAL AMERICA - SOUTH AMERICA\n(?? / 1492 / CURRENT",null,null,null,"WESTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN - IRELAND - AUSTRALIA\n  BRITISH EMPIRE\n(-7500 / 1577-1997 / CURRENT)",null,null,null,"WESTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGION OF PORTUGAL - BRAZIL\nPORTUGUESE EMPIRE (1,415/1975 CURRENT)",null,null,null,"WESTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGION OF SPAIN HISPANIA / CORDOBA - AL ANDALUS \n(-1,100, 711, 1,492, CURRENT)",null,null,null,"WESTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGION OF FRANCE - BELGIUM - LUXEMBOURG MIDDLE WESTERN EUROPE",null,null,null,"WESTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGION OF GERMANY - NETHERLANDS - AUSTRIA - HUNGARY - MIDDLE EASTERN EUROPE",null,null,null,"WESTERN CIVILIZATION\nCYCLADIC CIVILIZATION MINOAN CIVILIZATION\n                 - 3300 /- 2100 -1600 / - 1200\nMACEDONIAN  - GREEK  EMPIRE\n(-330 / -168)",null,null,null,"WESTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGIÓN ROMA ITALIA WESTERN CHRISTIAN EMPIRE\n(-753 / 476 / CURRENT)",null,null,null,"WESTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGIÓN BYZANTINE CHRISTIAN EMPIRE\nCONSTANTINOPLE (BYZANTIUM)\n(395 /1,453)",null,null,null,"ISLAMIC CALIPHATES\nORTHODOX/OMEYAN/ABASI/FATIMI\n(570 - 1,261)",null,null,null,"EASTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGION -TURKEY_ANATOLIA_ARMENIA\nSELYUCID DYNASTY / OTTOMAN EMPIRE\n(1,037 - 1299 - 1923 - CURRENT))",null,null,null,null,"EASTERN CIVILIZATION\nRUSSIA AND CENTRAL ASIA REGION\nkyiv RUSS - RUSSIAN EMPIRE - SOVIET UNION - RUSSIAN FEDERATION\n(862/1721-1917/1991/CURRENT)",null,null,null,"EASTERN SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION\nREGIONS MESOPOTAMIA - IRAQ\nSUMERIAN EMPIRE\n(-26,458 / -1,800 / -1,026 / -539 / -63)",null,null,null,"EASTERN SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION\nUPPER MESOPOTAMIA REGION\nASSYRIAN EMPIRE\n(-2,000 / -612)",null,null,null,"EASTERN SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION\nIRAN REGION\nMEDES AND PERSIAN EMPIRE\n(-701 / -330 / CURRENT)",null,null,null,"EAST SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION_EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION\nREGION OF THE COUNTRY OF SHAM - MEDITERRANEAN LEFT\nGREAT SYRIA - CANAAN - PHENICIA - PUNICA\n(-6,350 / -146)",null,null,null,"EASTERN EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION\nAFRICA REGION\nEGYPTIAN EMPIRE\n(-3,100 / -525 / CURRENT)",null,null,null,"EASTERN CIVILIZATION OF THE INDUS VALLEY\nINDIA REGION - PAKISTAN - MYANMAR - VIETNAM - INDONESIA - MALAYSIA\n(-2,900 / - 1,300 / CURRENT)",null,null,null,"CHINESE EASTERN CIVILIZATION\nJAPAN REGION - KOREA\nLEGENDARY JAPANESE EMPIRE - KOREA\n711 BC- 690AD.",null,null,null,"CHINESE EASTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGION: CHINA- MONGOLIA  - THAILAND  - VIETNAM - CENTRAL ASIA - PHILIPPINES (?)\nCHINESE EMPIRE - MONGOL EMPIRE - CHINA\n(-4,700? - CURRENT)",null,null,null,"ELABORADO: ","P.A.O.S./J.F.A.R."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"portiz1950@gmail.com\njairoafanador@gmail.com"]
[null,null,null,"PARTICULAR MILESTONES WITH GLOBAL RELEVANCE",null,null,null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS","MEDIUM CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHICS"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"TYPE OF CHRONOLOGY ",null,null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"APPROX. START",null," APPROX. END.","DURATION",null,"MEDIUM CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"MEDIUM CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"MEDIUM CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"MEDIUM CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"MEDIUM CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"MEDIUM CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"MEDIUM CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"MEDIUM CHRONOLOGY"]
[null,"REFERENCE YEAR","NO.","REGIONS/\nCITIES/\nPLACE","DESCRIPTION ","  GOVERNOR\nDATE",null,null,null,"PRESIDENT","APPROX. START","APPROX. END","DURATION","KINGS/EMPERORS/PRIME MINISTER","APPROX. START","APPROX. END","DURATION","KINGS/EMPERORS/PRESIDENT PRIME MINISTER","APPROX. START","APPROX. END","DURATION","KINGS / CALIPHS / PRESIDENT / PRIME MINISTER","APPROX. START","APPROX. END","DURATION","KINGS / PRESIDENT ","APPROX. START"," APPROX. END.","DURATION","KINGS/CHANCELLOR\n","APPROX. START"," APPROX. END.","DURATION","KINGS/EMPERORS/PRESIDENT PRIME MINISTER","APPROX. START"," APPROX. END.","DURATION","KINGS/EMPERORS/PRESIDENT PRIME MINISTER","APPROX. START"," APPROX. END.","DURATION","EMPERADORES","APPROX. START"," APPROX. END.","DURATION","KINGS / CALIFHS","APPROX. START"," APPROX. END.","DURATION","CALIPHS/SULTANS","ANATOLIA","ARMENIA",null,null,"GRAND PRINCE/TZAR/PRESIDENT","APPROX. START","APPROX. END","DURATION","KINGS","APPROX. START","APPROX. END","DURATION","GOVERNORS/\nKINGS","APPROX. START","APPROX. END","DURATION","KINGS / SAH","APPROX. START","APPROX. END","DURATION","KINGS","APPROX. START","APPROX. END","DURATION","FARAONES","APPROX. START","APPROX. END","DURATION","KINGS","APPROX. START","APPROX. END","DURATION","EMPEROR/SHOGUN/PRIME MINISTER","APPROX. START","APPROX. END","DURATION","KINGS/EMPERORS/PRESIDENT","APPROX. START","APPROX. END","DURATION"]
[null,{"$f":"+F10","v":4000000},1,"AFRICA","Prehistory is the period from the appearance of the first hominids to the invention of writing in the region of lower Mesopotamia, when the history of humanity begins.\nHominids are a group of tailless primates, among which there are four genera and eight living species, including orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos and humans.\nThe hominids known as  Australopithecus, who lived in Africa 4 million years ago, are considered to be the first ancestors of the human species.\nIt is commonly said that the human being comes from the monkey, although this is not literally the case. It is not that monkeys have become human beings, but rather that human beings are the product of a genetic and evolutionary divergence that has a common ancestor with other primate species. The link with our common ancestor with other hominids can be seen much more clearly in the slow evolution of hominins, that is, of the previous species of the genus Homo that have already become extinct. However, it is estimated that there is only 1% variation in the genome between our species and other nearby species.",4000000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Prehistory is the period from the appearance of the first hominids to the invention of writing in the region of lower Mesopotamia, when the history of humanity begins.\r\nHominids are a group of tailless primates, among which there are four genera and eight living species, including orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos and humans.\r\nThe hominids known as Australopithecus, who lived in Africa 4 million years ago, are considered to be the first ancestors of the human species.\r\nIt is commonly said that the human being comes from the monkey, although this is not literally the case. It is not that monkeys have become human beings, but rather that human beings are the product of a genetic and evolutionary divergence that has a common ancestor with other primate species. The link with our common ancestor with other hominids can be seen much more clearly in the slow evolution of hominins, that is, of the previous species of the genus Homo that have already become extinct. However, it is estimated that there is only 1% variation in the genome between our species and other nearby species.",4000000,4000]
[null,2500000,2,"AFRICA","Homo habilis. They inhabited Africa 2.5 million years ago. They measured 1.40 meters and their cranial capacity was up to 700 cm3. They developed speech, made tools, and built temporary shelters.",2500000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Homo habilis. They inhabited Africa 2.5 million years ago. They measured 1.40 meters and their cranial capacity was up to 700 cm3. They developed speech, made tools, and built temporary shelters.",2500000]
[null,2500000,3,"AFRICA","The Stone Age is the longest period of prehistory and included various evolutionary leaps, in addition to stone working.\nThe Paleolithic. It corresponds to the oldest stage of the Stone Age. Its name comes from the Greek meaning ancient stone.\" Among the most significant advances of this period are: the chipped stone work carried out by Homo habilis, which allowed them to create tools for hunting, and the control of fire carried out by Homo erectus which allowed them to defend themselves against wild animals and settle in caves for a long time.\"",2500000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Stone Age is the longest period of prehistory and included various evolutionary leaps, in addition to stone working.\r\nThe Paleolithic. It corresponds to the oldest stage of the Stone Age. Its name comes from the Greek meaning ancient stone.\" Among the most significant advances of this period are: the chipped stone work carried out by Homo habilis, which allowed them to create tools for hunting, and the control of fire carried out by Homo erectus which allowed them to defend themselves against wild animals and settle in caves for a long time.\"",2500000,35000]
[null,2000000,"VALLE DEL INDO\n",null,"Remains of hominids have been found, which constitute the most remote ancestors of man. This is demonstrated by the remains found belonging to the Renzidong man, the Yuanmou man, the Nihewan man, the Lantian man, (Homo erectus lantianensis), the Nanjing man, (Homo erectus nankinensis) or the Peking man, ( Homo erectus pekinensis) linked between two million years and 200,000 years ago.",2000000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Remains of hominids have been found, which constitute the most remote ancestors of man. This is demonstrated by the remains found belonging to the Renzidong man, the Yuanmou man, the Nihewan man, the Lantian man, (Homo erectus lantianensis), the Nanjing man, (Homo erectus nankinensis) or the Peking man, ( Homo erectus pekinensis) linked between two million years and 200,000 years ago.",2000000,200000]
[null,1500000,4,"AFRICA\r\nEUROPE\r\nOCEANIA","From Australopithecus, the genus Homo emerged, which is identified with the different human groups that, in their evolution, reached the current human being. This evolution was not a linear process, and different human groups coexisted over time and in different spaces.\nThe first evolutionary leap would be that of Homo erectus who migrated through Africa, Europe, Asia and Oceania 1.5 million years ago. They reached a height of 1.60 meters and their cranial capacity reached 1000 cm3. They hunted small animals, lived in camps and caves, and learned to control fire.\"",1500000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"From Australopithecus, the genus Homo emerged, which is identified with the different human groups that, in their evolution, reached the current human being. This evolution was not a linear process, and different human groups coexisted over time and in different spaces.\r\nThe first evolutionary leap would be that of Homo erectus who migrated through Africa, Europe, Asia and Oceania 1.5 million years ago. They reached a height of 1.60 meters and their cranial capacity reached 1000 cm3. They hunted small animals, lived in camps and caves, and learned to control fire.\"",null,null,null,"From Australopithecus, the genus Homo emerged, which is identified with the different human groups that, in their evolution, reached the current human being. This evolution was not a linear process, and different human groups coexisted over time and in different spaces.\r\nThe first evolutionary leap would be that of Homo erectus who migrated through Africa, Europe, Asia and Oceania 1.5 million years ago. They reached a height of 1.60 meters and their cranial capacity reached 1000 cm3. They hunted small animals, lived in camps and caves, and learned to control fire.\"",1200000,null,null,"From Australopithecus, the genus Homo emerged, which is identified with the different human groups that, in their evolution, reached the current human being. This evolution was not a linear process, and different human groups coexisted over time and in different spaces.\r\nThe first evolutionary leap would be that of Homo erectus who migrated through Africa, Europe, Asia and Oceania 1.5 million years ago. They reached a height of 1.60 meters and their cranial capacity reached 1000 cm3. They hunted small animals, lived in camps and caves, and learned to control fire.\"",1200000,null,null,null,null,null,null,"From Australopithecus, the genus Homo emerged, which is identified with the different human groups that, in their evolution, reached the current human being. This evolution was not a linear process, and different human groups coexisted over time and in different spaces.\r\nThe first evolutionary leap would be that of Homo erectus who migrated through Africa, Europe, Asia and Oceania 1.5 million years ago. They reached a height of 1.60 meters and their cranial capacity reached 1000 cm3. They hunted small animals, lived in camps and caves, and learned to control fire.\"",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"From Australopithecus, the genus Homo emerged, which is identified with the different human groups that, in their evolution, reached the current human being. This evolution was not a linear process, and different human groups coexisted over time and in different spaces.\r\nThe first evolutionary leap would be that of Homo erectus who migrated through Africa, Europe, Asia and Oceania 1.5 million years ago. They reached a height of 1.60 meters and their cranial capacity reached 1000 cm3. They hunted small animals, lived in camps and caves, and learned to control fire.\"",null,null,null,null,"From Australopithecus, the genus Homo emerged, which is identified with the different human groups that, in their evolution, reached the current human being. This evolution was not a linear process, and different human groups coexisted over time and in different spaces.\r\nThe first evolutionary leap would be that of Homo erectus who migrated through Africa, Europe, Asia and Oceania 1.5 million years ago. They reached a height of 1.60 meters and their cranial capacity reached 1000 cm3. They hunted small animals, lived in camps and caves, and learned to control fire.\"",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"From Australopithecus, the genus Homo emerged, which is identified with the different human groups that, in their evolution, reached the current human being. This evolution was not a linear process, and different human groups coexisted over time and in different spaces.\r\nThe first evolutionary leap would be that of Homo erectus who migrated through Africa, Europe, Asia and Oceania 1.5 million years ago. They reached a height of 1.60 meters and their cranial capacity reached 1000 cm3. They hunted small animals, lived in camps and caves, and learned to control fire.\"",1500000]
[null,750000,null,null,null,750000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"For much of the British Paleolithic, the southern and eastern parts of the territory were linked to present-day continental Europe by a long land bridge, allowing human groups to move freely from one side to the other. The inhabitants were hunter-gatherers who followed animals through northern Europe",750000,450000]
[null,650000,5,"AFRICA\r\n\r\nCENTRAL EUROPE","Homo heidelbergensis. They migrated from Africa through Europe and Asia; they are considered the last common ancestor between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. He was characterized by adapting his body to the severe frosts of Central Europe. Therefore, they had small and robust bodies, which allowed them to conserve heat in their natural habitat. Despite this, they are known to have been the first humans to routinely hunt large animals.",650000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Homo heidelbergensis. They migrated from Africa through Europe and Asia; they are considered the last common ancestor between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. He was characterized by adapting his body to the severe frosts of Central Europe. Therefore, they had small and robust bodies, which allowed them to conserve heat in their natural habitat. Despite this, they are known to have been the first humans to routinely hunt large animals.",null,null,null,"Homo heidelbergensis. They migrated from Africa through Europe and Asia; they are considered the last common ancestor between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. He was characterized by adapting his body to the severe frosts of Central Europe. Therefore, they had small and robust bodies, which allowed them to conserve heat in their natural habitat. Despite this, they are known to have been the first humans to routinely hunt large animals.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Homo heidelbergensis. They migrated from Africa through Europe and Asia; they are considered the last common ancestor between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. He was characterized by adapting his body to the severe frosts of Central Europe. Therefore, they had small and robust bodies, which allowed them to conserve heat in their natural habitat. Despite this, they are known to have been the first humans to routinely hunt large animals.",650000,200000]
[null,500000,null,null,null,500000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sitios arqueológicos como los ubicados en Boxgrove y Sussex atestiguan la sucesiva llegada del Homo heidelbergensis, especie humana que produjo artefactos de sílice del Achelense y cazaba los grandes mamíferos de la época, como elefantes, rinocerontes e hipopótamos.",500000]
[null,450000,null,null,null,450000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Por el actual canal de la Mancha corría un gran río, que se dirigía al occidente y era alimentado por el actual Támesis y por el Sena. Esta reconstrucción ha permitido seguir los primeros itinerarios seguidos por los habitantes de Eurasia para llegar a la Gran Bretaña siguiendo el curso de ese río.",450000]
[null,420000,null,null,null,420000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Es probable que las sucesivas glaciaciones obligaran a emigrar a los habitantes, pero en el período interglacial conocido como Hoxiense,  Gran Bretaña estuvo poblada por fabricantes de instrumentos clactonienses, como los encontrados en Barnfield Pit (Kent).",420000,360000]
[null,230000,6,"EUROPE\r\n\r\nASIA","Homo neanderthalensis. They lived in Europe and Asia from 230,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago. They were hunters and lived in larger groups. When the first fossil remains of Homo neanderthalensis were found, scientists considered them to be a distinct Homo genus.",230000,null,null,null,"The Prehistory of America is the object of permanent study given the many questions that remain without conclusive answers, such as the theories of settlement and the history and development of many indigenous American peoples.\r\nThe settlement of America is the process of dispersion of the human species in the American continent. Scientific studies affirm that humans are not native to America, and it is clear that it was populated by humans from other places. Current paleoanthropological and genetic evidence supports the hypothesis according to which the first settlers of America came from the extreme northeast of Asia.!!",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Homo neanderthalensis. They lived in Europe and Asia from 230,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago. They were hunters and lived in larger groups. When the first fossil remains of Homo neanderthalensis were found, scientists considered them to be a distinct Homo genus.",null,null,null,"Homo neanderthalensis. They lived in Europe and Asia from 230,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago. They were hunters and lived in larger groups. When the first fossil remains of Homo neanderthalensis were found, scientists considered them to be a distinct Homo genus.",null,null,null,"Homo neanderthalensis. They lived in Europe and Asia from 230,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago. They were hunters and lived in larger groups. When the first fossil remains of Homo neanderthalensis were found, scientists considered them to be a distinct Homo genus.",null,null,null,"Homo neanderthalensis. They lived in Europe and Asia from 230,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago. They were hunters and lived in larger groups. When the first fossil remains of Homo neanderthalensis were found, scientists considered them to be a distinct Homo genus.",null,null,null,"Homo neanderthalensis. They lived in Europe and Asia from 230,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago. They were hunters and lived in larger groups. When the first fossil remains of Homo neanderthalensis were found, scientists considered them to be a distinct Homo genus.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Homo neanderthalensis. They lived in Europe and Asia from 230,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago. They were hunters and lived in larger groups. When the first fossil remains of Homo neanderthalensis were found, scientists considered them to be a distinct Homo genus.",null,null,null,null,"Homo neanderthalensis. They lived in Europe and Asia from 230,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago. They were hunters and lived in larger groups. When the first fossil remains of Homo neanderthalensis were found, scientists considered them to be a distinct Homo genus.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Homo neanderthalensis. They lived in Europe and Asia from 230,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago. They were hunters and lived in larger groups. When the first fossil remains of Homo neanderthalensis were found, scientists considered them to be a distinct Homo genus.",230000,null,null,"Homo neanderthalensis. They lived in Europe and Asia from 230,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago. They were hunters and lived in larger groups. When the first fossil remains of Homo neanderthalensis were found, scientists considered them to be a distinct Homo genus.",null,null,null,"Homo neanderthalensis. They lived in Europe and Asia from 230,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago. They were hunters and lived in larger groups. When the first fossil remains of Homo neanderthalensis were found, scientists considered them to be a distinct Homo genus.",null,null,null,"Homo neanderthalensis. They lived in Europe and Asia from 230,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago. They were hunters and lived in larger groups. When the first fossil remains of Homo neanderthalensis were found, scientists considered them to be a distinct Homo genus."]
[null,200000,7,"AFRICA ASIA EUROPE OCEANIA AMERICA","Homo sapiens sapiens. They populated Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania and America. It is the species to which today's human beings belong. The oldest remains date back to 200,000 years ago. They mastered group hunting techniques on large animals. They practiced religious rites and represented reality in paintings and sculptures.",200000,null,null,null,"Homo sapiens sapiens. They populated Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania and America. It is the species to which today's human beings belong. The oldest remains date back to 200,000 years ago. They mastered group hunting techniques on large animals. They practiced religious rites and represented reality in paintings and sculptures.",200000,null,null,"Homo neanderthalensis arrived in present-day Britain and replaced Homo heidelbergensis. Evidence of the production of silica tools by Neanderthals has been found in the Kent area of southern England.",200000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Homo sapiens sapiens. They populated Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania and America. It is the species to which today's human beings belong. The oldest remains date back to 200,000 years ago. They mastered group hunting techniques on large animals. They practiced religious rites and represented reality in paintings and sculptures.",200000,null,null,"Homo sapiens sapiens. They populated Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania and America. It is the species to which today's human beings belong. The oldest remains date back to 200,000 years ago. They mastered group hunting techniques on large animals. They practiced religious rites and represented reality in paintings and sculptures.",200000,null,null,"Homo sapiens sapiens. They populated Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania and America. It is the species to which today's human beings belong. The oldest remains date back to 200,000 years ago. They mastered group hunting techniques on large animals. They practiced religious rites and represented reality in paintings and sculptures.",200000,null,null,"Homo sapiens sapiens. They populated Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania and America. It is the species to which today's human beings belong. The oldest remains date back to 200,000 years ago. They mastered group hunting techniques on large animals. They practiced religious rites and represented reality in paintings and sculptures.",200000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Homo sapiens sapiens. They populated Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania and America. It is the species to which today's human beings belong. The oldest remains date back to 200,000 years ago. They mastered group hunting techniques on large animals. They practiced religious rites and represented reality in paintings and sculptures.",200000,null,null,null,"Homo sapiens sapiens. They populated Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania and America. It is the species to which today's human beings belong. The oldest remains date back to 200,000 years ago. They mastered group hunting techniques on large animals. They practiced religious rites and represented reality in paintings and sculptures.",200000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Homo sapiens sapiens. They populated Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania and America. It is the species to which today's human beings belong. The oldest remains date back to 200,000 years ago. They mastered group hunting techniques on large animals. They practiced religious rites and represented reality in paintings and sculptures.",200000,null,null,"Homo sapiens sapiens. They populated Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania and America. It is the species to which today's human beings belong. The oldest remains date back to 200,000 years ago. They mastered group hunting techniques on large animals. They practiced religious rites and represented reality in paintings and sculptures.",200000,null,null,"Homo sapiens sapiens. They populated Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania and America. It is the species to which today's human beings belong. The oldest remains date back to 200,000 years ago. They mastered group hunting techniques on large animals. They practiced religious rites and represented reality in paintings and sculptures.",200000,null,null,"Homo sapiens sapiens. They populated Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania and America. It is the species to which today's human beings belong. The oldest remains date back to 200,000 years ago. They mastered group hunting techniques on large animals. They practiced religious rites and represented reality in paintings and sculptures.",200000]
[null,160000,null,null,null,160000,null,null,null,"Genetic analysis could not rule out the arrival of other possible older human groups that do not present current male descendants, since Homo sapiens would have appeared between 200,000 to 150,000 years ago. However, the settlement of America by these older groups ancient at dates earlier than 70,000 years should be really unlikely, since only in Western Asia have fossils older than the genetically limiting date of 70,000 years been found SO FAR outside of Africa.\r\nOn the other hand, a direct movement of these groups from Africa to America is believed to be technically impossible according to the level of cultural development currently known of these human groups that existed in Africa and due to the climatic conditions, which had not yet been addressed. adapted. ",160000,null,null,"Britain becomes islands\r\nThe current English Channel was a wasteland of dry land in the middle of a frozen tundra landscape crossed by small rivers. Probably a series of cataclysms (earthquakes, overflowing of glacial lakes among other natural phenomena), caused a rapid erosion of said strip of land. Erosion and the increase in sea height during the deglaciation at the end of the Ice Age ended up overflowing the valleys that gave rise to the current Strait of Dover, cutting off land communication between the islands and the continent. This critical change in the geography of the islands emphasized their insular character and human occupation of Britain suddenly stagnated for about 120,000 years with respect to the rest of Europe.",160000]
[null,50000,null,null,null,50000,null,null,null,"During most of the second half of the 20th century, discoveries about this culture supported what is known as the \"Clovis consensus\" of the American continent; But starting in the last two decades of the 20th century, new scientific research questioned the conclusions of the Clovis consensus and with new evidence of the existence of much older Amerindian cultures, the theory of early settlement, or pre-Clovis theory, began to be formulated. is actually a series of relatively recent archaeological, linguistic and genetic studies and findings, which question the classic theory of the late settlement of the American continent based on the Clovis culture, and which supports not only a much earlier settlement (probably between 20,000 and 50 000 years BC), but the use of other alternative routes to Beringia to enter from Siberia, Mongolia and even other places of origin because all the results obtained are incompatible with the oldest date proposed by the theory of late settlement ( Clovis): between 12,000 and 14,000 years BP.",50000,20000]
[null,48000,null,null,null,48000,null,null,null,"Pedra Furada, meaning perforated rock, is an important collection of more than 800 archaeological sites in the state of Piauí that include hundreds of cave paintings dating to around 12,000 years before the present; More importantly, charcoal from very ancient fires and stone fragments that can be interpreted as tools found at the site date from 48,000 to 32,000 years before the present, suggesting the possibility of a human presence tens of thousands of years before the present. the arrival of the Clovis people in North America.",48000,32000]
[null,35000,null,null,null,35000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Homo sapiens sapiens. Poblaron África, Asia, Europa, Oceanía y América. Es la especie a la que pertenecemos los seres humanos de hoy. Los restos más antiguos datan de hace 200.000 años. Dominaron técnicas de caza grupales sobre animales grandes. Practicaron ritos religiosos y representaron la realidad en pinturas y esculturas.",35000,null,null,"Homo sapiens sapiens. Poblaron África, Asia, Europa, Oceanía y América. Es la especie a la que pertenecemos los seres humanos de hoy. Los restos más antiguos datan de hace 200.000 años. Dominaron técnicas de caza grupales sobre animales grandes. Practicaron ritos religiosos y representaron la realidad en pinturas y esculturas.",35000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Mesolithic. It corresponds to the Stone Age stage that was characterized by advances in polished stone work and by the change in lifestyle that went from nomadic to sedentary. This change was due to various factors, such as the end of the ice age and the gradual climate change in which temperatures were increasingly milder, the control of fire to warm themselves that allowed them to withstand cold temperatures and the first planting practices of food.",35000,6000]
[null,30000,null,null,null,30000,null,null,null,"Teotihuacán or Teotihuacan, “place where men become gods” was one of the largest pre-Hispanic constructions in Mesoamerica; The Mexica called this city built by a civilization before them and which was already in ruins when they saw it for the first time. The origins and ethnic identity of the first inhabitants of Teotihuacán are unknown and are still the subject of research among specialists.","?????","Actual",null,"Homo sapiens appear for the first time in Great Britain and were also originally hunter-gatherers, remaining until the arrival of the last ice age, and then leaving the island uninhabited for a long period.????",30000]
[null,19000,null,null,null,19000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Kebarian is an archaeological culture included in the Mesolithic of the Near East whose main site is El-Kebarah, a site that gives its name to said culture; It is the first Mesolithic culture in this region, prior to the Natufian. It could come from the Ahmarian phase identified with the Upper Paleolithic. It extends to the Negev desert and along the coast to Lebanon, when the environmental conditions of the area improved, as it moved to a warmer and more humid phase and ended when this environmental improvement allowed hunter-gatherers to expand in the area. . The lithic tool begins with the presence of small blades with a depressed edge, called Kebarah points, and, in its final phase, the geometric blades and microliths stand out.",19000,12000]
[null,16500,null,null,null,16500,null,null,null,"Monte Verde is an archaeological site in southern Chile, located near Puerto Montt whose exploration began in 1978 finding a settlement completely different from the Clovis culture sites dating back to 18,500 cal BP!!! Due to its antiquity, its location at the other end of the continent and the absence of similarities with the Clovis culture, the recognition of Monte Verde meant the end of the Clovis Consensus.",16500]
[null,15600,null,null,null,15600,null,null,null,"Pilauco Viejo is a paleontological site and an archaeological site located in the Pilauco sector, Osorno (Chile). It is cataloged as one of the oldest sites in America (for example Monte Verde), and presents evidence of human presence. One of this evidence is a locomotion icnite, which is presumed to be a human footprint (called the Pilauco Footprint). This ichnite is dated to 15,600 radiocarbon years.",15600]
[null,14500,null,null,null,14500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Jōmon archaeological period (\"rope-marked pottery\"), referring to the pottery found in the Oomori shellyard, was considered one of the most characteristic elements of the Stone Age in Japan.",14500,300]
[null,13000,null,null,null,13000,null,null,null,"Piedra Museo is an archaeological site in the province of Santa Cruz, in Argentine Patagonia with one of the first known archaeological remains in the Americas; It was excavated in 1995 by the Argentine archaeologist Laura Miotti (National University of La Plata). Radiocarbon dating of samples analyzed in the United States established the age of the human remains found at up to 11,560 years, while those from the nearby site from Los Toldos date back to 12,890 ± 90 years AD; On the other hand, in the nearby Los Toldos site, remains of human presence have been found dating back almost 13,000 years.",13000]
[null,12400,null,null,null,12400,null,null,null,"El Abra is an archaeological site located in the municipality of Zipaquirá, fifty kilometers north of Bogotá, Colombia.\r\nThe first investigations at the site took place in 1967, when a stratified sequence of lithic instruments was obtained for the first time in Colombia, associated with animal bones and charcoal fragments dated by 14C at 12,400 years (±160) BC. C.",12400]
[null,12000,null,null,null,12000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The antecedents of the Neolithic were located in the area of the Taurus mountain range and the Canaanite Mediterranean coast, through the transformation of hunter-gatherers into farmers and ranchers.",12000,9000]
[null,11250,8,"NORTH AMERICA","The Clovis culture or llano culture, in the southern United States and northern Mexico, named after the town of Clovis in New Mexico, United States, near the place where the first archaeological pieces of which was then considered the oldest indigenous culture of the North American subcontinent.\r\nUntil recent decades, the Late Settlement Theory (Clovis) predominated, which maintains that humans arrived in America from Siberia about 12-14 thousand years ago, entering through the Beringia Bridge during the Wurmian glaciations. It was the most accepted theory on the settlement of America and the predominant one within the debate on American settlement, maintaining that hunter-gatherer groups from Asia entered through the Bering Strait, a land bridge that was formed as a result of the drop in sea level. (a descent of approximately 120 meters).",11250,null,null,null,"The Clovis culture or llano culture, in the southern United States and northern Mexico, named after the town of Clovis in New Mexico, United States, near the place where the first archaeological pieces of which was then considered the oldest indigenous culture of the North American subcontinent.\r\nUntil recent decades, the Late Settlement Theory (Clovis) predominated, which maintains that humans arrived in America from Siberia about 12-14 thousand years ago, entering through the Beringia Bridge during the Wurmian glaciations. It was the most accepted theory on the settlement of America and the predominant one within the debate on American settlement, maintaining that hunter-gatherer groups from Asia entered through the Bering Strait, a land bridge that was formed as a result of the drop in sea level. (a descent of approximately 120 meters).",11250,10600]
[null,11000,null,null,null,11000,null,null,null,"Cave of the hands\r\nRock art complex in the province of Santa Cruz, Argentina, 163 km south of the town of Perito Moreno. It is named after the hundreds of hand paintings stenciled in multiple collages on the rock walls. The art in the cave dates to between 11,000 and 7,000 BC, during the archaic period of pre-Columbian South America\r\nGuitar Player's Cave\r\nIt contains the vestiges of one of the oldest human settlements in Peru, dating back to the 12th millennium BC. C. (around 11,000 BC, lithic period). Evidence of human presence from that remote era consists of crude stone artifacts, human bone fragments, and bones of local fauna.\"",11000,null,null,"The first groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in the territory of present-day Scotland when the ice of the first ice age began to retreat northward."]
[null,10000,null,null,null,10000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The transformation of hunter-gatherers into farmers and ranchers became more evident in the areas of Syria and Canaan, mainly during the cultural archaeological period called Natufian to the Final Epipaleolithic and Mesolithic, after the Kebarian culture, which extends throughout the area of the Near East, from the Euphrates to Egypt and the deserts located to the south.",10000,8300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rice began to be cultivated in the Yangtze River and millet soon after in the province of Henan.",10000]
[null,9500,null,null,null,9500,null,null,null,"The first occupants of the super cultural area of Aridoamérica that encompassed the current Mexican states of Coahuila, Chihuahua, Tamulipas, Durango, Zacatecas, San Luis de Potosí, Nuevo León, Baja California, Baja California Sur and Sonora as well as occupied part of the current states of California, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas and Arizona, in the United States, were nomadic Paleo-Indians who found the area that was characterized by its aridity, that is, by the presence of infertile and dry lands due to low o zero rainfall and scarcity of water sources. This prevented the development of agriculture, influencing the adoption of a nomadic way of life based on hunting and gathering.",9500,null,null,"The first settlements appeared in the territories of today's Scotland and slowly transformed until the first towns appeared around 6,000 years ago. For example, the settlement of Skara Brae, on the largest of the Orkney Islands, dates back to this period, which is in a very good state of conservation, as well as other remains of homes, burials and ritual centers from the Neolithic period found especially on the islands. Scottish.",9500,6000]
[null,9600,9,"Türkiye","The archaeological sites of Göbekli Tepe and Nevalı Çori in the province of Sanliurfa, eastern Turkey discovered and explored in the 1990s have revolutionized the understanding of the Eurasian Neolithic as they could indicate human presence in an extremely early phase never contemplated previously.\nFollowing its discovery and exploration, the version of official traditional history is that: The monumental structures of Göbekli Tepe were built by hunters and gatherers a thousand years before the development of agriculture.\" \"",9600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The archaeological sites of Göbekli Tepe and Nevalı Çori in the province of Sanliurfa, eastern Turkey discovered and explored in the 1990s have revolutionized the understanding of the Eurasian Neolithic as they could indicate human presence in an extremely early phase never contemplated previously.\r\nFollowing its discovery and exploration, the version of official traditional history is that: The monumental structures of Göbekli Tepe were built by hunters and gatherers a thousand years before the development of agriculture.\" \"",9600]
[null,9000,null,null,null,9000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The migratory contingents from the Balkans through Thessaly and Boeotia began in the Upper Paleolithic (33,000 BC) until the year 9,000 BC. They settle preferably in both regions of El Épiro, divided today between Albania and Greece, due to their abundance of hunting, with the European tradition predominating although some influence from the Middle East is being noticed. The Mesolithic presents rudimentary coastal navigation on the Greek islands of the Aegean and those of the Adriatic (e.g. Kefalonia or Corfu).",9000,8000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"When the ice retreated, the reindeer grazed on the flat lands of Denmark and southern Sweden and this was the territory of the Ahrensburgians, a series of tribes that hunted in vast territories and lived in lavvus in the tundra. The Ahrensburgian culture was a nomadic hunting culture of the late Upper Paleolithic in North Central Europe during the Younger Dryas, the last cold period at the end of the Weichsel glaciation, which caused deforestation and formation of tundra with arctic birch and rowan trees.",9000,7000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jericho\r\nSince prehistoric times, three different settlements have been identified close to the location of the current archaeological site, in a northwest position with respect to the Dead Sea.\"",9000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Neolithic revolution in China\r\nHunter-gatherer populations become sedentary, animals are domesticated, e.g. e.g. dog; hunter-gatherers also incorporated products such as nuts and cereals; The sedentary lifestyle was not immediate but progressive; Little is known about the logistical mobility that developed and that allowed total sedentary lifestyle, there are only regional patterns of settlement and subsistence.",9000,8000]
[null,8000,10,"Türkiye","\"Anatolia is a region at the heart of the Neolithic revolution, through which the first areas in which humans domesticated plants and animals originated and evolved towards the first radical transformation of humanity's way of life, which went from nomadic to sedentary, when a productive economy based on agriculture and livestock was established. This process took place around the eighth millennium BC as a response to the climate crisis that occurred at the beginning of the Holocene, after the last ice age, and that, in terms related to the history of culture, it corresponds to the passage from the Paleolithic period (old stone) to the Neolithic (new stone), and hence its name.\nNeolithic sites such as Çatalhöyük, Çayönü, Nevalı Çori and Hacilar represent some of the world's oldest known farming villages.\"",8000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"\"Anatolia is a region at the heart of the Neolithic revolution, through which the first areas in which humans domesticated plants and animals originated and evolved towards the first radical transformation of humanity's way of life, which went from nomadic to sedentary, when a productive economy based on agriculture and livestock was established. This process took place around the eighth millennium BC as a response to the climate crisis that occurred at the beginning of the Holocene, after the last ice age, and that, in terms related to the history of culture, it corresponds to the passage from the Paleolithic period (old stone) to the Neolithic (new stone), and hence its name.\r\nNeolithic sites such as Çatalhöyük, Çayönü, Nevalı Çori and Hacilar represent some of the world's oldest known farming villages.\"",8000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The cultures of the Yellow River Valley area became sedentary. A millennium later the domestication of animals would begin.",8000]
[null,8000,11,"AMERICA","Two Neolithic revolutions occurred in America, produced autonomously and independently of those that occurred in Africa and Asia, referring to the radical transformation of the way of life of communities, which went from nomadic to sedentary, when a productive economy based on agriculture and livestock. One of them occurred in the Mesoamerican zone and the other in the South American Andean zone.",8000,null,null,null,"Two Neolithic revolutions occurred in America, produced autonomously and independently of those that occurred in Africa and Asia, referring to the radical transformation of the way of life of communities, which went from nomadic to sedentary, when a productive economy based on agriculture and livestock. One of them occurred in the Mesoamerican zone and the other in the South American Andean zone.",8000,4000]
[null,7500,null,null,null,7500,null,null,null,"The Paleoindians who arrived in the area of Arid America began to inhabit in increasing numbers the archaeological zones of Mesa Verde and Cañon del Chaco, whose environment, having become warmer and drier, brought pine forests and the animals that thrive in them, although it is not clear if They were seasonal occupants or year-round residents.",null,7500,null,"The Maglemosian center of Star Carr, Yorkshire, England, dated to around 7500 comes from the Danish archaeological site of Maglemose, located near Gørlev and Høng in west Zealand, and south of Lake Tissø with a chronology of 9000 BC. to 6000 BC. Later there is the Tardenoisian, which is an extension of the Azilian culture of the eponymous site Mas d'Azil, in the French Pyrenees, which arises in France and Belgium and parts of Great Britain.\r\nThe Tarnoisian and Azilian cultures, coming from the continent, present-day France and Belgium, arrived later with settlements on the coasts; They were hunters and gatherers and the first knew the ax and logging systems. ",7500]
[null,7200,null,null,null,7200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Chogha Bonut (Persian: Choghā bonut) is an archaeological site in southwestern Iran, located in the province of Khuzestan. It is believed that the site was already inhabited in 7200 BC. C., making it the oldest lowland settlement in southwestern Iran.",7200]
[null,7100,null,null,null,7100,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The island of present-day Ireland began to have settlements of people from a culture from the mid-Stone Age or Mesolithic who began to arrive when the climate became more hospitable after the retreat of the polar ice; The Nemedians, Fomorians, Fir Bolgs, Tuatha Dé Danann and the Milesians (Celtic mythology) were recorded as the first ancestors of the Irish people.",7100,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Traces of human presence have been found on the island of Crete since the Paleolithic. In the Neolithic, groups arrived to settle in Crete, probably from Anatolia, and created different settlements on the island, one of them in Knossos. These first inhabitants lived in caves or wooden huts, although over time they changed material to adobe bricks and wooden roofs.",7100,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The first agricultural communities of Mesopotamia arose in the north of the region where rainfall was regular enough for the development of simple agriculture.",7100]
[null,7000,null,null,null,7000,null,null,null,"Groups of nomads from the Mesoamerican Zapotec culture were established in the current Mexican states of Oaxaca, Guerrero, Puebla and Mexico.",7000,1600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The roots of the Cycladic civilization go back to these remote times and proof of this is the spread of Milo obsidian. Numerous obsidian cutting objects found in different prehistoric settlements in the eastern Mediterranean come from this island, especially on the Turkish coast and in Thessaly (Greece), although this only demonstrates frequentation of the area, which does not necessarily imply the existence there of a established base of civilization.",7000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"When reindeer and hunters moved north from Scandinavia, forests developed. Maglemosian culture prevailed in Denmark and southern Sweden. In the north, in Norway and most of northern Sweden, the Fosna-Hensbacka culture lived, mainly on the edge of the forest. Northern hunter-gatherers followed the herds and movements of the salmon, moving south during the winters and north in the summers. These early peoples had cultural traditions similar to those practiced in other northern regions, in areas including the present-day territories of Finland, Russia, and across the Bering Strait at the northern tip of North America.",7000,null,null,"Jarmo, (Qalaat Jarmo), is a Neolithic archaeological site in Iraqi Kurdistan, in the Chemchemal Valley, near the town of Chamchamal between Kirkuk and Sulaymaniyya.\r\nIt was a pre-ceramic Neolithic B town, made up of about 20 or 25 adobe-type houses, with raw tiles (pressed clay) and stone foundations, with a simple plan (rectangular rooms), with a hearth dug generally in the sun. It was developed as an agricultural activity that demonstrated the objects typical of cultivation that have been found and the storage spaces for food products. It is estimated that 150 people lived there, and the crops they grew were oats and two types of wheat.",7000,4950,null,null,null,null,null,"Susa is one of the oldest settlements in the region, archaeologists have dated the first traces of the inhabited Neolithic village to 7000 BC. c.",7000]
[null,6800,null,null,null,6800,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Chogha Mish or Tappeh-ye Choghā Mīsh is the archaeological site of a Chalcolithic mound settlement in western Iran, located in the province of Khuzestan on the Susiana Plain. Chogha Mish was occupied in the early 6800s BC. C. and continuously from the Neolithic to the protoliteracy period (Uruk period), thus covering the time periods between the Archaic to the Elamite.",6800,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The excavations carried out indicate the presence of the first farmers who belonged to a region between the hills of Balochistan and the Indo-Gangetic plain. This area features highlands (suitable for summer grazing), and permanent rivers that drain into the Kacchi plain.",6800]
[null,6600,12,"Türkiye","Çatalhöyük is another ancient Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement, the largest and best preserved urban complex from the Neolithic era in the Near East; It is located in the south of the Anatolian Peninsula, on the Konya Plain, near the current city of Konya (ancient Iconium) and approximately 140 km from the Hasan Dağ volcano, in Turkey.",6600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Çatalhöyük is another ancient Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement, the largest and best preserved urban complex from the Neolithic era in the Near East; It is located in the south of the Anatolian Peninsula, on the Konya Plain, near the current city of Konya (ancient Iconium) and approximately 140 km from the Hasan Dağ volcano, in Turkey.",6600,5500]
[null,6350,13,"SYRIA","First settlements in Canaan - Jericho\nSettlement in present-day Tell es-Sultan, 40,000 square meters, surrounded by a stone wall, with a stone tower in the center of that wall.",6350,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"First settlements in Canaan - Jericho\r\nSettlement in present-day Tell es-Sultan, 40,000 square meters, surrounded by a stone wall, with a stone tower in the center of that wall.",6350,5370]
[null,6200,null,null,null,6200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The first Neolithic wave in Continental Greece comes from the Near East and brings agriculture and livestock previously unknown to Hellas, offering wheat and barley crops, goat and sheep breeding, complementary hunting and fishing activities, and settlements with small huts. Then it appears around 5,000 BC. the first phase of the ceramic Neolithic in Continental Greece.",6200,4500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The first Neolithic wave in Continental Greece comes from the Near East and brings agriculture and livestock previously unknown to Hellas, offering wheat and barley crops, goat and sheep breeding, complementary hunting and fishing activities, and settlements with small huts. Then it appears around 5,000 BC. the first phase of the ceramic Neolithic in Continental Greece.",6200,4500,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Southern farmers were the first to employ the method of irrigation from the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, once rainfall in that region became intensely irregular. During this period, new production techniques that had been developed In the initial area of the Neolithic they expanded throughout the later regions, including interior Mesopotamia, giving rise to the most characteristic cultures of this period, Hassuna-Samarra and Halaf."]
[null,6100,null,null,null,6100,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Halaf culture developed from the Zagros Mountains to the Mediterranean, with its main centers in the upper Tigris plain (Arpachiya), and the Habur triangle (Tell Halaf, Tell Brak, Tell Chagar Bazar).",6100,5400]
[null,6000,null,null,null,6000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Hassuna-Samarra culture is an archaeological period whose findings are due to the tell Hassuna archaeological site, which is located in Iraq, near the course of the Tigris. Agricultural communities settled definitively in the plains at the foot of the mountains and particularly in that site. In Choga Mami and Tell es-Sawwan, where agriculture is not possible without irrigation, small networks of canals emerge, built by family clans. The Hassuna culture is characterized by the advanced nature of its ceramics.",6000,5000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Neolithic. It corresponds to the stage of the stone age that was characterized by the work of molded and polished stone, the advance in agricultural practices and the domestication of some animals that allowed the consolidation of the sedentary way of life and the settlements with a greater number of people.",6000,4000,null,"Houses were built from adobe (mud bricks) and bone and polished flint tools, polished axes and grinding stones were made. Examples of these tools were found in Mehrgarh.",6000]
[null,6000,14,"SUMERIA","Tell el-Obeid or el-Ubaid period, an archaeological site located a short distance west of the ancient city of Ur, is the culture considered the first stage of the Sumerian civilization. In this period, the first urban settlements occurred in the area, being the first remains of Ur, therefore, one of the oldest cities in Sumeria. During this period, the cities grew in population and their social structures underwent great changes, with the first remains of religious buildings integrated into the cities. The Obeid period is also marked by the development and extension of more advanced irrigation techniques, through the construction of irrigation canals. They also produced abundant ceramics and terracotta. They also possessed weapons such as stone axes, and maintained a dynamic trade in pencil lazuli, stone and gold with neighboring towns.",6000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The first phase of the Neolithic began in the peninsula that developed around the Mediterranean, mainly on the Valencian coast, where the most important deposits are found. As in the rest of Europe, the assimilation of Neolithic foundations occurs under the influence of the Near East, penetrating from the Mediterranean area inland and merging with the indigenous features of each region. Thus, the new agricultural-livestock economy replaced that of the hunter-gatherers, favoring the sedentarization of the population. In the Iberian Peninsula, livestock farming was the predominant activity in most areas, given the rugged orographic conditions.",6000,null,null,"The first phase of the Neolithic began in the peninsula that developed around the Mediterranean, mainly on the Valencian coast, where the most important deposits are found. As in the rest of Europe, the assimilation of Neolithic foundations occurs under the influence of the Near East, penetrating from the Mediterranean area inland and merging with the indigenous features of each region. Thus, the new agricultural-livestock economy replaced that of the hunter-gatherers, favoring the sedentarization of the population. In the Iberian Peninsula, livestock farming was the predominant activity in most areas, given the rugged orographic conditions.",6000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tell el-Obeid or el-Ubaid period, an archaeological site located a short distance west of the ancient city of Ur, is the culture considered the first stage of the Sumerian civilization. In this period, the first urban settlements occurred in the area, being the first remains of Ur, therefore, one of the oldest cities in Sumeria. During this period, the cities grew in population and their social structures underwent great changes, with the first remains of religious buildings integrated into the cities. The Obeid period is also marked by the development and extension of more advanced irrigation techniques, through the construction of irrigation canals. They also produced abundant ceramics and terracotta. They also possessed weapons such as stone axes, and maintained a dynamic trade in pencil lazuli, stone and gold with neighboring towns."]
[null,5991,null,null,null,5991]
[null,5991,null,null,null,5991]
[null,5873,null,null,null,5873]
[null,5500,15,"SYRIA","Ugarit\nFoundation of the city of Ugarit (current Ras Shamra), an ancient port city, located on the Mediterranean coast. Inhabited by a northwest Semitic people, linguistically and religiously related to the Canaanites located further south, who made important contributions to writing and religion, both Semitic and in the initial phases of Judaism, Hermeticism, among other religious and philosophical currents.",5500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5500,3800,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ugarit\r\nFoundation of the city of Ugarit (current Ras Shamra), an ancient port city, located on the Mediterranean coast. Inhabited by a northwest Semitic people, linguistically and religiously related to the Canaanites located further south, who made important contributions to writing and religion, both Semitic and in the initial phases of Judaism, Hermeticism, among other religious and philosophical currents.",5500,5000]
[null,5220,16,"SYRIA","Jericho:\nNew stage of architecture that consisted of rectilinear buildings made of bricks on stone foundations. The bricks were made with deep thumb impressions for easy manipulation.",5220,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jericho:\r\nNew stage of architecture that consisted of rectilinear buildings made of bricks on stone foundations. The bricks were made with deep thumb impressions for easy manipulation.",5220,3850]
[null,5000,17,"AMERICA\r\nPERU","CARAL\nArchaeological site where the remains of the main city of the Caral civilization are found, which has evidence of habitation around 5000 BC. C. and developed between 3000 and 1800 BC. C., with what would be a simultaneous culture with the primitive civilizations such as those of Egypt, India, Sumeria, China, but unlike them (who exchanged their achievements), it developed in complete isolation.",5000,null,null,null,"CARAL\r\nArchaeological site where the remains of the main city of the Caral civilization are found, which has evidence of habitation around 5000 BC. C. and developed between 3000 and 1800 BC. C., with what would be a simultaneous culture with the primitive civilizations such as those of Egypt, India, Sumeria, China, but unlike them (who exchanged their achievements), it developed in complete isolation.",5000,1800,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mari (from Sumerian: 𒈠𒌷𒆠 ‘ma-riki’) was an ancient city-state located northwest of the Euphrates in modern-day Tell Hariri in Syria. It was inhabited since the 5th millennium BC. C. and its period of maximum splendor was between 2900 BC. C. to 1798 BC. C., a time when it was sacked by Hammurabi. In the Bible, Abraham passed through Mari on his journey from Ur to Haran. The population of Mari was Semitic, surely formed by the same migration as that of the Eblaites and Akkadians. Archaeologists classified Mari as “the westernmost site of the Mesopotamian culture” of the Kiss Amorite culture.",5000]
[null,5000,18,"SYRIA","Mari (from Sumerian: 𒈠𒌷𒆠 ‘ma-riki’) was an ancient city-state located northwest of the Euphrates in modern-day Tell Hariri in Syria. It was inhabited since the 5th millennium BC. C. and its period of maximum splendor was between 2900 BC. C. to 1798 BC. C., a time when it was sacked by Hammurabi. In the Bible, Abraham passed through Mari on his journey from Ur to Haran. The population of Mari was Semitic, surely formed by the same migration as that of the Eblaites and Akkadians. Archaeologists classified Mari as “the westernmost site of the Mesopotamian culture” of the Kiss Amorite culture.",5000,null,null,null,"Significant warming and drying between the years 5000 and 2500 could have led people in the Arid American area to seek the cooler climate of the Mesa Verde site, whose higher elevation brought with it greater snow accumulation that, along with Spring rains provided relatively abundant amounts of water.\r\n",5000,2500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"During the Neolithic the Ertebølle people learned pottery from neighboring tribes to the south, who began to cultivate the land and raise animals. They also began agricultural activities, and towards the 3rd millennium BC. C. they became part of the funnel vessel culture, which marks the appearance of megalithic tombs on the Baltic coasts. During the 4th millennium BC. C., these tribes spread throughout Sweden to Uppland. The nøstvet and lihult learned new technologies from advancing farmers (but not agriculture), stopping them and causing them to change their direction towards southwestern Sweden. It is not known what language these first Scandinavians spoke, but at the end of the 3rd millennium BC. C., were surpassed by the cordate ceramic culture, which according to many specialists spoke Proto-Indo-European. This new people advanced towards Uppland and the Oslo Fjord, and probably gave the language that is the ancestor of today's Scandinavian languages. They were shepherds, and with them most of southern Scandinavia entered the Neolithic.",5000,2000,null,"\"According to academic Samuel Noah Kramer:\n\"\"Who were the Sumerians? Where they came from? How did they arrive? It has not yet been possible to answer these questions since the archaeological and historical \"evidence\" is often difficult to establish and also very delicate. The light is, at the moment, so weak on these questions that certain specialists have deemed it useless to raise these problems and are willing to consider the Sumerians as the first and oldest inhabitants of the country.\"\nNotwithstanding the above, for official academic historiography in general Mesopotamia is currently considered the cradle of civilization as it is the region in which the first permanent human settlements were developed. The first settlers were the Sumerians, whose origin is unknown and who later managed to occupy and establish themselves in the lower region of Mesopotamia and founded the first cities, Uruk, Ur and Nipur.\"",5000,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Susa is one of the oldest settlements in the region, there is evidence of a painted ceramic civilization that has been dated to 5000 BC. C.​",5000,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Age of Metals is the second period of prehistory that was characterized by the most significant changes in the evolution of human beings in prehistory.\r\nThe Copper Age. It corresponds to the stage in which humans invented the wheel and learned to work various metals, such as copper, to create tools for plowing the land, arrowheads and utensils.\"",5000,3000]
[null,5000,null,null,null,5000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Development of the Neolithic cultures of the Nordic area that would have received the cultural impact of the Indo-European (cordate ceramic culture).",5000,4000,null,"Development of the Neolithic cultures of the Nordic area that would have received the cultural impact of the Indo-European (cordate ceramic culture).",5000,4000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nippur was an ancient Sumerian city whose first remains date back to the 5th millennium BC. C. where the main temple of the god of the sky and creation Enlil, ruler of the Cosmos, was located. Today the ruins of Nippur are located about 160 km southeast of Baghdad, near present-day Diwaniya, in Iraq. The story of the universal flood in its oldest version was found on a tablet found in Nippur starring Ziusudra (biblical Noah).",5000]
[null,4900,null,null,null,4900,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Eridu was the oldest of the Mesopotamian cities, in whose location the god Marduk had created the world. The antiquity of the city was demonstrated by archaeologists throughout the 20th century, with the lowest levels (level 19) of the excavation having been dated to the early El Obeid period.",4900]
[null,4700,null,null,null,4700,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Civilizations of China\r\nThe Hongshan or Hung-shan culture (approx. 4700 - 2900 BC) was a prehistoric civilization in northeastern China in which there were large settlements, it was a civilization that created great architectural works and carved jade, but there is no certainty of a centralized political entity. ",4700,2900]
[null,4500,null,null,null,4500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Advances in knowledge of agriculture began to spread from Europe and agricultural settlements began to be established both in present-day England and in Ireland and Scotland.",4500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The recent Neolithic in Continental Greece is contributed by a people of Nordic origin who entered Greece with violence. It brings the novelties of the arch, a very solid architecture with walls of several rings and quite perfect defenses and the manufacture of ceramics painted with geometric motifs.",4500,3000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nippur was an ancient Sumerian city whose first remains show that it was where the main temple of the god of the sky and creation Enlil, ruler of the Cosmos, was located. Today the ruins of Nippur are located about 160 km southeast of Baghdad, near present-day Diwaniya, in Iraq. The story of the universal flood in its oldest version was found on a tablet found in Nippur starring Ziusudra (biblical Noah).",4500]
[null,4395,null,null,null,4395]
[null,4200,null,null,null,4200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The pit tomb culture was established in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula, approximately coinciding with the current territory of Catalonia (Spain).",4200,3300]
[null,4100,null,null,null,4100,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Clay work began to be known on all the islands.",4100]
[null,4000,19,"SUMERIAN ","​With the Uruk culture, urban civilization began in Sumer, when the Cities were established starting with Eridu (the Temple of Eridu is the oldest found in Mesopotamia) and Nippur; It was centered in the southern area of Mesopotamia, but samples are found in northern Syria, Turkey or Susa, in modern-day Iran. The main characteristics of this period are the appearance of the cylindrical seal, the monumental nature of its architecture, the features of its ceramics and the appearance of writing. Other advances were the invention of the wheel and its first application outside of transportation, the potter's wheel. At the end of the period, bronze, produced from copper and arsenic or tin, began to be used.",4000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A second Neolithic phase developed, called the Full Neolithic, characterized by the expansion of the productive economy throughout the rest of the peninsula: the settlements of the two plateaus, the Ebro Valley and the Basque Country, date back to this period, so the Deposits are now not found in mountainous areas, but on fertile lands and on plains, where towns were built.",4000,null,null,"A second Neolithic phase developed, called the Full Neolithic, characterized by the expansion of the productive economy throughout the rest of the peninsula: the settlements of the two plateaus, the Ebro Valley and the Basque Country, date back to this period, so the Deposits are now not found in mountainous areas, but on fertile lands and on plains, where towns were built.",4000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The domestication of the horse began in Central Asia in the 4th millennium BC. C. Horses (actually, ponies) were selected according to their strength, and by the 2nd millennium BC. C. They were strong enough to pull chariots, which led to nomadism, a way of life that would dominate the region for several millennia.",4000,2000,null,"​With the Uruk culture, urban civilization began in Sumer, when the Cities were established starting with Eridu (the Temple of Eridu is the oldest found in Mesopotamia) and Nippur; It was centered in the southern area of Mesopotamia, but samples are found in northern Syria, Turkey or Susa, in modern-day Iran. The main characteristics of this period are the appearance of the cylindrical seal, the monumental nature of its architecture, the features of its ceramics and the appearance of writing. Other advances were the invention of the wheel and its first application outside of transportation, the potter's wheel. At the end of the period, bronze, produced from copper and arsenic or tin, began to be used.",4000,2900]
[null,4000,null,"IRAN","Susa was founded as a village probably to attempt to re-establish the previously destroyed settlements of Chogha Mish and Chogha Bonut. The Susa painted pottery vessels of the early First Style are a late, regional version of the Mesopotamian Obeid pottery tradition that spread throughout the Near East during the 5th millennium BC. c.",4000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The White Temple is a famous Uruk structure built of bricks on the top of a mountain. The temple was dedicated to the sky god An and was painted entirely white. The inhabitants of Uruk believed that the gods could inhabit those regions.",4000,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Susa was founded as a village probably to attempt to re-establish the previously destroyed settlements of Chogha Mish and Chogha Bonut. The Susa painted pottery vessels of the early First Style are a late, regional version of the Mesopotamian Obeid pottery tradition that spread throughout the Near East during the 5th millennium BC. c.",4000]
[null,4000,20,"SUMERIAN ","The Sumerians mastered the technique of foundry and knew about copper; they discovered that the alloy of copper with tin and arsenic allowed them to produce bronze. Gold and silver were also manipulated by specialists.",4000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Sumerians mastered the technique of foundry and knew about copper; they discovered that the alloy of copper with tin and arsenic allowed them to produce bronze. Gold and silver were also manipulated by specialists.",4000,3000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Chinese Empire - Three Augusti 4000-3000 BC?\r\n• Fuxi\r\n• Shennong\r\n• Huangdi, Yellow Emperor, is considered one of the initiators of Chinese civilization. ",4000,3000]
[null,3968,null,null,null,3968,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Perrokung - King of Sumer, 2nd. KISH dynasty.",3968,3608,{"$f":"+BH70-BI70","v":360}]
[null,3800,21,"IRAN","Susa entered Uruk's sphere of cultural influence during the Uruk period. An imitation of the entire state apparatus of Uruk, proto-writing, cylindrical seals with Sumerian motifs, and monumental architecture, all of this can be found in Susa. According to some scholars, Susa may have been a colony of Uruk. In the Sumerian period, Susa was the capital of a state called Susiana (Šušan), which occupied approximately the same territory as the modern province of Khuzestan centered on the Karun River. Control of Susiana later varied between Elam, Sumer and the Akkadians.",3800,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Farmer colonizers began to arrive by sea and form agricultural settlements in a large part of the island of present-day England; They settled in Wessex and for dozens of years they lived together with the Maglemosians of the jungles, the Tardonese of the river valleys and the Azilians of the coasts.",3800,3500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Neolithic comes to Crete from Anatolia and only extends through the eastern part since it was not until the Hellenistic era that the western sector of the island was colonized. In the Cretan town of Knossos there is no pre-ceramic Neolithic and then Crete passes from the Neolithic to the Metal Age almost without transition.",3800,3000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Neolithic comes to Crete from Anatolia and only extends through the eastern part since it was not until the Hellenistic era that the western sector of the island was colonized. In the Cretan town of Knossos there is no pre-ceramic Neolithic and then Crete passes from the Neolithic to the Metal Age almost without transition.",3800,3000,null,null,"Sogdiana had an urban culture from the Bronze Age since the original towns appear in the archaeological record beginning in the settlement of Sarazm, located near Panjakent, Tajikistan. It has fire temples, public and residential buildings, structures of cult and palaces. Many objects of copper, bronze, lead, gold and silver have been found here, as well as armor and jewelry.\r\nSarazm was a former mineral extraction center. Its inhabitants exported the gold and silver extracted from the Zeravshan valley river to the countries of the Middle and Far East and Western India. Furthermore, Sarazm was one of the largest metallurgical centers in Central Asia. There were found fragments of foundry molds, huge mortars and hammers for crushing minerals, metal objects in the form of axes, daggers, knives, spears, brooches, fishing hooks and ornaments.",3800,2000,null,null,3800,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Susa entered Uruk's sphere of cultural influence during the Uruk period. An imitation of the entire state apparatus of Uruk, proto-writing, cylindrical seals with Sumerian motifs, and monumental architecture, all of this can be found in Susa. According to some scholars, Susa may have been a colony of Uruk. In the Sumerian period, Susa was the capital of a state called Susiana (Šušan), which occupied approximately the same territory as the modern province of Khuzestan centered on the Karun River. Control of Susiana later varied between Elam, Sumer and the Akkadians.",3800,3100]
[null,3608,null,null,null,3608]
[null,3608,null,null,null,3608]
[null,{"$f":"+F74","v":3500},null,null,"Invention of pictographic and ideographic writing techniques used to control, above all, commerce, economy and agriculture and which were perfected until reaching cuneiform writing.",3500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Invention of pictographic and ideographic writing techniques used to control, above all, commerce, economy and agriculture and which were perfected until reaching cuneiform writing.",3500,2000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jericó fue nuevamente ocupada y, en general, los restos del sitio muestran conexión con los grupos sirios y con los del oeste del Éufrates. Hay edificios de adobe y pisos rectilíneos de yeso.",3500,3000]
[null,3248,null,null,null,3248]
[null,3450,null,null,null,3450,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Cuarta Dinastía, (de transición): \nDiez  soberanos humanos  mantuvieron  la  realeza  en  This dando Inicio al período caótico de  350  años  que precedió  al  establecimiento del   reinado faraónico  en  Egipto.",3450,3100]
[null,3400,null,null,null,3400,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The pre-Hellenic Aegean civilizations, prior to the Greek civilization, developed in protohistory in the space around the Aegean Sea. They are the Cycladic (around the Cyclades islands), Minoan (Crete island) and Mycenaean (European continental Greece - particularly the Peloponnese) civilizations.",3300,1070,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Civilizaciones de China\nLa cultura de Liangzhu (aprox. 3400 - 2000 a. C.) se concentró en el área del lago Tai; predomina la abundancia de artefactos de jade colocados en los entierros, con sistemas políticos estratificados y con acumulación de poder y permanencia en el tiempo. ",3400,2000]
[null,3300,22,"GREECE","Cycladic civilization\nThis archaeological culture of the Cyclades archipelago begins to develop, which is located in the middle of the Aegean Sea, between the Sporades and Crete, between the Hellenic peninsula and Anatolia; The Cyclades, which are made up of the islands of Mykonos, Paros, Milo or Milos, Sifnos, Amorgós, Tinos, Serifos or Serfanto and Santorini around Delos, the sacred island where Apollo was born, were the cradle of a notable civilization, favored for their geographical position that places them as a kind of bridge between Europe and Asia, for the richness of the subsoil and for the relative mildness of their climate. The development of seafaring activities and grape cultivation are the springs that trigger the transformation of the economic, social and cultural structures of the islanders. Their products reach Greece and various regions of the eastern Mediterranean.",3300,null,null,null,"SAN AGUSTIN\r\nAn important archaeological region in Colombia where evidence of habitation has been found since 3300 BC. C with several hundred monolithic sculptures, which indicate that a culture flourished there since ancient times and is today the object of study by scientific missions to establish the origins and peculiar features of this town. This culture began in the 33rd century BC. C. and in the 7th century BC. C. is already a culture that presents considerable development, according to the carbon 14 dates of recently obtained organic samples associated with agriculture, ceramics, goldsmithing and sculptural art.",3300,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Contemporary to Los Millares and with similar characteristics, the Vila Nova complex was developed at the mouth of the Tagus River, in present-day Portugal. The main difference lies in the necropolises, where there is a relative abundance of hypogeums and artificial caves to the detriment of the tholoi, just the opposite of that in the southeast.",3300,2200,null,"The archaeological site of Los Millares is a prehistoric settlement from the Copper Age, formed by the town and its necropolis with an area of 6 and 13 hectares respectively. Researchers and scientists demonstrated in 2020 that Los Millares was the first city established in the entire Iberian Peninsula more than 5,000 years ago. In addition, it is considered by scientists and historians as one of the most important settlements of this culture in Europe and in the world. It is located in the municipality of Santa Fe de Mondújar in the province of Almería, Spain, it is located on a large plateau spur formed by the Andarax River and the Rambla de Huéchar, where a town was built with four lines of wall. , a necropolis made up of some 80 collective tombs and a double line of forts that visually control access to the entire archaeological complex.",3300,2200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Cycladic civilization\r\nThis archaeological culture of the Cyclades archipelago begins to develop, which is located in the middle of the Aegean Sea, between the Sporades and Crete, between the Hellenic peninsula and Anatolia; The Cyclades, which are made up of the islands of Mykonos, Paros, Milo or Milos, Sifnos, Amorgós, Tinos, Serifos or Serfanto and Santorini around Delos, the sacred island where Apollo was born, were the cradle of a notable civilization, favored for their geographical position that places them as a kind of bridge between Europe and Asia, for the richness of the subsoil and for the relative mildness of their climate. The development of seafaring activities and grape cultivation are the springs that trigger the transformation of the economic, social and cultural structures of the islanders. Their products reach Greece and various regions of the eastern Mediterranean.",3300,2100]
[null,3248,null,null,null,3248]
[null,3200,null,null,null,3200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Grotta-Pelos culture corresponds to the Early Cycladic I period and is centered on the archaeological site of Grotta, on the island of Naxos, just outside the island's current capital, and on the site of Pelos, on the island from Milo, both islands in the Cyclades. In addition, other settlements belonging to the same chronological period have been discovered on the islands of Paros, Antiparos, Amorgós (site of Kapros) and in other places on Naxos.",3200,2700]
[null,3200,23,"IRAN","Proto-Elamite civilization\nThe city of Susa, founded already in the basin of the Karun River, is considered the site of the appearance of the proto-Elamite culture. During its early history it fluctuated between submission to the Mesopotamian states and Elamite power. The influence of Mesopotamia in Susa becomes visible and texts in the Proto-Elamite writing system are present until around 2700 BC. C. During this period, ceramics from the Banesh period predominated. It is also here that Proto-Elamite tablets first appear.",3200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Proto-Elamite civilization\r\nThe city of Susa, founded already in the basin of the Karun River, is considered the site of the appearance of the proto-Elamite culture. During its early history it fluctuated between submission to the Mesopotamian states and Elamite power. The influence of Mesopotamia in Susa becomes visible and texts in the Proto-Elamite writing system are present until around 2700 BC. C. During this period, ceramics from the Banesh period predominated. It is also here that Proto-Elamite tablets first appear.",3200,2700]
[null,3100,24,"Tinis\r\nEGYPT","PHARAON DYNASTS.\nThe Archaic Period of Egypt, also called the Tinite Epoch or the Early Dynastic Period, is the beginning of the dynastic history of Ancient Egypt. According to Manetho, the capital of the Empire during this time was Tinis, (Thinis, This or Tis), the Greek name of a town in Ancient Egypt, located near Abydos, in Upper Egypt. At this time only two lineages of kings ruled, called the first and second dynasties.",3100,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"PHARAON DYNASTS.\r\nThe Archaic Period of Egypt, also called the Tinite Epoch or the Early Dynastic Period, is the beginning of the dynastic history of Ancient Egypt. According to Manetho, the capital of the Empire during this time was Tinis, (Thinis, This or Tis), the Greek name of a town in Ancient Egypt, located near Abydos, in Upper Egypt. At this time only two lineages of kings ruled, called the first and second dynasties.",3100,2686]
[null,3050,25,"EGYPT","Civilization begins in Egypt, the second region.\nThe first two dynasties are those of pharaohs considered the unifiers of Egypt beginning with Narmer - Menes, First unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt.",3050,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Civilization begins in Egypt, the second region.\r\nThe first two dynasties are those of pharaohs considered the unifiers of Egypt beginning with Narmer - Menes, First unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt.",3050,3007]
[null,3007,null,null,null,3007,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Aha - Atotis; —Manetho grants him 57 years of reign, according to Julius Africanus, or 27 years by Eusebius of Caesarea",3007,2975]
[null,3000,null,null,null,3000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"\"The first Semitic invasions began in the region, with subsequent settlement and habitation by very diverse peoples: Amorites, Jebusites, Hyksos, Philistines, Phoenicians, Arameans, Hebrews.\nFoundation of the city of Byblos, also called Gibello, Gibelletto or Jebail.\nFoundation of the city of Jerusalem by the Jebusites, a Canaanite tribe that inhabited the region.\"",3000,null,null,"The Bronze Age is the stage that stood out for the discovery of metal alloys, after melting copper with tin, which gave rise to bronze, a resistant metal. Tools were created for war, such as arrowheads. As larger populations and cities were formed, wars for territory and power increased.",3000,1500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Civilizations of China\r\nThe Longshan culture was a civilization close to the middle course of the Yellow River, which left important evidence of having been a hierarchical society, with abundant commercial exchange, intense agricultural work and frequent wars; intensive agriculture exceeds the extension of the Yellow and Yangzi rivers. The Taosi site was the most important economic, political and religious center in the region, it has the oldest astronomical observatory in Asia (4100 years old).",3000,1900]
[null,3000,null,null,null,3000,null,null,null,"The Inuit have their origins in Siberia, northeast Asia; Their Eskimo-Aleut ancestors crossed the Bering Strait and also settled in North America, and around the year 1000 the Thule culture emerged in Alaska, the origin of the Inuit people, who spread rapidly eastward throughout the Arctic region. The Inuit arrived in Greenland around 1300 and Labrador around 1500.",3000,"1500 \nd.C.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In the Cyclades Islands the Neolithic began around 3000 BC. It lasts until 2850 BC. approximately.",3000,2850,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ebla civilization\r\nThe region of Syria was the center of a highly important Semitic civilization around the cities of Ebla and Ugarit and one of the largest ancient civilizations on Earth. Ebla in northern Syria, about 55 km southeast of Aleppo since shortly after its founding before 3000 BC. C., became a true Amorite urban center, which developed through trade with Mari, a city of which it was a tributary around 2500 BC. C.; Later it was an important city-state, especially between 2400 and 2250 BC. C., when various kings, several libraries and important epigraphic documents are known about it and then between 1800 BC. C. and 1650 BC. C., but already lost its independence and relevance.",3000,2250]
[null,3000,null,null,null,3000,null,null,null,"The Olmecs were a culture that developed in large areas of Mesoamerica, but the Olmec cultural metropolitan area is considered to cover the southeastern part of the state of Veracruz and western Tabasco.",3000,400,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"According to scholar Samuel Noah Kramer, adding to the many contents that interpret old Sumerian writings, \"the first ruler of Sumer, whose exploits have been summarily recorded, is a king named Etana of Kish, who was able to come to the throne in the early of the third millennium B.C. In the royal list he is described as \"he who settled all the lands.\" Nor are other names recognized by official scholars as kings of Sumeria known, until the period of the Akkadian empire when two kings are mentioned, LugalZage-Si, overthrown by Sargon II.",3000]
[null,2974,null,null,null,2974,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Djer-Kenkenes; —Son of Aha and one of his wives named Jenetap",2974,2927]
[null,2941,null,null,null,2941,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Djet - Wadye; —he made expeditions through the Red Sea",2927,2914]
[null,2914,null,null,null,2914,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Merneith - Usafais; Regent of his son Den, possible first queen-pharaoh.",2914,2914]
[null,2900,26,"\"Türkiye\r\nGREECE\"","Foundation of Troy, (Archaeological I)\nTroy was founded by people who arrived from Asia Minor with knowledge of copper and developed metallurgical crafts. The Trojans send their goods to the Aegean and also begin to exert influence in that geographical area.",2900,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Foundation of Troy, (Archaeological I)\r\nTroy was founded by people who arrived from Asia Minor with knowledge of copper and developed metallurgical crafts. The Trojans send their goods to the Aegean and also begin to exert influence in that geographical area.",2900,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Foundation of Troy, (Archaeological I)\r\nTroy was founded by people who arrived from Asia Minor with knowledge of copper and developed metallurgical crafts. The Trojans send their goods to the Aegean and also begin to exert influence in that geographical area.",2900]
[null,2900,27,"\"INDUS VALLEY\r\nHarappan\r\nMohenjo-Daro\"","Indus Valley Culture (ca. 2900 BC-1300 BC)\nIt developed along the Indus River Valley in modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northwest India. It encompassed nearly a hundred settlements and two major cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, both in modern-day Pakistan. Altogether, it comprised the largest area of all ancient civilizations, more than one million square kilometers.\n",2900,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Beaker culture of the inverted bell-shaped and profusely decorated vessels or vessels that have been found, generally in funerary contexts, in much of Europe: throughout almost the entire Iberian Peninsula, on islands in the western Mediterranean, in France Mediterranean and Atlantic, Great Britain and Ireland, the Netherlands and part of Central Europe.\r\nIt has been established that this culture originated and spread from the oldest sites found in the Bajo Tajo area, in Portugal, Zambujal and Vila Nova de São Pedro and the remains in Catalonia, Andalusia and Madrid (Ciempozuelos).",2900,2500,null,"Beaker culture of the inverted bell-shaped and profusely decorated vessels or vessels that have been found, generally in funerary contexts, in much of Europe: throughout almost the entire Iberian Peninsula, on islands in the western Mediterranean, in France Mediterranean and Atlantic, Great Britain and Ireland, the Netherlands and part of Central Europe.\r\nIt has been established that this culture originated and spread from the oldest sites found in the Bajo Tajo area, in Portugal, Zambujal and Vila Nova de São Pedro and the remains in Catalonia, Andalusia and Madrid (Ciempozuelos).",2900,2500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mari was an ancient city located west of the Euphrates in modern-day Tell Hariri (Syria). It was inhabited since the fifth millennium BC. C. and its first stage of splendor was between 2900 BC. C. and 2350 BC. C., when it was destroyed by commercial rivals.",2900,2350,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Den-Usafe; First pharaoh depicted with the double crown of Egypt and first pharaoh with a name of Horus.",2914,2867,null,"Indus Valley Culture (ca. 2900 BC-1300 BC)\r\nIt developed along the Indus River Valley in modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northwest India. It encompassed nearly a hundred settlements and two major cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, both in modern-day Pakistan. Altogether, it comprised the largest area of all ancient civilizations, more than one million square kilometers.\r\n",2900,1300]
[null,2867,null,null,null,2867,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Anedjib - Adjib; —All Egyptologists believe that his reign was shorter",2867,2861]
[null,2861,null,null,null,2861,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Semerjet - Semempeses; —The events during his reign are religious.",2861,2853]
[null,2853,null,null,null,2853,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Qaa - Bienkenes; —He considered his predecessor a usurper",2853,2828]
[null,2852,28,"CHINA","Proto Chinese Empire - Five Emperors (2852 - 2070 BC).\nChinese tradition attributes to these mythological characters (?) the founding of Chinese civilization and the invention of social, cultural and economic institutions, such as the family, agriculture, writing, etc.\n• The Yellow Emperor.\n• Zhuānxù (顓頊).\n• Dìkù (帝嚳), or simply Kù (嚳).\n• Tángyáo (唐堯), or simply Yáo (堯).\n• Yúshùn (虞舜), or simply Shùn (舜).",2852,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Proto Chinese Empire - Five Emperors (2852 - 2070 BC).\r\nChinese tradition attributes to these mythological characters (?) the founding of Chinese civilization and the invention of social, cultural and economic institutions, such as the family, agriculture, writing, etc.\r\n• The Yellow Emperor.\r\n• Zhuānxù (顓頊).\r\n• Dìkù (帝嚳), or simply Kù (嚳).\r\n• Tángyáo (唐堯), or simply Yáo (堯).\r\n• Yúshùn (虞舜), or simply Shùn (舜).",2852,2070]
[null,2852,null,null,null,2852,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fúxī, Augusto.",2852,2737]
[null,2828,null,null,null,2828,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"\"Dynasty II\nHetepsejevery\nNebra-his name can also be read as Nebra. He could be the same person as Weneg.\nNynetjer-he may have divided Egypt among his successors.\nWeneg - Could have been an independent ruler or the same person as Sejemib or Raneb.\nSenedi - Could be the same person as Peribsen.\nPeribsen - He may have reigned only in Upper Egypt. He could be the same person as Sened or Sejemib.\nSechemib - May have reigned only in Upper Egypt. He could be the same person as Peribsen.\nJasejemuy - Reunified Egypt after a period of turbulence.\"",2828,2686]
[null,2800,29,"EGYPT","The Egyptian calendar emerged and was the first known solar calendar in history. It was in full use during the time of Shepseskaf, the pharaoh of the 4th dynasty. In the Pyramid Texts the 365 days of the Egyptian civil year are mentioned. It was divided into 12 months of 30 days each, organized into three periods of 10 days. At the end of the last month of each year, the five days (epagomena) that remained to complete the solar year were added, dedicated to various Egyptian gods.",2800,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In 2800 BC. C. the megalithic monument Long Barrow of West Kennet Long Barrow is dated, a consequence of the arrival of a first contingent of builders.??",2800,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Egyptian calendar emerged and was the first known solar calendar in history. It was in full use during the time of Shepseskaf, the pharaoh of the 4th dynasty. In the Pyramid Texts the 365 days of the Egyptian civil year are mentioned. It was divided into 12 months of 30 days each, organized into three periods of 10 days. At the end of the last month of each year, the five days (epagomena) that remained to complete the solar year were added, dedicated to various Egyptian gods.",2800]
[null,2771,null,null,null,2771]
[null,2754,null,null,null,2754]
[null,2737,null,null,null,2737,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperador Yán, Augusto.",2737,2698]
[null,2700,null,"IRAN","Kingdom of ELAM.\n Elam was located east of Sumeria and Akkad, in the present-day southwest of Iran; more identified by its lower capital, Susa as well as by Anshan. Khuzestan is the current province along with Lorestan in which They locate the remains of ancient Elam.",2700,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kingdom of ELAM.\r\nElam was located east of Sumeria and Akkad, in modern-day southwest Iran; more identified by its lower capital, Susa as well as Anshan. Khuzestan is the current province along with Lorestan in which the remains of ancient Elam are located.",2700,2150,null,"\"Foundation of the city of Tyre.\n\nFoundation of the city of Sidon.\"",2700]
[null,2700,null,"IRAN","The Awan Dynasty was the first dynasty of the Elamite Empire, founded by a king named Peli at the dawn of history. The dynasty was constituted by a total of 12 kings but the facts of the reigns of these kings are unknown, as are the most basic characteristics of the early Elamite state.\nElam must have had importance and influence with respect to Sumer from very early times, since its conflicts with Mesopotamia begin with En-Men-Barage-Si of Kiš (28th century BC-27th century BC), monarch who ruled it. defeated. Another Sumerian figure, Eannatum of Lagash, also had to deal with the Elamites of Awan, whom he claims to defeat.",2700,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Keros-Syros Culture is often considered the apogee of the Cycladic civilization. It gets its name from the small islands of Keros and Syros, in the Cyclades archipelago. Thanks, in part, to the abundance of objects discovered in the tombs, this culture is better known than that of Grotta-Pelos and Filacopí. The settlements were larger, better organized, even better planned and better built. They were located on the seashore. The islanders obtained a portion of their food, but they were also seafaring merchants.",2700,2300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Awan Dynasty was the first dynasty of the Elamite Empire, founded by a king named Peli at the dawn of history. The dynasty was constituted by a total of 12 kings but the facts of the reigns of these kings are unknown, as are the most basic characteristics of the early Elamite state.\r\nElam must have had importance and influence with respect to Sumer from very early times, since its conflicts with Mesopotamia begin with En-Men-Barage-Si of Kiš (28th century BC-27th century BC), monarch who ruled it. defeated. Another Sumerian figure, Eannatum of Lagash, also had to deal with the Elamites of Awan, whom he claims to defeat.",2700,2150]
[null,2698,null,"GREECE","Minoan or Cretan Civilization - \nCrete begins to boom, as a result of the introduction of the wheel in pottery and bronze metallurgy, to which is added a demographic increase, especially in the central-eastern area. The main sites archaeological sites from the oldest part of the prepalatial period are those of Knossos, Mojlos, Melidoni, Debla, Festo and Palekastro, and as the period progressed, those of Jamezi, Vasilikí, Malia and Mirtos stand out.",2698,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Minoan or Cretan Civilization\r\nCrete begins to boom, as a result of the introduction of the wheel in pottery and bronze metallurgy, to which is added a demographic increase, especially in the central-eastern area. The main archaeological sites of the oldest part of the prepalatial period are those of Knossos, Mojlos, Melidoni, Debla, Festo and Palekastro, and as the period progressed, those of Jamezi, Vasiliki, Malia and Mirtos stand out.",2700,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Yellow Emperor, Huangdi, is one of the most important figures in Chinese mythology. One of the Three Augusti, he is represented as a conqueror, judge, immortal, god of the Kunlun mountain and the center of the Earth and is considered one of the initiators of Chinese civilization.",2698,2598]
[null,2686,30,"EGYPT\r\nMemphis\"","The Old Kingdom of Egypt, or Old Kingdom, is the period in the history of ancient Egypt in which the political, cultural and religious system that emerged during the protodynastic period was forged and consolidated, with the appearance of a monarchy whose most notable features are the absolute divinization of the pharaoh and a strongly centralized political power that soon moved the capital to Memphis and extended the Egyptian Empire from Nubia to the Sinai. It is made up of the III, IV, V and VI dynasties.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",2686,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Old Kingdom of Egypt, or Old Kingdom, is the period in the history of ancient Egypt in which the political, cultural and religious system that emerged during the protodynastic period was forged and consolidated, with the appearance of a monarchy whose most notable features are the absolute divinization of the pharaoh and a strongly centralized political power that soon moved the capital to Memphis and extended the Egyptian Empire from Nubia to the Sinai. It is made up of the III, IV, V and VI dynasties.",2686,2181,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Location of the Old Kingdom of Egypt"]
[null,2686,null,null,null,2686,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Dynasty III (5 pharaohs)",2686,2613]
[null,2686,null,null,null,2686,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nebka - Could be the same as Sanajt.",2686,2667]
[null,2667,31,"EGYPT\r\nMemphis\"","Netjerikhet Zoser, Djoser, or Djeser - Definitively moves the capital to Memphis and extends the Egyptian Empire from Nubia to Sinai. He commissioned the first pyramid in Egypt, (??) the Step Pyramid, built by the architect and scribe Imhotep.",2667,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Due to the influence of Pharaoh Dyeser (Zoser), the capital was moved to Memphis and the Egyptian Empire extended from Nubia to Sinai.",2667,null,null,"Netjerikhet Zoser, Djoser, or Djeser - Definitively moves the capital to Memphis and extends the Egyptian Empire from Nubia to Sinai. He commissioned the first pyramid in Egypt, (??) the Step Pyramid, built by the architect and scribe Imhotep.",2667,2648]
[null,2648,null,null,null,2648,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sejemjet-Imhotep participated in the construction of his unfinished pyramid.",2648,2640]
[null,2600,32,"ASSYRIA","The ancient city of Aššur emerges, which was originally one of the numerous Akkadian city-states in Mesopotamia, a colony of Babylon, and later became the first capital of Assyria (until 879 BC), the state to which it gave its name. The first testimonies of the existence of the Assyrian territory date from the third millennium BC. C., was dominated by Akkadian and Sumerian dynasties during the Empire of Sargon and the third dynasty of Ur; Puzur-Assur regained autonomy from Assur around 2010 BC. C., later founding a dynasty.",2600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Dated in 2600 BC. C., numerous circular embankments, with an access, called HENGES, are located in the south of England.",2600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2600,null,null,"The ancient city of Aššur emerges, which was originally one of the numerous Akkadian city-states in Mesopotamia, a colony of Babylon, and later became the first capital of Assyria (until 879 BC), the state to which it gave its name. The first testimonies of the existence of the Assyrian territory date from the third millennium BC. C., was dominated by Akkadian and Sumerian dynasties during the Empire of Sargon and the third dynasty of Ur; Puzur-Assur regained autonomy from Assur around 2010 BC. C., later founding a dynasty.",2600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Kingdom of Kush forms an important part of Nubian history at the time of the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Rome and Greece. Their capitals were Kerma (2600-1520 BC), Napata (1000-300 BC) and Meroe (300 BC-300 AD). Kush was a region located along the Nile Valley that comprised the south of present-day Egypt and extended into the north of present-day Sudan. It was rich in raw materials, especially gold, so the Egyptians very early aspired to exploit these resources.",2600,"300 \nd. C.",null,"Period of maximum splendor of the Indus Valley Culture in which a technically advanced civilization flourished comparable to those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, which had developed a complex urban civilization based on large cities that constituted the center of a large territory; Harappa evolved until it became a large city that extends over 150 hectares.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH\"",2600,1900]
[null,2600,33,"VALLEY\r\nOF THE INDUS","Period of maximum splendor of the Indus Valley Culture in which a technically advanced civilization flourished comparable to those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, which had developed a complex urban civilization based on large cities that constituted the center of a large territory; Harappa evolved until it became a large city that extended over 150 hectares.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",2600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Dynasty IV ruled approx. between 2613 and 2494 BC. (6 pharaohs)",null,null,null,null,2600]
[null,2599,null,null,null,2599,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shǎohào, Emperor.",2599,2514]
[null,2613,null,null,null,2613,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sneferu - Built the pyramid of Meidum and the Bent Pyramid. He also built the first \"true\" pyramid, the Red Pyramid.",2613,2589]
[null,2589,null,null,null,2589,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jufu-his name in Greek is Khufu. He built the Great Pyramid. (??)",2589,2566]
[null,2565,null,null,null,2565,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Djedefra - He is believed to have erected the Great Sphinx of Giza as a monument to his deceased father. (??). He also built a pyramid at Abu Rawash; However, this pyramid is not preserved since it is believed that the Romans recycled the materials with which it was made.",2566,2558]
[null,2558,null,null,null,2558,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jafra-his name in Greek is Khafre. His pyramid (??) is the second largest in Giza.",2558,2532]
[null,2535,null,null,null,2535,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Menkaura-his name in Greek is Mycerinus. His pyramid (??) is the smallest in Giza.",2532,2503]
[null,2529,null,null,null,2529]
[null,2523,null,null,null,2523]
[null,2514,null,null,null,2514,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zhuānxū, Emperor.",2514,2436]
[null,2503,null,"INDUS VALLEY\r\n","Mohenjo-Daro was one of the first and most important urban settlements in the world on the banks of the Indus River, inhabited during the third millennium; it was a city of more than 35,000 inhabitants with running water, latrines, drainage, agriculture, pottery and it was a society socially advanced. Its original name is unknown but the current name Mohenjo Daro literally means 'mound of death', which together with the excavations and investigations of Mohenjo-Daro showed skeletons scattered throughout the city lying in the avenues, which suggests that those individuals suffered a violent and sudden death and likewise, certain areas of the place also showed a clear increase in the levels of radioactivity and objects and rocks were found melted and crystallized, which happens when temperatures of around 1,500 degrees Celsius are reached. all evidence of what appeared to be the epicenter of a large nuclear explosion! SEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC\"",2503,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"During the Bronze Age, elaborate ornaments were produced in Ireland, as well as gold and bronze weapons for hunting.",2500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Foundation of the city of Damascus.",2500,null,null,"Shepseskaf-he broke with the tradition (??) of building pyramids and erected the Mastaba of Shepseskaf for himself.",2503,2494,null,"Mohenjo-Daro was one of the world's first and most important urban settlements on the banks of the Indus River inhabited during the third millennium; It was a city of more than 35,000 inhabitants with running water, latrines, drains, agriculture, ceramics and it was a socially advanced society. Its original name is unknown but the current name Mohenjo Daro literally means 'mound of death', which together with the excavations and investigations of Mohenjo-Daro showed skeletons scattered throughout the city lying in the avenues, suggesting that those individuals suffered a violent and sudden death and likewise, certain areas of the place also showed a clear increase in the levels of radioactivity and objects and rocks were found melted and crystallized, which happens when temperatures of around 1,500 degrees Celsius are reached, all evidence of what appeared to be the epicenter of a large nuclear explosion!",2500,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Around the time of Zhuanxu, the Xia tribe began to develop slowly so it is stated that Yu the Great, the first king of the Xia dynasty is the grandson or at least the fifth generation of Zhuanxu, and it is possible that the people of the Xia clan is a descendant of Zhuanxu.",2500,null,null,"Schematic map of the area occupied by the Indus Valley civilization (between 2500 and 1700 BC, showing the location of the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro."]
[null,2500,34,"Türkiye","Troy, (Archaeological II), begins to develop and its inhabitants have an agricultural life and achieve great wealth through trade. Trojan pottery spread throughout present-day Crete, Bulgaria, Anatolia and Syria. The Trojans erected a wall equipped with strong bastions and monumental propylaea. They assume the Aegean way of building houses by means of a rectangular room preceded by a porch.",2500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The construction of STONEHENGE is carried out, in the middle of a complex around a settlement of more than a thousand houses, dating back 500 years and in which ceramics with linear decorations are found.",2500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Bell-shaped glass culture of the inverted bell-shaped and profusely decorated vessels or vessels that have been found, generally in funerary contexts, in much of Europe: throughout almost the entire Iberian Peninsula, on islands in the western Mediterranean, in Mediterranean France and Atlantic, Great Britain and Ireland, the Netherlands and part of Central Europe. In their large-scale study of Bell Beaker radiocarbon dating, J. Müller and S. Willingen established that in Central Europe such vessels appeared after 2500 BC. C. Materials related to the Bell Beaker phenomenon have recently been discovered in countries such as Belarus, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Albania and even Greece.",2500,null,null,"Troy, (Archaeological II), begins to develop and its inhabitants have an agricultural life and achieve great wealth through trade. Trojan pottery spread throughout present-day Crete, Bulgaria, Anatolia and Syria. The Trojans erected a wall equipped with strong bastions and monumental propylaea. They assume the Aegean way of building houses by means of a rectangular room preceded by a porch.",2500,2300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Troy, (Archaeological II), begins to develop and its inhabitants have an agricultural life and achieve great wealth through trade. Trojan pottery spread throughout present-day Crete, Bulgaria, Anatolia and Syria. The Trojans erected a wall equipped with strong bastions and monumental propylaea. They assume the Aegean way of building houses by means of a rectangular room preceded by a porch.",2500,2300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Jiroft Civilization also known as Intercultural Style or Halilrud Style, flourished in eastern Iran in Sistan (Iran and Afghanistan) along with the Helmand culture in western Afghanistan at the same time. In fact, they may represent the same cultural area; They developed in an area of approximately 400 km",2500,1600,null,null,null,null,null,"Dynasty V ruled approx. between 2494 and 2345 BC. (9 pharaohs)",null,null,null,"The Indus cities traded not only agricultural products, but metals such as gold, silver, lead and tin, jewelry and semi-precious stones (lapis lazuli and turquoise), tools, utensils and ceramics. Its traces have appeared in Sumerian and Akkadian documents in which trade in gold, ebony and carnelian is recorded in ships that, according to some historians, came from this region.",2500]
[null,2494,null,null,null,2494,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Userkaf - Enterrado en una pirámide en Saqqara. Construyó el primer templo solar en Abusir.",2494,2487]
[null,2479,null,null,null,2479,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sahura - Trasladó la necrópolis real a Abusir, donde construyó su pirámide.",2487,2475]
[null,2472,null,null,null,2472,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Neferirkara - Durante su reinado no pudo terminar su pirámide ni el resto de su complejo funerario.",2475,2455]
[null,2472,null,null,null,2472]
[null,2472,null,null,null,2472,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shepseskara",2455,2448]
[null,2447,null,null,null,2447,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Raneferef",2448,2445]
[null,2441,null,null,null,2441,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nyuserra",2445,2421]
[null,2436,null,null,null,2436,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Menkauhor",2421,2414,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kù, Emperor.",2436,2366]
[null,2411,null,null,null,2411,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Bactriana or Bactria is the ancient Greek name of a historical region of Central Asia, located between the Hindu Kush to the south and the Amu Darya River (Oxus) to the north; It bordered to the east with the ancient region of Gandhara in the Indian subcontinent, to the west with Drangiana and Hyrcania and to the north with Transoxiana, Sogdiana and the very extensive Scythia (Extra Imaus), to the south it bordered with Arachosia; Its capital was the city of Balh (Bactra or Zaraspa). Today that territory corresponds to several nations, the north of Afghanistan, the south of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.",2400,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Djedkara",2414,2375]
[null,2404,null,null,null,2404,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The new Beaker culture arrived in Great Britain known as the Beaker culture, probably brought in passing through the Iberian Peninsula. The initial British Bell Beaker was similar to that of the Rhine, but the final styles were more similar to those of Ireland and most of the finds correspond to funerary contexts, with domestic environments being very rare. From 1500 BC. C. the Beaker culture began to decline.",2400,1500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"While the arid plains were under the rule of nomads, small city states and sedentary agrarian societies emerged in the wetter areas of Central Asia. The Bactria-Margiana archaeological complex from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. C. It was the first sedentary civilization in the region. Its inhabitants practiced irrigated cultivation of wheat and barley and, possibly, knew some type of writing; It is likely that they were related to the nomads of the Andronovo culture, the inventors of radial-wheeled chariots, who lived to the north in Western Siberia, Russia, and some areas of Kazakhstan, a culture that persisted until the 1st millennium BC. C.",2400,1000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The first Indo-Aryans settled in Goa on the western coast of India; It is estimated that some of these immigrants could have been followers of the Vedic religion. This migration of northerners is mainly attributed to the drying up of the mighty Sarasvati River.",2400]
[null,2400,null,"INDUS VALLEY\r\n","Punjab is a geopolitical, cultural and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of present-day eastern Pakistan and northern India; it has been inhabited by the Punjab Valley civilization. Indus, the Vedic civilization, the Indo-Aryan peoples and the Indo-Scythians, and has seen numerous invasions by Persians, Greeks, Kushans, Ghaznavids, Timurids, Mughals, Pashtuns, British and others who headed mainly to the most productive central region of the Punjab known as the Majha region, which is also the base of Punjabi culture and traditions. The Punjab region is often known as the breadbasket of the area, both in India and Pakistan.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",2400,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Bactria-Marguiana Archaeological Complex or Oxus River Culture\r\nis the modern archaeological designation of a Bronze Age cultural stage of Central Asia, located today in Turkmenistan, northern Afghanistan, southern Uzbekistan and western Tajikistan, centered on the Amu Darya River (the Oxus River of the ancients). Greeks). Bactria was the Greek name for the area of Bactra (today Balkh), which is now northern Afghanistan, and Marguiana was the Greek name of the Persian satrap of Margu, the capital that is now Merv, located in Turkmenistan. With its impressive material culture, including monumental architecture, bronze tools, ceramics and semi-precious stone jewelry, the Bactro-Margian complex exhibits many signs of having been the first sedentary civilization in the region.",2400,1600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The kingdom of Syria, centered on the city of Ebla, reached its peak and reached the peak of its power around 2400 BC. C. when the situation was reversed and Mari began to pay tribute to Ebla, whose king appointed the head of state of Mari. He faced Sargon I of Akkad, who although he occupied Mari could not take over Ebla, which would finally be conquered by his grandson Naram-Sin around 2250 BC. C. and that was when it was abandoned by its inhabitants.",2400,2250,null,null,null,null,null,"Punjab is a geopolitical, cultural and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of present-day eastern Pakistan and northern India; it has been inhabited by the Punjab Valley civilization. Indus, the Vedic civilization, the Indo-Aryan peoples and the Indo-Scythians, and has seen numerous invasions by Persians, Greeks, Kushans, Ghaznavids, Timurids, Mughals, Pashtuns, British and others who headed mainly to the most productive central region of the Punjab known as the Majha region, which is also the base of Punjabi culture and traditions. The Punjab region is often known as the breadbasket of the area, both in India and Pakistan.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",2400]
[null,2393,null,null,null,2393]
[null,2382,null,null,null,2382]
[null,2367,null,null,null,2367,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Overlay of historic Punjab region on current borders."]
[null,{"$f":"+F138","v":2366},null,null,null,2366,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zhì, Emperor.",2366,2357]
[null,2360,null,null,null,2360]
[null,2375,null,null,null,2375,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Unas - Its pyramid is decorated with the first samples of the Pyramid Texts.",2375,2345]
[null,2360,null,null,null,2360,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Then Kish was defeated and the kingship passed to Unug (Uruk)."]
[null,2360,null,null,null,2360,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"LugalZage-Si, King of Sumer of the 3rd Dynasty of Uruk.\r\nKing of the city of Umma, he defeated Lagash, then took the very important city of Kish, and after it Nippur, Larsa, Ur, and the rest of the Sumerian cities fell until he reached Uruk, where he founded the III dynasty of Uruk (of which is the only exponent). ",2360,2335,{"$f":"+BH142-BI142","v":25}]
[null,2357,null,null,null,2357,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The 6th dynasty ruled approx. between 2345 and 2181 BC. (6 pharaohs)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yao, Emperor.",2357,2255]
[null,2345,null,null,null,2345,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Teti-Possibly murdered by his successor.",2345,2323,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Taosi was the location of the Youtang state conquered by Emperor Yao and made his capital; according to some classical Chinese records, the emperor commissioned astronomical officials to observe celestial phenomena such as the rising or setting of the sun and stars of sunset at its maximum to be able to establish a solar and lunar calendar with 366 days a year, with a leap month; the observatory found at the Taosi archaeological site coincides precisely with these records.\r\n\r\nIt is believed that the city collapsed with a rebellion against the ruling class.\"",2345]
[null,2335,null,"\"Agade\r\n(Accadia)\r\nAcad \"\r\nSumeria","Synchronization with the official middle chronology of the dating of the reign of Sargon I the Great.\r\nSargon I the Great\r\nHe defeated LugalZage-Si at Lagash and built the city of Agade",2335,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sargon I the Great\r\nHe defeated LugalZage-Si at Lagash and built the city of Agade.\"",2335,2279,{"$f":"+BH145-BI145","v":56}]
[null,2333,null,null,null,2333,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Dangun Wanggeom was the legendary founder of Gojoseon, the first kingdom of Korea, around present-day Liaoning, Manchuria, and the Korean Peninsula. It is claimed that he is the \"grandson of heaven\" and that he founded the kingdom in 2333 BC. C. that during its first phase had its capital in Liaoning and that around the year 400 BC. C. moved to Pyongyang.",2333]
[null,2330,35,"\"SUMERIAN\r\nACADIA\"","Sargon the Great, Founding King of the Akkadian Empire\nFirst known empire during which Mesopotamia established exchange networks with the Indus Valley civilization, Egypt and Anatolia.\nHis Empire extended from Elam to the Mediterranean Sea including the region of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, parts of modern Iran, Syria and possibly parts of modern-day Turkey. His capital was Acadia (also known as Agade).",2330,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sargon the Great, Founding King of the Akkadian Empire\r\nFirst known empire during which Mesopotamia established exchange networks with the Indus Valley civilization, Egypt and Anatolia.\r\nHis Empire extended from Elam to the Mediterranean Sea including the region of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, parts of modern Iran, Syria and possibly parts of modern-day Turkey. His capital was Acadia (also known as Agade).",2330,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sargon the Great, Founding King of the Akkadian Empire\r\nFirst known empire during which Mesopotamia established exchange networks with the Indus Valley civilization, Egypt and Anatolia.\r\nHis Empire extended from Elam to the Mediterranean Sea including the region of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, parts of modern Iran, Syria and possibly parts of modern-day Turkey. His capital was Acadia (also known as Agade).",2330,2150,null,"Sargon the Great, Founding King of the Akkadian Empire\r\nFirst known empire during which Mesopotamia established exchange networks with the Indus Valley civilization, Egypt and Anatolia.\r\nHis Empire extended from Elam to the Mediterranean Sea including the region of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, parts of modern Iran, Syria and possibly parts of modern-day Turkey. His capital was Acadia (also known as Agade).",2330,null,null,"Sargon the Great, Founding King of the Akkadian Empire\r\nFirst known empire during which Mesopotamia established exchange networks with the Indus Valley civilization, Egypt and Anatolia.\r\nHis Empire extended from Elam to the Mediterranean Sea including the region of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, parts of modern Iran, Syria and possibly parts of modern-day Turkey. His capital was Acadia (also known as Agade).",2330,2150,null,"Sargon the Great, Founding King of the Akkadian Empire\r\nFirst known empire during which Mesopotamia established exchange networks with the Indus Valley civilization, Egypt and Anatolia.\r\nHis Empire extended from Elam to the Mediterranean Sea including the region of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, parts of modern Iran, Syria and possibly parts of modern-day Turkey. His capital was Acadia (also known as Agade).",2330,null,null,"Sargon the Great, Founding King of the Akkadian Empire\r\nFirst known empire during which Mesopotamia established exchange networks with the Indus Valley civilization, Egypt and Anatolia.\r\nHis Empire extended from Elam to the Mediterranean Sea including the region of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, parts of modern Iran, Syria and possibly parts of modern-day Turkey. His capital was Acadia (also known as Agade).",2330]
[null,2323,null,null,null,2323,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Userkara - May have usurped the throne at Teti's expense.",2323,2321]
[null,2321,null,null,null,2321,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pepi I - Meryra",2321,2287]
[null,2300,null,"Türkiye","Troy, (Archaeological II), is destroyed by an earthquake and Troy, (Archaeological III), is built using the materials from the demolition of Troy II, assuming it to be a poorer continuation of Troy II, but despite its decline it continues its relationship with the Aegean. and Anatolia.",2300,null,null,null,"SECHIN HILL\r\nArchaeological site also called Cerro Sechín, is located in the province of Casma in the department of Áncash; The Temple of Cerro Sechín is one of the most important archaeological monuments in Peru due to its antiquity, between 2,300 and 2,400 BC, its beauty and cultural content; Near this site there are two other archaeological complexes of the same name: Sechín Alto and Sechín Bajo.",2400,1400,null,null,null,null,null,"Middle Bronze Age: Argaric culture, a manifestation and expression of the towns of the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula in the Bronze Age",2300,1500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Troy, (Archaeological II), is destroyed by an earthquake and Troy, (Archaeological III), is built using the materials from the demolition of Troy II, assuming it to be a poorer continuation of Troy II, but despite its decline it continues its relationship with the Aegean. and Anatolia.",2300,2200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Troy, (Archaeological II), is destroyed by an earthquake and Troy, (Archaeological III), is built using the materials from the demolition of Troy II, assuming it to be a poorer continuation of Troy II, but despite its decline it continues its relationship with the Aegean. and Anatolia.",2300,2200,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Epic of Gilgamesh or the Poem of Gilgamesh is a verse narrative on twelve tablets, translated from the original Sumerian to Akkadian about the adventures of King Gilgamesh, based on five independent Sumerian poems, which constitute the oldest known epic work. It is considered to be the first literary work to emphasize human mortality versus the immortality of the gods. The poem includes the Akkadian version of the universal flood starring Utnapishtim (biblical Noah).",2300,2000,null,"Old Assyrian Period (2300-2000 BC)\r\n26 Kings who lived in tents",2300,2000]
[null,2300,null,null,null,2300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Filakopí is an archaeological site on the island of Milo (ancient Melos), in the Cyclades archipelago. It is one of the most important in the Aegean world for the Early Bronze period. Already occupied around 3300 BC. C., Filakopí initially belonged to the Cycladic civilization but suffered the influence of the Minoan civilization, and later the Mycenaean civilization. The settlement was abandoned at the end of the Bronze Age. The most important remains are the Cyclopean walls, the megaron and the sanctuary. One of the most notable activities in the place was the exploitation of obsidian.",2300,2100,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Thanks to Indus seals found in excavations of the Sumerian city of Ur in Mesopotamia, we know that merchants from Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro traded with their Sumerian colleagues between 2300 and 2000 BC. Surplus grain, especially wheat, and perhaps textile products, small luxury objects, such as engraved carnelian beads, inlaid shell and bone objects, and ivory combs, were exported from the Indus.",2300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Thanks to Indus seals found in excavations of the Sumerian city of Ur in Mesopotamia, we know that merchants from Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro traded with their Sumerian colleagues between 2300 and 2000 BC. Surplus grain, especially wheat, and perhaps textile products, small luxury objects, such as engraved carnelian beads, inlaid shell and bone objects, and ivory combs, were exported from the Indus. There is evidence of typically Harappian artifacts found in Oman such as pottery or bronze seals. AND",2300,1300]
[null,2287,null,null,null,2287,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Merenra I",2287,2278]
[null,2279,null,null,null,2279,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rimush - King of Sumer, of the ACAD empire.",2279,2270,{"$f":"+BH153-BI153","v":9},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pepi II - Neferkara - Possibly the longest reign in history, with 94 years on the throne.",2278,2184]
[null,2270,null,null,null,2270,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Manishutusu - King of Sumer, of the ACAD empire.",2270,2255,{"$f":"+BH154-BI154","v":15}]
[null,2255,36,"\r\nSumeria","Naram-Sin - King of Sumer, of the ACAD empire.\nDuring the reign of Naram-Sin, the Akkadian empire extended its dominions from Elam to the Canaanite Mediterranean coast of present-day Lebanon, conquered the region of Aleppo and the surroundings of Tripoli in Syria, descended to Sinai, which was taken from Egypt; He conquered Susa and in the north he expanded through Anatolia; He undertook a punitive expedition against the Guti, Guti or Gutu, the people east of the Tigris, who inhabited the Zagros Mountains and he inscribes it among the triumphs that he ordered to be sculpted in his Stele of Victory; He proclaimed himself god.",2255,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Naram-Sin - King of Sumer, of the ACAD empire.\r\nDuring the reign of Naram-Sin, the Akkadian empire extended its dominions from Elam to the Canaanite Mediterranean coast of present-day Lebanon, conquered the region of Aleppo and the surroundings of Tripoli in Syria, descended to Sinai, which was taken from Egypt; He conquered Susa and in the north he expanded through Anatolia; He undertook a punitive expedition against the Guti, Guti or Gutu, the people east of the Tigris, who inhabited the Zagros Mountains and he inscribes it among the triumphs that he ordered to be sculpted in his Stele of Victory; He proclaimed himself god.",2255,null,2219,null,null,null,null,null,"Naram-Sin - King of Sumer, of the ACAD empire.\r\nDuring the reign of Naram-Sin, the Akkadian empire extended its dominions from Elam to the Canaanite Mediterranean coast of present-day Lebanon, conquered the region of Aleppo and the surroundings of Tripoli in Syria, descended to Sinai, which was taken from Egypt; He conquered Susa and in the north he expanded through Anatolia; He undertook a punitive expedition against the Guti, Guti or Gutu, the people east of the Tigris, who inhabited the Zagros Mountains and he inscribes it among the triumphs that he ordered to be sculpted in his Stele of Victory; He proclaimed himself god.",2255,2219,{"$f":"+BH155-BI155","v":36},"Naram-Sin - King of Sumer, of the ACAD empire.\r\nDuring the reign of Naram-Sin, the Akkadian empire extended its dominions from Elam to the Canaanite Mediterranean coast of present-day Lebanon, conquered the region of Aleppo and the surroundings of Tripoli in Syria, descended to Sinai, which was taken from Egypt; He conquered Susa and in the north he expanded through Anatolia; He undertook a punitive expedition against the Guti, Guti or Gutu, the people east of the Tigris, who inhabited the Zagros Mountains and he inscribes it among the triumphs that he ordered to be sculpted in his Stele of Victory; He proclaimed himself god.",2255,null,null,"Naram-Sin - King of Sumer, of the ACAD empire.\r\nDuring the reign of Naram-Sin, the Akkadian empire extended its dominions from Elam to the Canaanite Mediterranean coast of present-day Lebanon, conquered the region of Aleppo and the surroundings of Tripoli in Syria, descended to Sinai, which was taken from Egypt; He conquered Susa and in the north he expanded through Anatolia; He undertook a punitive expedition against the Guti, Guti or Gutu, the people east of the Tigris, who inhabited the Zagros Mountains and he inscribes it among the triumphs that he ordered to be sculpted in his Stele of Victory; He proclaimed himself god.",2255,2219,null,"Naram-Sin - King of Sumer, of the ACAD empire.\r\nDuring the reign of Naram-Sin, the Akkadian empire extended its dominions from Elam to the Canaanite Mediterranean coast of present-day Lebanon, conquered the region of Aleppo and the surroundings of Tripoli in Syria, descended to Sinai, which was taken from Egypt; He conquered Susa and in the north he expanded through Anatolia; He undertook a punitive expedition against the Guti, Guti or Gutu, the people east of the Tigris, who inhabited the Zagros Mountains and he inscribes it among the triumphs that he ordered to be sculpted in his Stele of Victory; He proclaimed himself god.",2255,2219,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shùn, Emperor.",2255,2208]
[null,2240,null,null,null,2240,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kutik-Inshushinak, also known as Puzur-Inshushinak, was the last king of the Elamite dynasty of Awan. He undertook military campaigns in the Zagros Mountains, with great success. He managed to gain independence from Akkad, under whose guardianship Elam had been since the time of King Sargon I, but which had weakened towards the end of the reign of Naram-Sin and with that of his successor Sharkalisharri. He conquered Susa and Anshan, achieving the unity of Elam.",2240,2220,null,null,null,null,null,"Kutik-Inshushinak, also known as Puzur-Inshushinak, was the last king of the Elamite dynasty of Awan. He undertook military campaigns in the Zagros Mountains, with great success. He managed to gain independence from Akkad, under whose guardianship Elam had been since the time of King Sargon I, but which had weakened towards the end of the reign of Naram-Sin and with that of his successor Sharkalisharri. He conquered Susa and Anshan, achieving the unity of Elam. It is not known if the end of the dynasty with his reign was due to attacks by the Guttites.",2240,2220]
[null,2219,null,null,null,2219,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shar-Kali-Sharri - King of Sumer, of the empire of ACAD.\r\nThe Akkadian Empire begins to collapse due to internal tensions and raids throughout the territory by foreign nomads, Amorites and Guttites as well as the Elamite king of Awan and the Guttis.",2219,2194,{"$f":"+BH157-BI157","v":25},"Ushpia, 16th and penultimate Assyrian tent-dwelling king; successor of Asarah, it seems that he was the first builder of the temple of Assur and who put an end to nomadic life and initiated dynastic continuity.",2218,2205]
[null,2200,null,"Türkiye","Troy, (Archaeological IV), is characterized by the novelty of pottery made on a wheel.",2200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Troy, (Archaeological IV), is characterized by the novelty of pottery made on a wheel.",2200,2000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Troy, (Archaeological IV), is characterized by the novelty of pottery made on a wheel.",2200,2000]
[null,2000,null,null,null,2000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Minoan or Cretan Civilization\r\nThe stage called Protopalatial or the First Palaces approximately covers the period with the three main characteristics of: the construction of the palaces, the development of Kamarés ceramics and the appearance of writing. There were certain reciprocal influences between Crete and Anatolia, and there may have been infiltrations of Anatolian elements on the island, but the revolution of palatial Crete is explained by an internal evolution.",2000,1400,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Nordic Bronze Age was characterized by a warm climate (comparable to that of the Mediterranean), which allowed for a relatively dense population, but ended with a climate change in which the climate deteriorated, became wetter and colder, and that change caused the Germanic tribes to move south into continental Europe. In this period in Eastern Europe there was a Scandinavian influence. A millennium later, the various East Germanic peoples with Scandinavian origins (Burgundians, Goths and Heruli), such as the Lombards, had left Scandinavia (Scandza).",2000,500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The cities of the Harappan culture created exploitation colonies from which the materials they needed were extracted, no matter how far away they were, such as that of Shortugai, a colony located in the north of present-day Afghanistan from where they obtained lapis lazuli, copper and tin, as well as from other colonies in Balochistan. The area that participated in foreign trade with the Indus Valley area was the Arabian Peninsula (specifically the region of Oman, that is, the coastal area), the area of Mesopotamia and present-day Iran.",2000]
[null,2198,null,null,null,2198,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Inkishush - King of Sumer GUTI Dynasty.",2198,2192,{"$f":"+BH160-BI160","v":6}]
[null,2194,null,null,null,2194,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Igigi, Imi, Nanum and Ilulu - Kings of Sumer, of the empire of ACAD.\r\nAll four simultaneously ruled during this three-year period of instability; It has been suggested that Ilulu, one of the four aforementioned rivals to the throne, was actually a Guti ruler.",2194,2191,{"$f":"+BH161-BI161","v":3},"Apiashal was an ancient king of Assyria, according to the list of kings in the Mesopotamian Chronicles, where he appears as the seventeenth among the \"seventeen kings who lived in tents\" and the first among the kings \"of whom the father was known.\"",2205,2192]
[null,2192,null,null,null,2192,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zarlagab - King of Sumer GUTI Dynasty.",2192,2186,{"$f":"+BH162-BI162","v":6},"Khale, king of Assur"]
[null,2191,null,null,null,2191,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Dudu - King of Sumer, of the empire of ACAD..\r\nThe Guti raids began to cause a rapid collapse of Akkadian power.",2191,2170,{"$f":"+BH163-BI163","v":21}]
[null,2186,null,null,null,2186,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shulme (or Yarlagash) - King of Sumer GUTI Dynasty.",2186,2180,{"$f":"+BH164-BI164","v":6},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2183]
[null,2184,null,null,null,2184,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Merenra II - Merenre-Nemtyem-saf - According to the Royal Lists of Abydos and Manetho",2184]
[null,2180,null,null,null,2180,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Silulumesh (or Silulu) - King of Sumer GUTI Dynasty.",2180,2174,{"$f":"+BH166-BI166","v":6},"Samanu, king of Assur",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nitocris",2184,2181]
[null,2180,37,"Sumerian ","A severe drought in the source region of the Nile, caused by a drastic decrease in rainfall, which in turn prevented the normal flooding of the Nile brought about the final collapse of Egypt's Old Kingdom after decades of famine and unrest.",2180,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A severe drought in the source region of the Nile, caused by a drastic decrease in rainfall, which in turn prevented the normal flooding of the Nile brought about the final collapse of Egypt's Old Kingdom after decades of famine and unrest.",2180]
[null,2174,null,null,null,2174,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Inimabakesh (or Duga) - King of Sumer GUTI Dynasty.",2174,2169,{"$f":"+BH168-BI168","v":5},"Khayanu, king of Assur",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Dynasties VII and VIII ruled between 2181 and 2160 BC and comprise numerous short-lived pharaohs who ruled in Memphis over a possibly divided Egypt. (16 pharaohs)\r\nMenkara, Neferkara II, Neferkara Neby - Attested by inscriptions on the tomb of his mother Ankhesenpepi, he began construction of a pyramid at Saqqara, Dyedkara Shemai, Neferkara Jendu, Merenhor, Neferkamin, Nikara - Possibly attested by a cylindrical seal, Neferkara Tereru, Neferkahor - Attested by a cylinder seal, Neferkara Pepyseneb, Neferkamin Aanu, Kakaura Ibi - Built a pyramid at Saqqara decorated with the latest examples of the Pyramid Texts, Neferkaura, Neferkauhor - Attested by eight decrees from the temple of Min and one inscription on the tomb of Shemay, Neferirkara - He may possibly be identified with Horus Demedjibtawy, in which case it is attested by a decree from the temple of Min.",2181,2160]
[null,2170,null,null,null,2170,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shu-Durul - Last King of Sumer, of the empire of ACAD.",2170,2155,15]
[null,2169,null,null,null,2169,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Igeshaush (or Ilu-An) - King of Sumer GUTI Dynasty.",2169,2163,6,"Ilu-Mer, king of Assur"]
[null,2163,null,null,null,2163,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Iarlabag - King of Sumer GUTI Dynasty.",2163,2160,3,"Yakmesi, king of Assur"]
[null,2160,null,null,null,2160,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ibate - King of Sumer GUTI Dynasty.",2160,2157,3,"Yakmeni, king of Assur",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Dynasties IX and\r\nJety I - Meryibra, Neferkara III, Jety II, Senen..., Jety III, Jety IV, Shed...y, H...,Jety V - Wahkara, Mery..., Se...ra Jety, Jety VI - Nebkaura, Jety VII, Merykara.",2160,2025]
[null,2157,null,null,null,2157,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yarla - King of Sumer GUTI Dynasty.",2157,2154,3,"Yazkur-ilu, king of Assur"]
[null,2155,null,null,null,2155,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Total Akkadian Empire - AGADE",2335,2155,180]
[null,2155,null,"SUMERIAN URUK","Then Agade (Accadia) was defeated and the kingship passed to Unug (Uruk) who had declared themselves independent of the Guti.",2155,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Then Agade (Accadia) was defeated and the kingship passed to Unug (Uruk) who had declared themselves independent of the Guti.",2155,null,2155]
[null,2155,38,null,null,2155,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ur-Ningin, King of Sumer of the 4th. Uruk Dynasty.",2155,2148,7]
[null,2154,null,null,null,2154,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kurum - King of Sumer GUTI Dynasty.",2154,2151,3]
[null,2151,null,null,null,2151,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Apil-Kin - King of Sumer GUTI Dynasty.",2151,2148,3,"Ushpia, 16th and penultimate Assyrian tent-dwelling king; successor of Asarah, it seems that he was the first builder of the temple of Assur and who put an end to nomadic life and initiated dynastic continuity.",2150,2137]
[null,2148,null,null,null,2148,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"La-Erabum - King of Sumer GUTI Dynasty.",2148,2146,2,"Ila-Kabkabi, king of Assur"]
[null,2148,null,null,null,2148,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Bronze Age: the Bell Beaker culture, which had the ability to make metal instruments and weapons, initially using copper, began to use bronze, by alloying copper with tin.",2150,1500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ur-Gigir, King of Sumer of the 4th. Uruk Dynasty.",2148,2142,6]
[null,2146,null,null,null,2146,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Irarum - King of Sumer GUTI Dynasty.",2146,2144,2,"Aminum, king of Assur"]
[null,2144,null,null,null,2144,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ibranum - King of Sumer GUTI Dynasty.",2144,2143,1]
[null,2143,null,null,null,2143,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hablum - King of Sumer GUTI Dynasty.",2143,2141,2]
[null,2142,null,null,null,2142,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kuda, King of Sumer of the 4th. Uruk Dynasty.",2142,2136,6]
[null,2141,null,null,null,2141,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Puzur-Sin - King of Sumer GUTI Dynasty.",2141,2134,7,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Dynasty XI local group with roots in Upper Egypt ruled approx. from 2125 to 1985 BC (8 pharaohs)\r\nIntef the Elder - Theban nomarch in the service of an unknown king, later considered the founder of the 11th dynasty. His successors, beginning with Mentuhotep I, became independent of their northern lords and conquered Egypt under Mentuhotep II."]
[null,2136,null,null,null,2136,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Puzur-Ili, King of Sumer of the 4th. Uruk Dynasty.",2136,2131,5]
[null,2131,null,null,null,2131,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ur-Utu (or Lugal-Melem), King of Sumer of the 4th. Uruk Dynasty.",2131,2106,25]
[null,2134,null,null,null,2134,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Iarlaganda - King of Sumer GUTI Dynasty.",2134,2127,7]
[null,2127,null,null,null,2127,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Si'um - King of Sumer GUTI Dynasty.",2127,2120,7,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mentuhotep I, Tepya - Nominally a Theban nomarch but may have ruled independently.",2125,2112]
[null,2120,null,null,null,2120,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tirigan - King of Sumer GUTI Dynasty.\r\n40 days",2120,2120,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Intef I, Sehertawy - First member of the dynasty to claim a Horus name. He ruled from Thebes probably in co-regency with his father Mentuhotep I",2125,2112]
[null,2120,null,"\"MIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\"","Incursion of Amorites of nomadic life almost completely destroys the cities of the mountainous area; Those on the plain do not suffer as much, especially the well-known ones from Phenicia, such as Byblos.",2120,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Total period of Gutium",2198,2120,78,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Incursion of Amorites of nomadic life almost completely destroys the cities of the mountainous area; Those on the plain do not suffer as much, especially the well-known ones from Phenicia, such as Byblos.",2100]
[null,2120,39,"SUMERIAN URUK","Utu-hengal of Unug - King of Sumer of the 4th Dynasty of Uruk.\nHe formed a coalition of Sumerian city-states to end the Gutian yoke. He defeated and expelled the Gutis and ended their supremacy.",2120,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Utu-hengal of Unug - King of Sumer of the 4th Dynasty of Uruk.\r\nHe formed a coalition of Sumerian city-states to end the Gutian yoke. He defeated and expelled the Gutis and ended their supremacy.\"",2120,2112,8,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Canaanites, descendants of CANAAN, (son of CAM and grandson of Noah), populated present-day Lebanon, and were the creators of one of the first known alphabets.",2100,2000]
[null,2112,null,null,null,2112,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Total Fifth Dynasty of Uruk (Utu-hengal)",2120,2112,8,"Sulili (or Sulilu), king of Assyria, is considered the founder of kingship."]
[null,2112,40,"URIM (UR) SUMERI","Ur-Nammu - King of Sumer 3rd Dynasty URIM (UR).\nUtu-hengal was unable to maintain his hegemony, being defeated 7 years after his victory against the Guti by Ur-Nammu, king of Ur, founding the III dynasty of Ur, with which the Sumerian renaissance and a new stage of splendor would come. in Mesopotamia as has not been seen since Sargon of Acad.",2112,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ur-Nammu - King of Sumer 3rd Dynasty URIM (UR).\r\nUtu-hengal was unable to maintain his hegemony, being defeated 7 years after his victory against the Guti by Ur-Nammu, king of Ur, founding the III dynasty of Ur, with which the Sumerian renaissance and a new stage of splendor would come. in Mesopotamia as has not been seen since Sargon of Acad.",2112,2095,17,"Kikkia (or Kikkiya), king of Assur.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Intef II, Wahankh - Conquered Abydos and its nome.",2112,2063]
[null,2106,null,null,null,2106,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Total fourth Dynasty of Uruk",2155,2106,49]
[null,2100,41,"GREECE","RISE OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION AND END OF THE CYCLADIC CIVILIZATION\nWhen the highly organized palace culture of Crete emerged, the Cycladic islands declined, with the exception of Delos, which retained its archaic reputation as a sanctuary during the period of classical Greek civilization although it later fell under increasingly predominant political and artistic influence. from the Greek continent.",2100,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"RISE OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION AND END OF THE CYCLADIC CIVILIZATION\nWhen the highly organized palace culture of Crete emerged, the Cycladic islands declined, with the exception of Delos, which retained its archaic reputation as a sanctuary during the period of classical Greek civilization although it later fell under increasingly predominant political and artistic influence. from the Greek continent.",2100]
[null,2095,null,null,null,2095,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shulgi - King of Sumer 3a. URIM Dynasty (UR).",2095,2047,{"$f":"+BH197-BI197","v":48},"Akiya, king of Assur, second successor to Sulili (who could be his grandfather) and successor to Kikkia (possibly his father)."]
[null,2083,null,null,null,2083,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Under Shulgi's reign, construction of a 250 km wall to keep the Amorites and Elamites at bay began, which was continued by his son, grandson, and great-grandson to keep the \"barbarians\" out of Sumer. , but the barrier could not be guarded or preserved in perfect conditions and it did not have a closure or bastion at either end.",2083]
[null,2070,42,"CHINA","Xia Dynasty.\nThe Xia tribe, starting with Yu's father, was the most successful in controlling and stopping the flooding of the Yellow River and in repressing the Sanmiao tribe, which continually abused the border tribes; For this reason, Emperor Shùn thought of a successor and gave the throne to Yu, whom he considered worthy. Yu's succession marks the beginning of the first dynasty in Chinese history, the Xia. ",2070,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2070,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Xia Dynasty.\r\nThe Xia tribe, starting with Yu's father, was the most successful in controlling and stopping the flooding of the Yellow River and in repressing the Sanmiao tribe, which continually abused the border tribes; For this reason, Emperor Shùn thought of a successor and gave the throne to Yu, whom he considered worthy. Yu's succession marks the beginning of the first dynasty in Chinese history, the Xia. ",2070,1600]
[null,2070,null,null,null,2070,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yǔ, King Xia.",2070,2062]
[null,2063,null,null,null,2063,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Intef III, Nakhtnebtepnefer, Nakhtnebtepnefer - Conquered Asyut and possibly moved further north to nome 17.",2063,2055,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Qǐ, King Xia.",2062,2051]
[null,{"$f":"+F202","v":2055},null,null,null,2055,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mentuhotep II, Nebhepetra - Conquered all of Egypt around 2015 BC.",2055,2004,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tài Kāng, King Xia.",2051,2019]
[null,2047,43,"EGYPT","El Imperio Medio se inicia con la reunificación de Egipto bajo Mentuhotep II quien conquistó todo Egipto hacia 2015 a.C., con capital en Tebas; se caracteriza por la apertura hacia la expansión del comercio exterior lo cual con el tiempo llevó a la caída del Imperio, inducida por la invasión de los hicsos.\nVER GRAFICA ILUSTRATIVA",2047,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Amar-Sin - King of Sumer 3a. URIM Dynasty (UR).",2047,2038,{"$f":"+BH203-BI203","v":9},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Middle Kingdom begins with the reunification of Egypt under Mentuhotep II, who conquered all of Egypt around 2015 BC, with its capital in Thebes; it is characterized by the opening to the expansion of foreign trade, which over time led to the fall of the Empire. induced by the invasion of the Hyksos.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",2050,1750,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ancient Egypt: Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom."]
[null,2040,null,null,null,2040,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zariqum, Governor of Assyria",2040,2000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"During the Middle Kingdom, conquest expeditions to the kingdom of Kush in Nubia in search of its resources increased and under Mentuhotep II the campaign to conquer Lower Nubia (from the first to the second cataract of the Nile) was undertaken.",2050]
[null,2038,null,null,null,2038,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shu-Sin - Rey de Sumer 3a. Dinastía URIM (UR).  ",2038,2027,{"$f":"+BH205-BI205","v":11}]
[null,2028,null,null,null,2028,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ibbi-Sin - King of Sumer 3rd Dynasty URIM (UR).\r\nThe Amorite nomads of the Arabian Desert overwhelmed the fortification system and numerous cities in Sumeria itself rebelled; Ishbi-Erra took the opportunity to found his own dynasty centered in Isin; Taking advantage of Isín's struggles against Larsa, shortly in 1894 Sumu-abum proclaimed himself King of independent Babylon.",2028,2004,{"$f":"+BH206-BI206","v":24}]
[null,2003,null,null,null,2003,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Total third Dynasty of Urim (Ur) - \"Sumerian Renaissance\"",2112,2003,{"$f":"+BH207-BI207","v":109},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ocher-colored pottery culture (ca. 2000 BC-1000 BC)\r\nCulture in northern India contemporary and successor to the Indus Valley culture.",2000,1000]
[null,2019,null,null,null,2019,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zhòng Kāng, King Xia.",2019,2006]
[null,2006,null,null,null,2006,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Xiang, King Xia.",2006,1929]
[null,2003,44,"Sumerian ","An attack by the Elamites and the nomads of the Zagros Mountains managed to take Ur, putting an end to the dynasty and the empire headed by this city; The conquerors razed the city, destroyed the temples and burned the fields. Ishbi-Erra, vassal Governor of King Ibbi-Sin declares himself Amorrite King of Isin in Lower Mesopotamia.",2003,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"An attack by the Elamites and the nomads of the Zagros Mountains managed to take Ur, putting an end to the dynasty and the empire headed by this city; The conquerors razed the city, destroyed the temples and burned the fields. Ishbi-Erra, vassal Governor of King Ibbi-Sin declares himself Amorrite King of Isin in Lower Mesopotamia.",2003,null,null,null,null,null,null,"An attack by the Elamites and the nomads of the Zagros Mountains managed to take Ur, putting an end to the dynasty and the empire headed by this city; The conquerors razed the city, destroyed the temples and burned the fields. Ishbi-Erra, vassal Governor of King Ibbi-Sin declares himself Amorrite King of Isin in Lower Mesopotamia.",2003]
[null,2003,null,null,null,2003,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Celtic Kingdom of Ireland or Gaelic Ireland corresponds to the political order established on the island of Ireland from prehistory until the conclusion of its reconquest by the Tudors in the 17th century. For most of this period, Ireland was a mosaic of clans and tribes organized around four historic provinces that continually competed for control of territory and resources: Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster. These small independent kingdoms were called tuah and, among them, Connacht and Ulster stood out. Their main activity consisted of livestock, but also some agriculture.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Nordic Bronze Age developed.",2000,1000,null,"The Nordic Bronze Age developed.",2000,1000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ishbi-Erra, Amorite King of Isin, Lower Mesopotamia.\r\nIshbi-Erra as Hurrian governor of the Assyrian city of Mari, vassal of King Ibbi-Sin of the Third Dynasty of Ur, gained the support of the cities of Nippur and Isin and declared himself independent of Ur, forming a new kingdom that had in Isin its capital; He begins his conquests and his fights against Larsa, which is used in 1894 by Sumu-abum to proclaim himself King of Babylon.\"",2003,1985,{"$f":"+BH211-BI211","v":18},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mentuhotep III, Sankhkara - Led the first expedition to Punt.",2004,1992,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Precursors of the Silk Road.\r\nSince the second millennium BC. C. Nephrite (one of the two types of jade) was being traded from the mines of the westernmost region of China in Yarkanda and Khotan to the interior of China; These mines were not far from the lapis lazuli and spinel mines of Badakhshan in Afghanistan which, although separated by the formidable Pamir Mountains, apparently had routes through them in use from very ancient times.",2000,1000]
[null,2000,null,"Türkiye","Troy, (Archaeological V), contemplates the replacement of copper with bronze.\n",2000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The High King of Ireland refers to the legendary kings of the Hill of Tara. It also refers to later kings who, depending on the period, were either the most powerful kings of their day or in later times the greatest authority in the lands from the island of Ireland.\r\nMost scholars believe that the idea of a high king\" was an eighth-century pseudo-historical construct that placed a king of all Ireland at the top of the fragmented pyramid of kingship that existed at the time. This notion of a great kingdom acted as a stimulus for greater centralization and was converted into a political reality in the middle of the ninth century.\"",2000,"850 d.C.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Troy, (Archaeological V), contemplates the replacement of copper with bronze.\r\n",2000,1800,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Troy, (Archaeological V), contemplates the replacement of copper with bronze.\r\n",2000,1800,null,null,"The Medes and the Persians, Aryan or Indo-European peoples, began to move from the plains of southern Russia and Central Asia towards Europe and Asia. During the 2nd millennium BC they invaded the Iranian plateau, between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf, settling in the few valleys where wheat and fruit trees were grown.\r\nIn this way, the original culture of Sogdian origins in Sarazm, Tajikistan, was gradually displaced by these Indo-European migrations forming the Andronovo culture, which included both eastern Iranian-speaking peoples and the historical Sogdians.",2000,1000,null,null,null,null,null,"Rise of Assyria - Puzur-Ashur Dynasty\r\nThe year 2000 B.C. It coincides with the fall of the third dynasty of Ur and consequently with the resurgence of Assyria as an autonomous kingdom.\"",2000,1000,null,"The Medes and Persians, Aryan or Indo-European peoples, began moving from the southern plains of Russia and Central Asia towards Europe and Asia. During the 2nd millennium BC. C. They invaded the Iranian plateau, between the Caspian Sea and the Persian Gulf, settling in the few valleys where wheat and fruit trees were grown.",2000,1000,null,"\"Foundation of Gaza City.\nFounding of the city of Shechem.\"",2000,null,null,"Mentuhotep IV, Nebtawyra - Absent from late royal lists. He may have been overthrown by his vizier and successor Amenemhat I.",1992,1985]
[null,2000,null,"GREECE","Migration of the MYCENICANS- \nA new Indo-European people arrives in Continental Greece, it is a people close to the Hittites since their languages belong to the centum group of Indo-European languages and it is probable that, like the Hittites, they come from current Asian Russia This population will be called ACHAEANS by Homer and Mynias by the discoverer of Troy Heinrich Schliemann, eventually leading to the MYCENICIANS, future dominants of continental Greece and Crete.\"",2000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Migration of the MYCENICS\r\nA new Indo-European people arrives in Continental Greece, it is a people close to the Hittites since their languages belong to the centum group of Indo-European languages and it is likely that, like the Hittites, they come from current Asian Russia. This population will be called ACHAEANS by Homer and Mynias by the discoverer of Troy Heinrich Schliemann, eventually leading to the MYCENICS, future dominants of continental Greece and Crete.",2000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Puzur-Ashur I, King of Assyria.",2003,1975,null,null,null,null,null,"A group of Amorites who were initially nomads settled in a part of Canaan (Lebanon, Anti-Lebanon, the Orontes Valley) and were expanding through northern Syria and southern Canaan.",2000,1600,null,"The 12th Dynasty ruled from approximately 1985 to 1773 BC. (8 pharaohs)"]
[null,1984,null,null,null,1984,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shu-Ilishu, Amorite King of Isin, Lower Mesopotamia",1984,1975,{"$f":"+BH214-BI214","v":9},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Amenemhat I, Sehetepibra - Came to power after overthrowing Mentuhotep IV. He was murdered.",1985,1956]
[null,1975,null,null,null,1975,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Iddin-Dagan, Amorite King of Isin, Lower Mesopotamia",1975,1954,{"$f":"+BH215-BI215","v":21}]
[null,1954,null,null,null,1954,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ishme-Dagan, Amorite King of Isin, Lower Mesopotamia",1954,1936,{"$f":"+BH216-BI216","v":18},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jeperkara Senusert, Senusert I or Sesostris I.",1956,1911]
[null,1950,null,null,null,1950,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Mycenaeans settle in Continental Greece. There dominates a warrior elite whose power is based on the military use of the chariot attached to the horse, which is a novelty, and the use of long swords. The settlement of the Mycenaeans in Continental Greece marks the breaking of relations between the Minoans and the Continent.",1950,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Amorite peoples, of semi-nomadic character and Semitic origin, invade Sumer and found dynasties in several of its cities. Shortly afterwards the Elamites conquered Ur, which until then had been the great local power.",1950,null,null,"Shalim-akhe, King of Assyria.",1950,1915,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Precursors of the Suez Canal.\r\nSesostris I made the decision to link the Mediterranean with the Red Sea through a canal to make it easier for ships to leave the Gulf of Suez; He chose the option of excavating the canal along the Wadi Tumilat, (a dry river bed that in prehistoric times was a tributary of the Nile River), about 50 km long, located east of the Nile delta. The project was abandoned. upon discovering that the sea was higher than the land of the canal.",1950]
[null,1938,null,null,null,1938,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Since the reign of Senusert I or Sesostris I, the conquest of Nubia can be considered completed; In the eighteenth year of the latter's reign a campaign was made against Nubia in which the name of Kush was mentioned for the first time. The conquest was purely military at this stage: control of resources and creation of a \"buffer\" zone controlled by numerous fortifications.",1938]
[null,1934,null,null,null,1934,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lipit-Eshtar, Amorite King of Isin, Lower Mesopotamia",1934,1924,{"$f":"+BH219-BI219","v":10}]
[null,1929,null,null,null,1929]
[null,1924,null,null,null,1924,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ur-Ninurta, Amorite King of Isin, Lower Mesopotamia",1924,1896,{"$f":"+BH221-BI221","v":28}]
[null,1924,null,null,null,1924]
[null,1915,null,null,null,1915,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1915,null,null,"Ilushuma, King of Assyria.",1915,1890]
[null,1911,null,null,null,1911,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1911,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Amenemhat II, Nubkaura",1911,1877]
[null,1903,null,null,null,1903,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shào Kāng, King Xia.",1929,1903]
[null,1903,null,null,null,1903,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zhu, King Xia.",1903,1884]
[null,1896,null,null,null,1896,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Bur-Sin, Amorite King of Isin, Lower Mesopotamia",1896,1874,{"$f":"+BH227-BI227","v":22}]
[null,1894,45,"Sumerian","Sumu-abum, King of Babylon, I Dynasty, Amorrea.\r\nHe proclaimed himself as an independent king during the war of rivalry of Isin and Larsa and from Sumu-Abum onwards a slow growth of Babylonian influence in Mesopotamia begins.",1894,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sumu-abum, King of Babylon, I Dynasty, Amorrea.\r\nHe proclaimed himself as an independent king during the war of rivalry of Isin and Larsa and from Sumu-Abum onwards a slow growth of Babylonian influence in Mesopotamia begins.",1894,1881]
[null,1890,null,null,null,1890,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mari had its second stage of splendor under an Amorite dynasty between 1900 BC. C. and 1760-1755 BC. C., when it was sacked by Hammurabi.",1890,1760]
[null,1890,null,null,null,1890,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Babylon is, for the first time in its known history, independent during the reign of Sumu-Abum who founded the dynasty of Hammurabi and considerably expanded the domains of Babylon, conquering the cities of Kish and Marad.",1890,null,null,"Erishum I, King of Assyria.",1890,1851]
[null,1884,null,null,null,1884,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Huai, King Xia.",1884,1858]
[null,1880,null,null,null,1880,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sumu-la-El, King of Babylon, I Dynasty, Amorrea",1880,1845,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Senusret II, Khakheperra",1877,1870]
[null,1874,null,null,null,1874,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lipit-Enli, Amorite King of Isin, Lower Mesopotamia",1874,1869,{"$f":"+BH233-BI233","v":5}]
[null,1869,null,null,null,1869,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Erra-Imitti, Amorite King of Isin, Lower Mesopotamia",1869,1862,{"$f":"+BH234-BI234","v":7},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Senusret III, Khakaura - The most powerful of the pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom.",1870,1831,null,"Cemetery H Culture (ca. 1900 BC-1300 BC)\r\nArchaeological remains that differed from the Indus culture; It was concentrated in the northern part of the Indus Valley culture and around the present-day Punjab region (in Pakistan)\"",1900,1300]
[null,1862,null,null,null,1862,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Enlil-bani, Amorite King of Isin, Lower Mesopotamia",1862,1838,{"$f":"+BH235-BI235","v":24},"Ikunum, King of Assyria.",1850,1845]
[null,1858,null,null,null,1858,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Máng, King Xia.",1858,1840]
[null,1850,null,null,null,1850,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"First Mycenaean_Minoan contacts\r\nA period of civilizing advance has begun on the Continent that leads the Mycenaeans, already fully settled there, to search for obsidian in Melos for which they establish peaceful contacts with the Minoan merchants who are also on the island of Melos in search of the obsidian as this is a stone highly appreciated for its malleability. The first commercial meetings of Mycenaeans and Minoans in Melos spread to other islands such as Rhodes.",1850]
[null,1844,null,null,null,1844,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sabium, King of Babylon, I Dynasty, Amorrhea",1844,1831,null,"Sargon I, King of Assyria. - (not to be confused with Sargon of Akkad)",1845,1840]
[null,1840,null,null,null,1840,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The contacts between Minoans and Mycenaeans are very fruitful for the latter since Cretan artists begin to come to the Continent and the Mycenaeans are subject to the civilizing influence of the Minoans from Crete and thus begin to develop their own culture influenced by the Minoans.",1840,1600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Xiè, King Xia.",1840,1824]
[null,1838,null,null,null,1838,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zambiya, Amorite King of Isin, Lower Mesopotamia",1838,1835,{"$f":"+BH240-BI240","v":3},"Puzur-Ashur II, King of Assyria.",1840,1830]
[null,1834,null,null,null,1834,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Iter-Pisa, Amorite King of Isin, Lower Mesopotamia",1834,1831,{"$f":"+BH241-BI241","v":3}]
[null,1830,null,null,null,1830,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Apil-Sin, King of Babylon, I Dynasty, Amorrea",1830,1813,null,"Naram-Sin, King of Assyria. - (not to be confused with Naram-Sin of Akkad)",1830,1818,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Amenemhat III, Nimaatra",1831,1786]
[null,1830,null,null,null,1830,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ur-Dul-Kuga, Amorite King of Isin, Lower Mesopotamia",1830,1828,{"$f":"+BH243-BI243","v":2}]
[null,1827,null,null,null,1827,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sin-Magir, Amorite King of Isin, Lower Mesopotamia",1827,1816,{"$f":"+BH244-BI244","v":11}]
[null,1824,null,null,null,1824,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Bù Jiàng, King Xia.",1824,1760]
[null,1820,46,"\"Sumerian\r\nSYRIA\"","Yamkhad was an ancient Semitic kingdom centered on the city of Halab (Aleppo), in ancient Syria, ruled by a dynasty of indigenous kings who relied on both military and diplomacy to expand their state; It withstood the hostility of its neighbors Mari, Qatna and Assyria, to become the strongest Syrian kingdom of its time than in the mid-18th century BC. C., had most of Syria (except the south) under its authority, both by direct possession and by vassalage, its influence reaching the small Mesopotamian states on the border of Elam. Yamkhad was eventually destroyed by the Hittites and then annexed by Mitanni in the 16th century BC. C..",1820,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yamkhad was an ancient Semitic kingdom centered on the city of Halab (Aleppo), in ancient Syria, ruled by a dynasty of indigenous kings who relied on both military and diplomacy to expand their state; It withstood the hostility of its neighbors Mari, Qatna and Assyria, to become the strongest Syrian kingdom of its time than in the mid-18th century BC. C., had most of Syria (except the south) under its authority, both by direct possession and by vassalage, its influence reaching the small Mesopotamian states on the border of Elam. Yamkhad was eventually destroyed by the Hittites and then annexed by Mitanni in the 16th century BC. C..",1820,1550]
[null,1818,null,null,null,1818]
[null,1816,47,"SUMERIAN","Synchronization (official middle chronology), of the dating of the reign of the last king of the Sumerian Royal List with the dating of the last contemporary king of Babylon Sîn-Muballit, father of Hammurabi who started the Paleo-Babylonian empire in 1792.",1816,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Damiq-ilishu, Amorite King of Isin, Lower Mesopotamia.\r\nHe succumbed to the military power of the king of Larsa, Rim-Sin I in 1794 BC. C., despite the help provided by Sin-Muballit, king of Babylon.",1816,1794,{"$f":"+BH248-BI248","v":22},"Erishum II, King of Assyria.",1818,1813]
[null,1812,null,null,null,1812,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sîn-Muballit, King of Babylon, I Dynasty, Amorrhea",1812,1793,null,"First Assyrian Empire - Amorite Dynasty or Shamshiadad I (1813 - 1726)\r\nShamshiadad I, King of Assyria, dominated Upper Mesopotamia independently but as a vassal of Babylon.",1813,1781]
[null,1800,48,"SYRIA","The kingdom of Syria centered on the city of Ebla continued its existence between 1800 BC and 1800 BC. C. and 1650 BC. C., when it would be inhabited again and would have a king, although less powerful than before who was expelled by the king of Ur at the end of this second era and the dominion of the city passed to Yamkhad, another ancient Semitic kingdom centered on the city. of Halab (Aleppo), in ancient Syria, which turned Ebla into a vassal principality.",1800,null,null,null,"MAYAN CULTURE\r\nThe Mayan culture was a Mesoamerican civilization that developed mainly in Guatemala and Mexico (in the states of Yucatán, Campeche, Quintana Roo, Chiapas and Tabasco), as well as in Belize, and the western part of Honduras and El Salvador, covering more than 300,000 km².​ It stood out for more than two millennia in numerous sociocultural aspects such as its writing, one of the few fully developed writing systems of the pre-Columbian American continent, its art, architecture, its mythology and its notable numbering systems. , as well as in astronomy and mathematics.",1800,1697,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Troy, (VI Archaeological), begins to benefit from the economic and political hegemonies over the seas of the Minoan Cretans and the Mycenaeans.",1800,1300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Troy, (VI Archaeological), begins to benefit from the economic and political hegemonies over the seas of the Minoan Cretans and the Mycenaeans.",1800,1300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The kingdom of Syria centered on the city of Ebla continued its existence between 1800 BC and 1800 BC. C. and 1650 BC. C., when it would be inhabited again and would have a king, although less powerful than before who was expelled by the king of Ur at the end of this second era and the dominion of the city passed to Yamkhad, another ancient Semitic kingdom centered on the city. of Halab (Aleppo), in ancient Syria, which turned Ebla into a vassal principality.",1800,1650]
[null,1800,null,null,null,1800,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1800,null,null,"Nínive es mencionada por primera vez alrededor de 1800 a. C. como una ciudad con un templo dedicado a la diosa Ishtar, en buena parte responsable de la temprana importancia que adquirió la ciudad. Nínive también se menciona en la Biblia, como una ciudad edificada por el rey Nimrod, bisnieto de Noé.",1800,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Durante el segundo milenio a. C., Siria estuvo ocupada sucesivamente por cananeos, fenicios, y arameos como parte de las desorganizaciones generales asociadas con los Pueblos del Mar. Los hebreos finalmente se establecieron al sur de Damasco, en la región conocida como Canaán; los fenicios se establecieron a lo largo de la costa de estas áreas, así como también en el oeste, en la zona (Líbano) ya conocida por sus cedros.",1800,1100]
[null,1794,49,"Sumerian","The Isin dynasty succumbed to the military power of the king of Larsa, Rim-Sin I in 1794 BC. C. despite the help provided by Sin-Muballit, king of Babylon.",1794,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Isin dynasty succumbed to the military power of the king of Larsa, Rim-Sin I in 1794 BC. C. despite the help provided by Sin-Muballit, king of Babylon.",1794]
[null,1794,null,null,null,1794,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Total Dynasty of Isin (Amorrite State of Lower Mesopotamia).\r\nThe Isin dynasty succumbed to the military power of the king of Larsa, Rim-Sin I in 1794 BC. C. despite the help provided by Sin-Muballit, king of Babylon.",2003,1794,{"$f":"+BH253-BI253","v":209}]
[null,1793,null,null,null,1793,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Total I Dynasty: Amorite Dynasty of Babylon",1894,1793,{"$f":"+BH254-BI254","v":101}]
[null,1793,50,"Sumeria","The Amorite dynasty of Babylon ends with King Sin-Muballit, father of Hammurabi who will start the Paleo-Babylonian Empire",1793,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Amorite dynasty of Babylon ends with King Sin-Muballit, father of Hammurabi who will start the Paleo-Babylonian Empire",1793]
[null,1792,51,"\"Babylon\r\nSumeria\"","Hammurabi, King of Babylon, I Dynasty, Amorrea.\nFounder of the Paleo-Babylonian Empire (1792-1595)",1792,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Paleo-Babylonian Empire",1792,1595]
[null,1792,52,"\"Babylon\r\nSumeria\"","The Paleo-Babylonian Empire was the State created by Hammurabi in Lower Mesopotamia; Under his command Babylon was able to defeat the Elamites in southern Sumer and the Assyrians in the north, unifying most of Mesopotamia under his command and as a Sumerian city-state it became the hegemonic power in just over thirty years. undisputed of the region.",1792,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Paleo-Babylonian Empire was the State created by Hammurabi in Lower Mesopotamia; Under his command Babylon was able to defeat the Elamites in southern Sumer and the Assyrians in the north, unifying most of Mesopotamia under his command and as a Sumerian city-state it became the hegemonic power in just over thirty years. undisputed of the region.",1792,1595]
[null,"1792 ",53,"\"Babylon\r\nSumeria\"","Synchronization with the official middle chronology of the dating of Hammurabi's reign.","1792 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hammurabi, King of Babylon, I Dynasty, Amorrea.\r\nFounder of the Paleo-Babylonian Empire\r\nThe second half of the reign of Rim-Sin, king of Larsa, is marked by the rise of the power of Babylon in the region, which little by little will take territory from the kingdom of Larsa. After conquering Uruk and Isin, Hamurabi makes Rim-Sin his subject.","1792 ",1750]
[null,1785,54,"Sumeria","The second half of the reign of Rim-Sin, king of Larsa, is marked by the rise of the power of Babylon in the region, which little by little will take territory from the kingdom of Larsa. After conquering Uruk and Isin in 1785 BC. C., Hamurabi makes Rim-Sin his subject and finally conquers Larsa in 1763 BC. C..",1785,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The second half of the reign of Rim-Sin, king of Larsa, is marked by the rise of the power of Babylon in the region, which little by little will take territory from the kingdom of Larsa. After conquering Uruk and Isin, Hamurabi makes Rim-Sin his subject.",1785,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Amenemhat IV, Maakherura",1786,1777]
[null,1780,null,null,null,1780,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ishme-Dagan I, King of Assyria, Amorite or Shamshiadad I Dynasty.",1780,1741]
[null,1777,null,null,null,1777,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sobekneferu, Sobekkara - Queen Pharaoh.",1777,1773]
[null,1773,null,null,null,1773,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The 13th Dynasty ruled approximately between 1773 and 1650 BC (44 pharaohs)\r\nWegaf, Khutawyra-Sebekhotep I, Sekhemra-khutawy - Referred to as Sebekhotep I in mainstream theories, known as Sebekhotep II in ancient studies.-Amenemhat Sonbef - Perhaps a brother of the former and son of Amenemhat IV.-Nerikare-Amenemhat V-Ameny Qemau - Built his pyramid south of Dahshur.-Hetepibra-Iufni - Only attested by the Turin Canon.-Amenemhat VI-Semenkara-Sehetepibra-Suadyekara - Known only from the Turin Canon.-Nedyemibra - Known only from the Canon of Turin.-Sebekhotep II - Referred to as Sebekhotep II in mainstream theories, known as Sebekhotep I in ancient studies.-Renseneb-Hor I - Famous for his intact tomb.-Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw - Possibly a son of Hor.-Djedkheperew -Possibly a son of Hor and brother of Khabaw.-Sebkay -Possibly two kings, Seb and his son Kay.-Amenemhat VII - Attested through numerous steles and other documents.-Jendyer, Userkara - Possibly the first Semitic pharaoh, built a pyramid in Saqqara.-Imiramesha - Attested by two colossal statues.-Intef IV-Set I-Sebekhotep III, Sekhemra-sewadjtawy-Neferhotep I, Khasekhemra-Sahathor - Co-regent with his brother Neferhotep I.-Sebekhotep IV - Khaneferra-Sebekhotep V-Sebekhotep VI -Ibiau-Ay, Merneferra - Longest reign of the dynasty.-Merhotepre Ini - Possibly son of his predecessor.-Suadyetu - Attested only by the Turin Canon.-Ined-Hori-\r\nSebekhotep VII-Merjeperra-Merkara-Sewadjare Mentuhotep-Seheqenre Sankhptahi-Dedumes - Possibly king of the XVI dynasty.-Sonebmiyu-Senaib - Possibly king of the Abydos dynasty.",1773,1650]
[null,1773,null,null,null,1773,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The 14th Dynasty was a local group in the eastern Delta, centered on Avaris, that ruled from approximately 1773 to 1650 BC (17 pharaohs)\r\nYakbim Sekhaenre, Uncertain chronological position-Ya'ammu Nubwoserre, Uncertain chronological position-Qareh, Uncertain chronological position-Aahotepre, Uncertain chronological position-Sheshi, Uncertain chronological position-Nehesy,-Khakherewre-Nebefawre-Sehebre - Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh. -Merdjefare - Possibly identifiable with Wazad or Sheneh.-Sewadjkare II-Nebdjefare-Webenre-Sekheperenre - Attested by a scarab.-Anati Djedkare - Known from the Turin Canon.-Bebnum - Known from the Turin Canon.-'Apepi - Possibly attested by five scarabs.-",1773,1650]
[null,1763,55,"Sumeria","Finally Hammurabi conquers Larsa. in 1763 BC. C..",1763,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Finally Hammurabi conquers Larsa. in 1763 BC. C..",1763]
[null,1760,null,null,null,1760,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jiōng, Rey Xia.",1760,1739]
[null,{"$f":"+F266","v":1750},56,"Türkiye","Pithana was a king of the city of Kuššara who, together with his son and successor Anitta, conquered the city of Neša, which they converted into their residence, in the heart of the Assyrian colonies of Anatolia and the nucleus of the Hittite-speaking territories, establishing themselves as hegemonic principality of Anatolia. He was considered by the Hittites to be one of the founders of their royal lineage.",1750,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pithana was a king of the city of Kuššara who, together with his son and successor Anitta, conquered the city of Neša, which they converted into their residence, in the heart of the Assyrian colonies of Anatolia and the nucleus of the Hittite-speaking territories, establishing themselves as hegemonic principality of Anatolia. He was considered by the Hittites to be one of the founders of their royal lineage.",1750,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"As the deity of justice, Shamash, (or Marduk), gives Hammurabi the laws that men should follow (The Code of Hammurabi), unifying the existing codes in the cities of the Babylonian empire into one of the oldest sets of laws. of ancient Mesopotamia. It is based on the application of the law of retaliation, the principle of presumption of innocence, as it suggests that the accused or the accuser has the opportunity to provide evidence.",1750,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1750]
[null,1750,57,"EGYPT","Fall of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom.\nThe most accepted theory is that of the Hyksos as Syrian-Palestinian or Canaanite peoples who arrived in Egypt around the 17th century. 18th BC C., in a time of internal crisis, first conquering the city of Avaris and later taking Memphis and founding the XV and XVI dynasties; In their conquests they introduced the horse and the war chariot to Egypt.",1750,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Šamšu-iluna, King of Babylon, I Dynasty, Amorrea.\r\nSon of Hammurabi.","1749 ",1712,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Hyksos, Syrian-Palestinian or Canaanite peoples who arrived in Egypt around the 17th century. 18th BC C., in a time of internal crisis, first conquering the city of Avaris and later taking Memphis and founding the XV and XVI dynasties; In their conquests they introduced the horse and the war chariot to Egypt.",null,null,null,"Fall of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom.\r\nThe most accepted theory is that of the Hyksos as Syrian-Palestinian or Canaanite peoples who arrived in Egypt around the 17th century. 18th BC C., in a time of internal crisis, first conquering the city of Avaris and later taking Memphis and founding the XV and XVI dynasties; In their conquests they introduced the horse and the war chariot to Egypt.",1750]
[null,1742,null,null,null,1742,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Kassites around 1729 BC. C had managed to establish themselves in the Euphrates region, forming the kingdom of Khana (with the cities of Mari and Terqa). Their king Gandash bore the title \"king of the Kassites, of Sumer, Akkad, and Babylon\" but he ruled neither Babylon nor Sumer and only part of Akkad.",1742,1727,null,null,null,null,null,"The Kassites around 1729 BC. C had managed to establish themselves in the Euphrates region, forming the kingdom of Khana (with the cities of Mari and Terqa). Their king Gandash bore the title \"king of the Kassites, of Sumer, Akkad, and Babylon\" but he ruled neither Babylon nor Sumer and only part of Akkad.",1742,1727]
[null,1740,null,null,null,1740,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Period of segregation of Mesopotamia\r\nPeople of Kassite origin began to invade the region of Babylon and founded new reigning dynasties in southern Mesopotamia. Other Indo-European peoples such as the Hittites and the Hurrians began to enter the Mesopotamian territory through Anatolia and also founded new kingdoms and Empires that influenced the political situation of Mesopotamia in the following centuries.",1740,null,1180,null,null,null,null,null,"Period of segregation of Mesopotamia\r\nPeople of Kassite origin began to invade the region of Babylon and founded new reigning dynasties in southern Mesopotamia. Other Indo-European peoples such as the Hittites and the Hurrians began to enter the Mesopotamian territory through Anatolia and also founded new kingdoms and Empires that influenced the political situation of Mesopotamia in the following centuries.",1740,1180,null,"Mut-ashkur, King of Assyria, Amorite Dynasty or Shamshiadad I.",1740,1730,null,"Period of segregation of Mesopotamia\r\nPeople of Kassite origin began to invade the region of Babylon and founded new reigning dynasties in southern Mesopotamia. Other Indo-European peoples such as the Hittites and the Hurrians began to enter the Mesopotamian territory through Anatolia and also founded new kingdoms and Empires that influenced the political situation of Mesopotamia in the following centuries.",1740,1180]
[null,1740,null,null,null,1740,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Kassites attacked Babylon and were repelled; The Kassites are one of the people with the most mysterious origin of those who populated ancient Mesopotamia. They are supposed to have come from southwestern Iran and reached Babylon through the Zagros Mountains.",1740,null,null,"Rimush, King of Assyria, Amorite Dynasty or Shamshiadad I.",1730,1727,null,"The Kassites attacked Babylon and were repelled; The Kassites are one of the people with the most mysterious origin of those who populated ancient Mesopotamia. They are supposed to have come from southwestern Iran and reached Babylon through the Zagros Mountains.",1740]
[null,1739,null,null,null,1739,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jǐn, King Xia.",1739,1718]
[null,1720,null,null,null,1720,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Iluma-ilu War: This Sumerian king of Isin, (born c. 1732), began a rebellion against the Paleo-Babylonian Empire that resulted in the independence of Isin, who managed to keep the Sumerian marshes and coasts of the Persian Gulf where He ruled the Second Dynasty, called the Country of the Sea until 1460 BC.",1720,1684,null,"Asinum, King of Assyria, Amorite Dynasty or Shamshiadad I.","1726 "]
[null,1720,null,null,null,1720,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Iluma-Ilu, King of Isín, II Babylonian Dynasty, (Country of the Sea)\r\nThis dynasty did not really reign in the city of Babylon, but in the lands of Isin, which obtained its independence through the rebellion of King Iluma-Ilu; They were located further south in the Mesopotamian region in the marshes and Sumerian coasts of the Persian Gulf.\"",1720,1660]
[null,1718,null,null,null,1718,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kǒng Jiǎ, King Xia.",1718,1687]
[null,1711,null,null,null,1711,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Abī-Ešuḫ, King of Babylon, 1st Dynasty, Amorrhea",1711,1684,null,"Adasi Dynasty (1700 - 1391)",1700,1391,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," "]
[null,1700,null,"\"Türkiye\r\nGREECE\"","Migrations from Asia Minor led to settlements of civilizations in regions of Western Europe such as Greece, Italy and Spain and the beginning of human settlements in Etruria, in the so-called Seven Hills of Rome and in the Latin region of Latium.",1700,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Migrations from Asia Minor led to settlements of civilizations in regions of Western Europe such as Greece, Italy and Spain and the beginning of human settlements in Etruria, in the so-called Seven Hills of Rome and in the Latin region of Latium.",1700,1200,null,"Migrations from Asia Minor led to settlements of civilizations in regions of Western Europe such as Greece, Italy and Spain and the beginning of human settlements in Etruria, in the so-called Seven Hills of Rome and in the Latin region of Latium.",1700,1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Migrations from Asia Minor led to settlements of civilizations in regions of Western Europe such as Greece, Italy and Spain and the beginning of human settlements in Etruria, in the so-called Seven Hills of Rome and in the Latin region of Latium.",1700,1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Migrations from Asia Minor that gave rise to civilizations in regions of Western Europe such as Greece, Italy and Spain.",1700,1200,null,"Adasi Dynasty (1700 - 1391)",1700,1391,null,"Migrations from Asia Minor that gave rise to civilizations in regions of Western Europe such as Greece, Italy and Spain.",1700,1200,null,"Migrations from Asia Minor that gave rise to civilizations in regions of Western Europe such as Greece, Italy and Spain.",1700,1200]
[null,1700,null,null,null,1700,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Minoan or Cretan Civilization\r\nThe structures of the Palace of Knossos belong almost exclusively to the Neopalatial period and it is the phase in which Crete reaches its peak. ​Circa 1700 BC. C. great catastrophes occurred on the island that have been attributed to seismic movements and the palaces were destroyed but it did not take long for them to be recovered and rebuilt even with greater complexity and ornamentation coinciding with the migrations that at that time brought people from Anatolia to the island. ",1700,1450,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hittite Kingdoms\r\nHatti or Hittite Empire, dominant in Anatolia, with many Anatolic vassals in the West, controlled northern Syria reaching the Euphrates River; They created an influential empire thanks to their military superiority and great diplomatic skill, making it the third\" power in the Middle East, along with Babylon and Egypt. \"",1700,null,1100,null,null,null,null,null,"Hittite Kingdoms\r\nHatti or Hittite Empire, dominant in Anatolia, with many Anatolic vassals in the West, controlled northern Syria reaching the Euphrates River; They created an influential empire thanks to their military superiority and great diplomatic skill, making it the third\" power in the Middle East, along with Babylon and Egypt. \"",1700,1100,{"$f":"+BH277-BI277","v":600},"Belu-bani, King of Assyria, Adasi Dynasty.",1700,1691]
[null,1687,null,null,null,1687,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gāo, King Xia.",1687,1676]
[null,1683,null,null,null,1683,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Labarna, King of Hatti.",1680,null,1650,null,null,null,null,null,"Ammi-ditana, King of Babylon, I Dynasty, Amorrhea",1683,1647,null,"Libaia, King of Assyria, Adasi Dynasty.",1690,1674]
[null,1676,null,null,null,1676,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sharma-Adad I, King of Assyria, Adasi Dynasty.",1673,1662,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fa, King Xia.",1676,1657]
[null,1660,null,null,null,1660,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Itti-Ili-nibi, Damiq-ilishu, Ishkibal, Shushi, Gulkishar, Peshgaldaramash, Adarakalama, Akurduana, Malamkurkura, Ea-gamil\r\nKings of Isin, II Babylonian Dynasty, (Country of the Sea)",1660,1460,null,"Iptar-Sin, King of Assyria, Adasi Dynasty.",1661,1650]
[null,1657,null,null,null,1657,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jié, King Xia.",1657,1600]
[null,1650,null,null,null,1650,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Minoan Civilization\r\nNew cities were founded and new, more majestic palaces were built on the ruins of the old ones. The palace centers controlled extensive territories, the result of the improvement and development of land and sea communications, through the construction of paved roads and ports.",1650,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mitanni or Mitani was the name of a political unit in which the Hurrian kingdoms, formed by new invaders, were integrated; It was located in the north of present-day Syria and was also known as Naharina, in the region between the Jabur River and the Euphrates River in Neo-Assyrian times. The State of Mitani came to acquire capital importance due to its privileged situation between the Assyrian, Egyptian and Hittite empires until it was replaced by Hatti as the dominant power and would have been conquered by Assyria, being annexed in 1270 BC. C. and converted into the viceroyalty or province of Hanigalbat.",1650,null,1270,null,null,null,null,null,"Mitanni or Mitani was the name of a political unit in which the Hurrian kingdoms, formed by new invaders, were integrated; It was located in the north of present-day Syria and was also known as Naharina, in the region between the Jabur River and the Euphrates River in Neo-Assyrian times. The State of Mitani came to acquire capital importance due to its privileged situation between the Assyrian, Egyptian and Hittite empires until it was replaced by Hatti as the dominant power and would have been conquered by Assyria, being annexed in 1270 BC. C. and converted into the viceroyalty or province of Hanigalbat.",1650,1270,null,"Mitanni or Mitani was the name of a political unit in which the Hurrian kingdoms, formed by new invaders, were integrated; It was located in the north of present-day Syria and was also known as Naharina, in the region between the Jabur River and the Euphrates River in Neo-Assyrian times. The State of Mitani came to acquire capital importance due to its privileged situation between the Assyrian, Egyptian and Hittite empires until it was replaced by Hatti as the dominant power and would have been conquered by Assyria, being annexed in 1270 BC. C. and converted into the viceroyalty or province of Hanigalbat.",1650,1270,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The 15th dynasty arose among the Hyksos and ruled approximately between 1650 and 1550 BC (6 pharaohs)\r\nSemqen- Aperanat- Sakir-Har- Khyan, Seuserenra-Culmen of the power of the Hyksos, conquered Thebes towards the end of his reign. -\r\nApepi, Aauserra-Jamudy-",1650,1550]
[null,1650,null,null,null,1650,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hattusili I was king of Hatti.",1650,null,1620,null,null,null,null,null,null,1650,null,null,"Bazaia, King of Assyria, Adasi Dynasty.",1649,1622,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The 16th dynasty was a Theban dynasty after the collapse of the 13th dynasty in Memphis around 1650 BC, it ruled in Upper Egypt and was conquered by the Hyksos of the 15th dynasty around 1580 BC (14 pharaohs)\r\nDyehuti- Sebekhotep VIII- Neferhotep III- Montuhotepi- Nebirau I- Nebirau II- Semenenra- Bebiankh- Sejemra Seduaset- Dedumesu I- Dedumesu II- Montuemsaf- Montuhotep VI- Senusert IV- ",1650,1580]
[null,1646,null,null,null,1646,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ammi-Saduqa, King of Babylon, I Dynasty, Amorrhea",1646,1626]
[null,1640,null,null,null,1640,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Atrahasis, is a manuscript signed and dated by a certain Kasap-aya in the times of Ammi-Saduqa; It is an extensive poem that covers from the origin of the world to the creation of man, including the narrative of the Flood, among others.",1640]
[null,1625,null,null,null,1625,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Šamšu-ditana, King of Babylon, I Dynasty, Amorrea.\r\nHe was the eleventh and last Amorite king who lost the throne and his life to the attack of the Hittites commanded by their king Mursili I, who made an incursion in which they sacked and destroyed Babylon and although they did not conquer it, the Paleo-Babylonian empire ceased to exist and It was conquered by the Kassites.\"",1625,1595]
[null,1620,null,null,null,1620,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mursili I, King of Hatti.\r\nHe led a raid on Babylon and they destroyed it although they did not conquer it but in the attack the last Amorite king Šamšu-ditana lost his life and the Paleo-Babylonian empire ceased to exist.",1620,null,1590,null,null,null,null,null,null,1620,null,null,"Lullaia, King of Assyria, Dynasty of Adasi, usurper.",1621,1616]
[null,1600,null,"GREECE","Mycenaean civilization\r\nThe first advanced civilization of continental Greece begins when the Mycenaeans begin to establish kingdoms taking advantage of the mountainous nature of the terrain and who will often be at enmity with each other, so they do not form a unitary state but try to establish themselves imitating the Cretan thalassocracy. Kingdoms are appearing with their palace states, urban organization, works of art and writing system. Among their centers of power were Pylos, Tiryns and Midea in the Peloponnese; Orchomenus, Thebes and Athens in Central Greece; Iolcus in Thessaly and Troy (stratum VI of Troy) in Anatolia. However, the most interesting city was Mycenae, located in the Argolis, and which gives its name to this entire civilization. Settlements influenced by Mycenae have also appeared in Epirus, Macedonia, Anatolia, the Mediterranean Levant, Cyprus and Italy.",1600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mycenaean civilization\r\nThe first advanced civilization of continental Greece begins when the Mycenaeans begin to establish kingdoms taking advantage of the mountainous nature of the terrain and who will often be at enmity with each other, so they do not form a unitary state but try to establish themselves imitating the Cretan thalassocracy. Kingdoms are appearing with their palace states, urban organization, works of art and writing system. Among their centers of power were Pylos, Tiryns and Midea in the Peloponnese; Orchomenus, Thebes and Athens in Central Greece; Iolcus in Thessaly and Troy (stratum VI of Troy) in Anatolia. However, the most interesting city was Mycenae, located in the Argolis, and which gives its name to this entire civilization. Settlements influenced by Mycenae have also appeared in Epirus, Macedonia, Anatolia, the Mediterranean Levant, Cyprus and Italy.",1600,1070,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Battle of Mingtiao was a legendary battle between the Xia Dynasty and the Shang Dynasty, resulting in a Shang victory that created the circumstances for the elevation of the Duke of Shang to the throne of China. After the battle was won, Jie of Xia sought refuge in Kuenwu, but after conquering Kuenwu, Tang of Shang forced Jie into exile in Nanchao where he stayed until his death; Tang then eliminated the remaining Xia forces and used the Xia peasants as slaves.",1600]
[null,1600,58,"CHINA","Shang Dynasty: also known as the Yin Dynasty, it is the second dynasty in Chinese history and the first whose historical existence is documented. Its territorial extension covered the valley of the Yellow River, and lasted almost six centuries.",1600,null,null,null,"The first important urban development of the Zapotec culture took place, centered in San José Mogote, which developed completely between the years 500 BC-950 AD. when the Zapotecs settled in the central valleys of the current state of Oaxaca.",1600,1400,null,null,null,null,null,"\"Indigenous peoples (1600 BC-1200 BC)\nDue to the survival of the centuries in which the \"indigenous peoples\" occupied the territory, it has been proven that the peninsular toponymy is divided, broadly speaking, into three zones: a Celtic, an Iberian, and a Tartessian.\nThe Cantabrians could be the most native to the peninsula.\"",1600,1200,null,"\"Indigenous peoples (1600 BC-1200 BC)\nDue to the survival of the centuries in which the \"indigenous peoples\" occupied the territory, it has been proven that the peninsular toponymy is divided, broadly speaking, into three zones: a Celtic, an Iberian, and a Tartessian.\nThe Cantabrians could be the most native to the peninsula.\"",1600,1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1600,null,null,"Sharma-Adad II, King of Assyria, Adasi Dynasty.",1601,1598,null,null,null,null,null,"Migrations from Phenicia that originated settlements in regions of Western Europe such as Greece, Italy, North Africa and Spain.",1600,1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,500,null,null,null,null,null,"Shang Dynasty: also known as the Yin Dynasty, it is the second dynasty in Chinese history and the first whose historical existence is documented. Its territorial extension covered the valley of the Yellow River, and lasted almost six centuries.",1600,1046]
[null,1595,null,null,null,1595,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Total Paleo-Babylonian Empire",1792,1595,{"$f":"+BH291-BI291","v":197},"Kidin-Ninua, King of Assyria, Adasi Dynasty.",1615,"1602 "]
[null,1592,null,null,null,1592,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Erishum III, King of Assyria, Adasi Dynasty.",1598,1586,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tai Jia, King Shang.",1592,1577]
[null,1590,null,null,null,1590,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Segregation period (1590-1000 BC)",1590,1000,null,"Shamshi-Adad II, King of Assyria, Adasi Dynasty.",1585,1580]
[null,1590,null,null,null,1590,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hantili I, King of Hatti. Old Kingdom",1590,null,1560,null,null,null,null,null,"III dynasty: Casita Dynasty of Babylon:\r\nThe Hittites in their war dynamic captured Aleppo and made a successful raid to Babylon, they sacked the city and although it was an ephemeral success and they definitively put an end to the Babylonian empire, the way is not known but it was the Kassites who occupied the throne of Babylon.",1590,1160,null,"Ishme-Dagan II, King of Assyria, Adasi Dynasty.",1580,1564,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Taking advantage of the Hyksos invasion of Egypt, the Nubians destroyed the forts and liberated the country. A powerful local Nubian dynasty then emerged, (south of the third cataract), in the city of Kerma, which would become the capital of the Kingdom of Kush.",1590]
[null,1597,null,null,null,1597,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The first nine kings did not rule Babylon, as they were tribal chiefs of the Kassites, but they are traditionally included in the royal lists. (1597 - 1727)\r\nAgum I: (1727-1705), Ruled in Mari and Terqa, named king of Khana or Hana; He was the one who recovered the statue of Marduk from the Hittites.\r\nKashtiliash I: (1705-1683), was king of the Kassites of Khana (Mari and Terqa).\r\nAbirattash: (1683-1675), was king of the Kassites of Khana (Mari and Terqa).\r\nKashtiliash II: (1675-1655), was king of the Kassites of Khana (Mari and Terqa).\r\nUrzigurumash: (1655-1635), he was king of the Kassites of Khana (Mari and Terqa).\r\nHurbazum: (1635-1615), he was king of the Kassites of Khana (Mari and Terqa).\r\nSipta'ulzi: (1615-1595), was king of the Kassites of Khana (Mari and Terqa).",1727,1595]
[null,1595,null,null,null,1595,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Agum II, King of Babylon, Third Dynasty, Casita",1595,1549]
[null,1580,null,null,null,1580,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The 17th Dynasty was centered in Lower Egypt and ruled approximately between 1580 and 1550 BC (9 pharaohs)\r\nNubjeperra Intef, Nubjeperra- Rahotep, Sejemra Uahjau- Sobekemsaf I, Sejemra Uadyjau- Sobekemsaf II, Sejemra Shedtauy-Intef VI, Sejemra Upmaat- Intef VII, Sejemra Herhormaat- Senajtenra Ahmose, Senajtenra- Taa, Kamose-Uadyjeperra",1580,1550,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shāng Tāng, King  Shang.",1600,1592]
[null,1577,null,null,null,1577,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Wo Ding, King Shang.",1577,1561]
[null,1560,null,null,null,1560,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zidanta I, King of Hatti. Old Kingdom",1560,null,1550,null,null,null,null,null,null,1560,null,null,"Shamshi-Adad III - (1564-1549 a. C.)\nAshur-nirari I        - (1548-1522 a. C.)\nPuzur-Ashur III     - (1521-1498 a. C.) ",1564,1498,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"En documentos de la época de Kamose (último rey de la Dinastía XVII) se considera el espacio nubio/egipcio dividido en tres áreas independientes: el reino de Kush, el Alto Egipto y el reino hicso en el delta del Nilo. Se conservan incluso pruebas de acuerdos diplomáticos entre hicsos y kushitas contra Egipto.",1560,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tai Geng, King  Shang.",1561,1546]
[null,1550,59,"\"Thebes\r\nSumeria\"","New Kingdom is known as the historical period that begins with the reunification of Egypt under Ahmose I, being the period of greatest territorial extension of Egypt; it expanded to Nubia in the south and dominated large territories in the Middle East, while Egyptian armies fought against the Hittites for control of present-day Syria.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH\"",1550,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1550,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ahmose I continued his military activity in Asia and took the city of Sharuhen, in the current Gaza strip, a region of great geopolitical and economic importance, since it controlled Egypt's main passage to the north, on the coastal strip; In Ahmose's early Asian campaigns related to his military operations against the Hyksos, the cities of southern Canaan were in Avaris's area of influence.",1550,1525,null,"New Kingdom is known as the historical period that begins with the reunification of Egypt under Ahmose I, being the period of greatest territorial extension of Egypt; it expanded to Nubia in the south and dominated large territories in the Middle East, while Egyptian armies fought against the Hittites for control of present-day Syria.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH\"",1550,1070]
[null,1550,null,null,null,1550,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ahmose I, Nebpehtyra, Pharaoh of Egypt, waged war against the Hyksos pharaohs, managed to take the capital, Avaris, and permanently expel the Hyksos from Egyptian territory. These Hyksos were probably the rulers who led the kingdom of Ugarit to its period of maximum splendor a few decades later.",1550,null,null,"The 18th dynasty ruled approximately between 1550 and 1295 BC (14 pharaohs)\r\nAhmose I, Nebpehtyra- Brother and successor of Kamose, conquered northern Egypt and expelled the Hyksos.",1550,1525]
[null,1549,null,null,null,1549,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ammuna, King of Hatti. Old Kingdom",1550,null,1530,null,null,null,null,null,"Burna-Buriash I, King of Babylon, 3rd Dynasty, Casita",1549,1528,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Once the Hyksos were expelled from Egypt, Ahmose I of the 18th Dynasty restarted his occupation of Nubia.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The New Kingdom of Egypt during the 15th century BC. "]
[null,1546,null,null,null,1546,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Xiao Jia, King  Shang.",1546,1542]
[null,1542,null,null,null,1542,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yong Ji, King  Shang.",1542,1535]
[null,1535,null,null,null,1535,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tai Wu, King  Shang.",1535,1466]
[null,1530,null,"GREECE","Minoan civilization. \nIn this archaeologically dated period, the violent eruption of the volcano on the island of Tera occurred, later renamed in Byzantine times as Santorini; known as the Minoan eruption, it was an event considered one of the largest eruptions on the planet, but it is disputed what was the impact it had in the short term but surely the tidal waves would destroy the Minoan navy anchored in the ports of Crete.\"",1530,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Minoan civilization\r\nIn this archaeologically dated period, the violent eruption of the volcano on the island of Tera took place, later renamed in Byzantine times as Santorini; Known as the Minoan eruption, it was an event considered one of the largest eruptions on the planet, but it is disputed what impact it had in the short term, but surely the tidal waves would destroy the Minoan navy anchored in the ports of Crete.",1530,1500]
[null,1528,null,null,null,1528,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Huzziya I, King of Hatti. Old Kingdom",1530,null,1525,null,null,null,null,null,"Kashtiliash III, King of Babylon, 3rd Dynasty, Casita",1528,1497,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Amenhotep I, Djeserkara",1525,1504]
[null,1525,null,null,null,1525,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Telepinu, King of Hatti. Old Kingdom",1525,null,1500,null,null,null,null,null,null,1525,null,null,"Kirta, King of Mitanni.",1500,1490,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Amenophis I created the position of “viceroy of Kush”, who administered the country, with official residence in Aniba and answerable only to the king.",1525]
[null,1500,null,null,null,1500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Iron Age is the stage in which writing was invented and which begins the period in human history. It was characterized by the work of iron, a material that was even more resistant and that allowed the production of elements, such as weapons and tools for working the land, to be expanded. Stone furnaces capable of withstanding high temperatures were used to smelt iron.",1500,1000]
[null,1500,null,null,null,1500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,460,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Gandhara tomb culture (or Swat River culture) emerged around 1600 BC. C. and flourished in Gandhara, southeast of present-day Afghanistan, central and northern Pakistan, and northwest India (including most of Kashmir), possibly until the time of the Indian grammarian Panini (who died around 460 BC). C.). These people from the Gandhara tombs are related to the first Indo-Aryan speakers, and to the Indo-Aryan migration to India, which - fusing elements of the two main remnants of the culture of the Indus River Valley (which are the culture of the Cemetery H and the culture of ocher-colored pottery)—gave birth to Vedism, the religion of the Vedic period, historically prior to Hinduism.",1500]
[null,1497,null,null,null,1497,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alluwamna, King of Hatti. Old Kingdom",1500,null,1495,null,"The Eastern Slavs or Eastern Slavs constitute the majority ethnic group in modern-day Russia, Ukraine and Belarus; The Slavs formed the ethnic group in the middle of the second millennium BC in an area now divided between Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, western Belarus and northwestern Ukraine.",1500,null,null,"Ulamburiash, King of Babylon, 3rd Dynasty, Casita",1497,1474,null,"Enlil-nasir I, King of Assyria, Adasi Dynasty.",1498,1485,null,null,null,null,null,"Probable biblical date of the conquest of Jericho by the Hebrews of Yahve, whose walls collapsed; All the inhabitants of the city, including women and children, were killed, and Joshua cursed anyone who tried to rebuild it.",1500,1300,null,"Thutmose I, Aakheperkara",1504,1492,null,"The Vedic period (ca. 1500 BC-600 BC)\r\nA Vedic culture develops in the Punjab region and the upper Indo-Gangetic plain of northwestern India as described in the Rigveda, the oldest sacred text of the Vedas composed orally in Vedic Sanskrit; At that time Aryan society consisted of essentially tribal and pastoral groups, distinct from the Harappian urbanization of the Indus Valley which had already been abandoned and many of the tribes and small chiefdoms began to merge into janapadas (monarchical states).",1500,600]
[null,1495,null,null,null,1495,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tahurwaili, King of Hatti. Old Kingdom",1495,null,1490,null,null,null,null,null,null,1495,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Thutmose or Thutmose I (1504-1492), made important raids on Canaan and Syria, reaching the Euphrates.",1495,null,null,"Thutmose I finished liquidating the Kingdom of Kush, occupying up to the fifth cataract, and Nubia finally integrated into Egyptian culture.",1500]
[null,1490,null,null,null,1490,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hantili II, King of Hatti. Old Kingdom",1490,null,1450,null,null,null,null,null,null,1490,null,null,"Shuttarna I, King of Mitanni.",1490,1470,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Thutmose II, Aakheperenra",1492,1479,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zhong Ding,  King  Shang.",1466,1457]
[null,1485,null,null,null,1485,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1485,null,null,"Nur-ili, King of Assyria.",1485,1473,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Wai Ren, King  Shang.",1457,1447]
[null,1479,null,null,null,1479,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Thutmose III, Menkheperra-Controlled at the beginning of her reign by her stepmother Hatshepsut, after her death she began to expand Egyptian rule throughout the Levant.",1479,1425]
[null,1474,null,null,null,1474,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Agum III, King of Babylon, Third Dynasty, Casita",1474,1434,null,"Ashur-shaduni, King of Assyria, Adasi Dynasty.\r\nAshur-rabi I, King of Assyria, Adasi Dynasty.",1473,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hatshepsut, Maatkara - The second known reigning woman.",1473,1458,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"He Dan Jia, King  Shang.",1447,1442]
[null,1470,null,null,null,1470,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1470,null,null,"Barattarna, King of Mitanni.",1470,1450,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zu Yi, King  Shang.",1442,1432]
[null,1460,null,"EGYPT","During the reign of Thutmose III, the city of Napata in Nubia was founded as an administrative center, although it never had these functions for them. SEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",1460,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"During the reign of Thutmose III, the city of Napata in Nubia was founded as an administrative center, although it never had these functions for them. SEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",1460]
[null,1450,null,"GREECE","Decline of the Cretan Minoan Civilization\nNew destructions occurred that caused the decline of the Minoan civilization; The cause of these destructions clearly points to internal or external wars that focused on the most prominent buildings that served as centers of power while other buildings of a domestic or artisanal nature were respected. The hypotheses that have been suggested are mainly two: that the destructions would have been caused by an invasion from the Greek continental area or that they would have been caused by internal struggles in which the center of power of Knossos would have imposed itself on the other palatial centers of the island.",1450,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Decline of the Cretan Minoan Civilization\r\nNew destructions occurred that caused the decline of the Minoan civilization; The cause of these destructions clearly points to internal or external wars that focused on the most prominent buildings that served as centers of power while other buildings of a domestic or artisanal nature were respected. The hypotheses that have been suggested are mainly two: that the destructions would have been caused by an invasion from the Greek continental area or that they would have been caused by internal struggles in which the center of power of Knossos would have imposed itself on the other palatial centers of the island.",1450,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1450,null,null,"Ashur-nadin-ahhe I, King of Assyria, Adasi Dynasty.",1450,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kingdom of Ugarit.\r\nThe cultural and historical connection with Egypt became so intense that the Hyksos, upon being expelled from the pharaonic country, achieved power as the dominant political and economic caste in Ugarit, ruling this ancient port city located on the Mediterranean coast north of Syria during the beginning of its period of maximum splendor; The city that emerged in the Neolithic as an important vassal state of Egypt, finally ended up as a tributary town of the Hittites to whom it remained loyal until the end, being also destroyed by the invaders of the sea peoples attracted by their wealth. ",1450,1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zu Xin, Rey Shang.",1432,1422,null,"Location of the Nile Falls and historical extent of the different Nubian kingdoms (Kerma-Napata-Meroe)."]
[null,1450,null,null,null,1450,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1450,null,null,"Parsha(ta)tar, King of Mitanni.",1450,1440,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Wo Jia, Rey Shang.",1422,1405]
[null,1440,null,null,null,1440,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zidanta II, King of Hatti. Old Kingdom",1440,null,1430,null,null,null,null,null,null,1440,null,null,"Shaushtatar, King of Mitanni.",1440,1410,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zu Ding, Rey Shang.",1405,1380]
[null,1434,null,null,null,1434,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Huzziya II, King of Hatti. Old Kingdom",1430,null,1420,null,null,null,null,null,"Karaindash,  King of Babylon, Third Dynasty, Casita",1434,1416,null,"Enlil-nasir II, King of Assyria, Adasi Dynasty.",1430,1425,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nan Geng, Rey Shang.",1380,1360]
[null,1427,null,null,null,1427,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Muwatalli I, King of Hatti. Old Kingdom",1420,null,1410,null,null,null,null,null,null,1427,null,null,"Ashur-nirari II, King of Assyria, Adasi Dynasty.",1424,1418,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Amenhotep II, Aakheperura",1427,1400,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yang Jia, Rey Shang.",1360,1358]
[null,1420,null,null,null,1420,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1420,1406,null,"Ashur-bel-nisheshu, King of Assyria, Adasi Dynasty.",1417,1409,null,null,null,null,null,"Ammittamru I, Ugaritic King.",1420,1349,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pan Geng, Rey Shang - Yin; desde Pan Geng también se le conoce a la dinastía como Yin, nombre de su nueva capital.",1358,1338]
[null,1416,null,null,null,1416,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kadashman-Harbe I, King of Babylon, Third Dynasty, Casita",1416,null,null,"Artatama I, King of Mitanni.",1410,1400,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Xiao Xin, Rey Shang - Yin.",1338,1320]
[null,1406,null,null,null,1406,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kurigalzu I, King of Babylon, Third Dynasty, Casita",1406,1374,null,"Ashur-rim-nisheshu, King of Assyria, Adasi Dynasty.",1409,1401]
[null,1401,null,null,null,1401,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1401,null,null,"Ashur-nadin-ahhe II, King of Assyria, Adasi Dynasty.",1401,1391]
[null,1400,null,"GREECE","Merger of Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations\nAfter the catastrophe suffered, the Mycenaeans took advantage of the power vacuum to settle in Crete, probably promoting a dynastic union. Only the palace of Knossos was rebuilt to be the residence of an Achaean dynasty from the Peloponnese in mainland Greece. In any case, in addition to the palace of Knossos, the Mycenaean presence is recognized in many of the settlements that developed in this period in Crete: Cydonia, Polyrrhenia, Gortina, Phaistos, Hagia Triada or Tilissus. Some of them survived into the archaic and classical Greek eras. The new civilization of Minoan roots, but of Mycenaean spirit, had a marked tendency towards schematization and stylization.",1400,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Merger of Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations\nAfter the catastrophe suffered, the Mycenaeans took advantage of the power vacuum to settle in Crete, probably promoting a dynastic union. Only the palace of Knossos was rebuilt to be the residence of an Achaean dynasty from the Peloponnese in mainland Greece. In any case, in addition to the palace of Knossos, the Mycenaean presence is recognized in many of the settlements that developed in this period in Crete: Cydonia, Polyrrhenia, Gortina, Phaistos, Hagia Triada or Tilissus. Some of them survived into the archaic and classical Greek eras. The new civilization of Minoan roots, but of Mycenaean spirit, had a marked tendency towards schematization and stylization.",1400,1070,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1400,null,null,"Shuttarna II, King of Mitanni.",1400,1385,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Thutmose IV, Menkheperura",1400,1390]
[null,1391,null,null,null,1391,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1391,null,null,"Meso-Assyrian period (1391 - 912)",1391,912,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Amenhotep III, Nebmaatra - Gobernó Egipto en la cima de su poder, superando al resto de faraones en el número de monumentos construidos y estatuas erigidas.",1390,1352]
[null,{"$f":"+F330","v":1390},null,null,null,1390,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Mycenaeans import copper and tin that are necessary for their bronze crafts. They also acquire luxury products from abroad. They export agricultural products, cloth, wool (highly appreciated in the Country of the Nile\r\njudging by the Egyptian reliefs) and the products of their crafts. They sell bronze products abroad even though they have previously been forced to import copper and tin. The main customers are the natives of southern and central Italy, the people along the Black Sea, Egypt (especially Cretan wool) and northern Syria and Palestine (mainly weapons). In Mycenaean Crete there are also Egyptian and Cypriot merchants. ",1390,1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tudhaliya I/II, King of Hatti. New Kingdom.",1390,null,1383,null,null,null,null,null,null,1390,null,null,"Eriba-Adad I, King of Assyria.",1391,1366]
[null,1385,null,null,null,1385,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Arnuwanda I, King of Hatti. New Kingdom.",1383,null,1370,null,null,null,null,null,null,1385,null,null,"Artashumara, King of Mitanni.",1385,1380]
[null,1380,null,null,null,1380,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1380,null,null,"Tushratta, King of Mitanni.",1380,1350]
[null,1374,null,null,null,1374,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kadashman-Enlil I, King of Babylon, 3rd Dynasty, Casita",1374,"1360 "]
[null,1370,null,null,null,1370,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hattusili II, King of Hatti. New Kingdom.",1370,null,1360,null,null,null,null,null,null,1370]
[null,1360,null,null,null,1360,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tudhaliya III, King of Hatti. New Kingdom.",1360,null,1344,null,null,null,null,null,null,1360,null,null,"Ashur-uballit I, King of Assyria.\r\nHe figures with great drive that he freed himself from his oppressors, (the Mitanni and the Hittites above all), and even went so far as to enlarge the limits of his lands.\"",1365]
[null,1359,null,null,null,1359,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Burna-Buriash II, King of Babylon, 3rd Dynasty, Casita",1359,"1333 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Amenhotep IV / Akhenaten, Neferkheperurawaenra - Founder of a brief period of heliocentric beliefs (Atonism).",1352,1336]
[null,1352,null,null,null,1352,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1352]
[null,1349,null,null,null,1349,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Niqmaddu II Ugaritic King.",1349,1315]
[null,1344,null,null,null,1344,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Suppiluliuma I, King of Hatti. New Kingdom.",1344,null,1322,null,null,null,null,null,null,1344,null,null,null,null,1330,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Neferneferuaten, Smenkhkara - Co-regent and successor of Akhenaten. The identity of this individual is doubtful and questionable.",1338,1336]
[null,"1333 ",null,null,null,"1333 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kara-hardash, King of Babylon, 3rd Dynasty, Little House","1333 ",null,null,"Artatama II, King of Mitanni. (1350)\r\nShuttarna III, King of Mitanni. (1350)\r\nShattiwaza, King of Mitanni. ",1350,1320,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tutankhamun, Nebkheperura - Commonly believed to be the son of Akhenaten; He probably reinstated the polytheistic religion and changed the main deity from Aten to Amun.",1336,1327]
[null,"1333 ",null,null,null,"1333 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nazi-Bugash, King of Babylon, 3rd Dynasty, Little House","1333 ",null,null,"Enlil-nirari, King of Assyria.",1330,1319,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ay, Kheperkheperura - Close advisor to the two pharaohs, or perhaps three, who ruled before him.",1327,1323]
[null,"1332 ",null,null,null,"1332 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kurigalzu II, King of Babilonia, III Dinastía, Casita","1332 ",1308,null,"Shattuara II, King of Mitanni.",1320,1300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Horemheb, Djeserkheperura - Former general and advisor to Tutankhamun.",1323,1295]
[null,1330,null,null,null,1330,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Hittite expansion over the area of Egyptian influence in the Levant, although based on its military capacity, also coincides with Akhenaten's reforms, which brought internal conflicts added to political disunities in the court itself; According to Hittite sources, a female member of the Egyptian royal family (in the period immediately following the death of Akhenaten) asked Supiluliuma for a marriage alliance and the son of the Hittite king sent to Egypt for this purpose was murdered.",1330,null,1321,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Arik-den-ili, King of Assyria.",1319,1308,null,null,null,null,null,"The Hittite expansion over the area of Egyptian influence in the Levant, although based on its military capacity, also coincides with Akhenaten's reforms, which brought internal conflicts added to political disunities in the court itself; According to Hittite sources, a female member of the Egyptian royal family (in the period immediately following the death of Akhenaten) asked Supiluliuma for a marriage alliance and the son of the Hittite king sent to Egypt for this purpose was murdered.",1330,null,null,"The Hittite expansion over the area of Egyptian influence in the Levant, although based on its military capacity, also coincides with Akhenaten's reforms, which brought internal conflicts added to political disunities in the court itself; According to Hittite sources, a female member of the Egyptian royal family (in the period immediately following the death of Akhenaten) asked Supiluliuma for a marriage alliance and the son of the Hittite king sent to Egypt for this purpose was murdered.",1330]
[null,1322,null,null,null,1322,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Arnuwanda II, King of Hatti. New Kingdom.",1322,null,1295,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Xiao Yi, King Shang - Yin.",1320,1300]
[null,1321,null,null,null,1321,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mursili II, King of Hatti. New Kingdom.",1321]
[null,1320,null,null,null,1320]
[null,1315,null,null,null,1315,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Arhalba, Ugaritic King.",1315,1313]
[null,"1307 ",null,null,null,"1307 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nazi-Maruttash, King of Babilonia, III Dinasty Casita","1307 ","1282 ",null,"Adad-nirari I, King of Assyria.",1307,1275,null,null,null,null,null,"Niqmepa, Ugaritic King.",1313,1260,null,"The 19th Dynasty ruled from approximately 1295 to 1186 BC. Ramses II was the third pharaoh of this dynasty (8 pharaohs)"]
[null,1300,60,"INDUS VALLEY","End of the Indus Valley civilization.\nIn the same way as we ignore everything about its rulers, the causes of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization are also unknown, but it is known that this enigmatic culture disappeared abruptly and that it was not the consequence of a long war or invasion, but rather most likely from the conjunction of a series of natural disasters and a change in climatic conditions or other reasons.\nThe signs of collapse predate the invasions of Indo-European peoples from the steppes, who easily took over the region thanks to bronze weapons and chariots.\"",1300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Troy, (VII Archaeological)\r\nThe expansion of the Mycenaean Kingdoms through the Black Sea marks the beginning of the end for Troy when (Troy, (VII b-2 Archaeological), imposes a portage on the Mycenaean ships that trade with its Black Sea colonies.",1300,1200,null,"Etruscan Civilization\r\nThe Etruscans were the settlers who settled in Etruria, an ancient historical region located in central Italy, in the regions of Tuscany, Lazio and Umbria, creating a powerful confederation or amphictyony, called the Etruscan Dodecapolis of the most important independent city-states. from central and northern Italy; The Etruscans would have arrived with very ancient migratory waves from Asia Minor, a region with which they maintained contacts that allowed the subsequent autochthonous development of the local Neolithic villages in which they had settled. Etruscan society was stratified into four large groups, the Patricians, members of the oligarchy with great fortunes, the Clients or Free Plebs, linked by ties of clientele, the Plebeians and the Slaves. ",1300,509,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Troy, (VII Archaeological)\r\nThe expansion of the Mycenaean Kingdoms through the Black Sea marks the beginning of the end for Troy when (Troy, (VII b-2 Archaeological), imposes a portage on the Mycenaean ships that trade with its Black Sea colonies.",1300,1200,546,null,null,null,null,null,"Kingdom of Lydia\r\nHistorical region located in the west of the Anatolian peninsula, in what are now the Turkish provinces of Izmir and Manisa. It was a kingdom since the fall of the Hittite Empire and was an empire from 718 until its conquest by the Persians in 546 BC. C.",1300,546,null,"Wasashatta, King of Mitanni.",1300,1280,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"End of the Indus Valley civilization.\r\nIn the same way as we ignore everything about its rulers, the causes of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization are also unknown, but it is known that this enigmatic culture disappeared abruptly and that it was not the consequence of a long war or invasion, but rather most likely from the conjunction of a series of natural disasters and a change in climatic conditions or other reasons.\r\nThe signs of collapse predate the invasions of Indo-European peoples from the steppes, who easily took over the region thanks to bronze weapons and chariots.\"",1300]
[null,1300,null,null,null,1300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kingdom of Lydia.\r\nHistorical region located in the west of the Anatolian peninsula, in what are now the Turkish provinces of Izmir and Manisa. It was a kingdom since the fall of the Hittite Empire and was an empire from 718 until its conquest by the Persians in 546 BC. C.",1300]
[null,1295,null,null,null,1295,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1295,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ramses I, Menpehtyra",1295,1294]
[null,1281,null,null,null,1281,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Muwatalli II, King of Hatti. New Kingdom.",1295,null,1272,null,null,null,null,null,"Kadashman-Turgu,  King of Babilonia, III Dinasty Casita",1281,"1264 ",null,"Shattuara II, King of Mitanni.",1280,1270,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Seti I, Menmaatra",1294,1279]
[null,1279,null,null,null,1279,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1279,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ramses II, Usermaatra Setepenra - Pharaoh associated with the figure of Moses. He founded and erected the city of Pi-Ramesses, designating it as capital and settling there.",1279,1213]
[null,1274,null,null,null,1274,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Battle of Kadesh.\r\nIn the fifth year of his reign, Pharaoh Ramesses II decided to cut off the Hittite attacks in the famous battle of Qadesh, in northern Syria, where the Egyptian armies finally met the Syrian-Hittite alliance of King Muwatalli II and which arrived to a stalemate with the Hittites without a decisive result.",1274,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1274,null,null,"Shalmaneser I, King of Assyria.",1274,1245,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Battle of Kadesh.\r\nIn the fifth year of his reign, Pharaoh Ramesses II decided to cut off the Hittite attacks in the famous battle of Qadesh, in northern Syria, where the Egyptian armies finally met the Syrian-Hittite alliance of King Muwatalli II and which arrived to a stalemate with the Hittites without a decisive result.",1274]
[null,1270,null,null,null,1270,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mursili III, King of Hatti. New Kingdom.",1272,null,1267,null,null,null,null,null,null,1270,null,null,"Mitanni's reign and dynasty came to an end when Shattuara II was defeated by Shalmaneser I and the kingdom was annexed by Assyria.",1270,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"During the 19th Dynasty, the integration of the Nubian kingdom of Kush into the Egyptian administration deepened and especially under Ramses II, the works continued for a very strong integration in which the Egyptian religion and its funerary rites, the children of the main indigenous chiefs, had been adopted. They were educated in Egypt, the Nubian upper classes made their culture their own, Nubians were incorporated into the military and police forces, and even into the powerful bureaucracy.",1270,1186]
[null,1263,null,null,null,1263,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hattusili III, King of Hatti. New Kingdom.",1267,null,1237,null,null,null,null,null,"Kadashman-Enlil II, Rey de Babilonia, III Dinastía, Casita",1263,"1255 ",null,"The city of Nimrud (known as Kalkhu by the Assyrians, and as Calaj or Kalakh in the Bible) was founded by King Shalmaneser I and was later one of the capitals of Assyria, along with Assur, Nineveh and Dur Sharrukin; It was located next to the Tigris River, about 30 km southeast of Mosul (in modern-day Iraq).",1265]
[null,1260,null,null,null,1260,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ammittamru II, Ugaritic King.",1260,1235]
[null,1258,null,null,null,1258,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Egypt's war against the Hittites only ended until the arrival to the Hittite throne of Hattusili III, the ambitious successor of Muwatalli II, who would end up signing peace with Ramses II, with the Treaty of Qadesh, the diplomatic agreement and the most important peace treaty. ancient survivor, carved in stone, in the world to the present day. It lasted for more than eighty years until the Hittite kingdom was completely destroyed by the Sea Peoples.",1258,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Egypt's war against the Hittites only ended until the arrival to the Hittite throne of Hattusili III, the ambitious successor of Muwatalli II, who would end up signing peace with Ramses II, with the Treaty of Qadesh, the diplomatic agreement and the most important peace treaty. ancient survivor, carved in stone, in the world to the present day. It lasted for more than eighty years until the Hittite kingdom was completely destroyed by the Sea Peoples.",1258,null,null,"Egypt's war against the Hittites only ended until the arrival to the Hittite throne of Hattusili III, the ambitious successor of Muwatalli II, who would end up signing peace with Ramses II, with the Treaty of Qadesh, the diplomatic agreement and the most important peace treaty. ancient survivor, carved in stone, in the world to the present day. It lasted for more than eighty years until the Hittite kingdom was completely destroyed by the Sea Peoples.",1258]
[null,1254,null,null,null,1254,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kudur-Enlil, Rey de Babilonia, III Dinastía, Casita",1254,"1246 "]
[null,1250,null,null,null,1250,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The maximum splendor of the Mycenaean Kingdoms is given by the Treasury of Atreus, the Lion Gate of Mycenae.",1250,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Precursors of the Suez Canal.\r\nTo promote the economic development of its capital Pi-Ramesses revived the Wadi Tumilat canal project and an additional hundred kilometers of Wadi Tumilat were excavated, connecting Bubastis, Pi-Atum and Pi-Ramses to end about twenty kilometers from Lake Timsah but again, but Ramses' engineers realized that they had made another fatal error in their measurements of the difference in altitude between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea, with the consequent abandonment of the work. ",1250,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Wu Ding, King Shang - Yin.",1250,1192]
[null,"1245 ",null,null,null,"1245 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Signs of crisis are observed in the Mycenaean Kingdoms with defensive constructions for each one such as a cyclopean wall on the Isthmus of Corinth and fortifications in Athens, Mycenae, Tiryns and Argos,",1245,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shagarakti-Shuriash, King of Babylon, 3rd Dynasty, Casita","1245 ","1233 ",null,"At the end of Shalmaneser's rule, Assyria recovered all the territory it had come to possess in the time of the first Amorite king; The conquests were great and the loot was large, as well as the capture of slaves that were used in beautification works in the two important cities: Ashur and Nineveh.",1245]
[null,1244,null,null,null,1244,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tukultininurta I, King of Assyria.\r\nHis war campaigns reached the Zagros Mountains, to the foothills of the Caucasus. In the south he defeated the Kassites by subjecting them to tribute, took over the territory of Elam and weakened the power of the Hittites. ",1244,1208,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tukultininurta I, King of Assyria.\r\nHis war campaigns reached the Zagros Mountains, to the foothills of the Caucasus. In the south he defeated the Kassites by subjecting them to tribute, took over the territory of Elam and weakened the power of the Hittites. ",1244,1208,null,"Tukultininurta I, King of Assyria.\r\nHis war campaigns reached the Zagros Mountains, to the foothills of the Caucasus. In the south he defeated the Kassites by subjecting them to tribute, took over the territory of Elam and weakened the power of the Hittites. ",1244,1208]
[null,1235,null,null,null,1235,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ibiranu, Ugaritic King.",1235,1220]
[null,"1232 ",null,null,null,"1232 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tudhaliya IV, King of Hatti. New Kingdom.",1237,null,1209,null,null,null,null,null,"Kashtiliash IV, King of Babylon, 3rd Dynasty, Casita","1232 ",1225]
[null,"1224 ",null,null,null,"1224 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kurunta, King of Hatti. New Kingdom.",1228,null,1227,null,null,null,null,null,"Enlil-nadin-shumi, King of Babylon, Third Dynasty, Little House","1224 "]
[null,"1223 ",null,null,null,"1223 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kadashman-Harbe II, King of Babylon, 3rd Dynasty, Little House","1223 "]
[null,1222,null,null,null,1222,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Adad-shum-iddina, King of Babylon, Third Dynasty, Casita",1222,"1217 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Niqmaddu III, Ugaritic King.",1220,1215]
[null,"1216 ",null,null,null,"1216 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Adad-shum-usur, King of Babylon, Third Dynasty, Casita","1216 ","1187 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ammurapi, Ugaritic King.",1215,1185]
[null,1213,null,null,null,1213,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1213,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Merenptah, Baenra - A stele describing campaigns in Libya and Canaan contains the only reference to Israel in ancient Egyptian archives.",1213,1203]
[null,1208,null,null,null,1208,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Arnuwanda III, King of Hatti. New Kingdom.",1209,null,1207,null,null,null,null,null,null,1208,null,null,"Ashur-nadin-apli, King of Assyria.",1208,1204]
[null,1203,null,null,null,1203,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tartessos Civilization (1200 BC-500 BC)",1200,500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Suppiluliuma II, King of Hatti. New Kingdom.\r\nHe was the last Hittite king with whom the history of the empire comes to an end. At the end of his reign he was under threat from the sea peoples, who devastated the entire Middle East. The Hittite empire, weakened by internal struggles and excessive dependence on reinforcements provided by vassals, was not able to resist the onslaught and disappeared from history; the last king Suppiluliuma was killed during the sack of Hattusa. ",1207,null,1178,null,null,null,null,null,null,1203,null,null,"Ashur-nirari III, King of Assyria.",1203,1198,null,null,null,null,null,"Canaanite Civilization (1200 BC-539 BC)\r\nBeginning of Phoenician domination in the Mediterranean.\r\nByblos becomes the predominant Phoenician center. ",1200,539,null,"Amenmeses, Menmira",1203,1200]
[null,1200,null,null,null,1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tartessos Civilization (1200 BC-500 BC)\r\nEmergence of stable settlements in Tartessos in which an incipient social hierarchy can be seen. Setefilla (Seville) - Carmona (Seville) - La Tablada (El Viso del Alcor, Seville) - Montemolín (Badajoz) - El Berrueco (Cádiz) - Llanete de los Moros, Montoro (Córdoba) - Colina de los Quemados (Córdoba) - Onuba (Huelva)",1200,500,null,"Tartessos Civilization (1200 BC-500 BC)\r\nEmergence of stable settlements in Tartessos in which an incipient social hierarchy can be seen. Setefilla (Seville) - Carmona (Seville) - La Tablada (El Viso del Alcor, Seville) - Montemolín (Badajoz) - El Berrueco (Cádiz) - Llanete de los Moros, Montoro (Córdoba) - Colina de los Quemados (Córdoba) - Onuba (Huelva)",1200,500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Palaces of Pylos and Tiryns, the Palaces of Gla in Boeotia and Crisa in the region of Phocis, as well as a town near present-day Sparta in Messenia, burn down.",1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Phoenicia, ancient region of the Near East, cradle of the Phoenician-Punic civilization, which extended along the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea; its territory extended from the mouth of the Orontes River in the north to the Bay of Haifa in the south , comprising areas of current Israel, Syria, Lebanon and Palestine, a region formerly called Canaan. Its topography determined that its inhabitants settled in city states separated by rocky spurs, Acre, Byblos, Sidon, Tyre, Arados and Ugarit, so that cabotage was better than land routes for contact between cities.\r\nPhenicia, being a narrow passage between the sea and the Syrian desert, in contact to the south, through Canaan and Sinai, with Egypt, and to the north, through the Euphrates, with Mesopotamia and Asia Minor, was destined to be a rich commercial crossroads, coveted by the great neighboring empires.\"",1200,539,null,null,null,null,null,"Magadha was an ancient kingdom in northeastern India, established around 1200 BC. C. but that expanded and developed between the 6th centuries BC. C. and VI d. C., being the origin of the most representative historical events in India.",1200]
[null,1200,61,"INDUS VALLEY","Within the Vedic culture developed in the Punjab region and in the upper part of the Indo-Gangetic plain of northwest India, many tribes and small chiefdoms began to merge into janapadas\", (), which were dominions, republics and monarchical states, mainly of Kuru, Panchala, Kosala and Videha.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH\"",1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Celts, who were experts in iron metallurgy, arrived in the Iberian Peninsula, occupying what is now Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, northern Castile and part of Portugal. A progressive process of Celtification developed, until the consolidation of the Celtic presence in the peninsula​ and the development of the La Tène culture from 450 BC.\r\nThe Lusitanians were a group of diverse pre-Roman peoples whose origin is not known exactly but could be pre-Celtic or Indo-European, culturally and ethnically similar, who inhabited the west of the Iberian Peninsula, around the Portuguese district of Castelo Branco.",1200,900,null,"The Celts, who were experts in iron metallurgy, arrived in the Iberian Peninsula, occupying what is now Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, northern Castile and part of Portugal. A progressive process of Celtification developed, until the consolidation of the Celtic presence in the peninsula and the development of the La Tène culture from 450 BC. c.",1200,900,null,"The Celts arrived from the east throughout the second millennium to the areas of future central and western Europe",1200,900,null,"The Celts arrived from the east throughout the second millennium to the areas of future central and western Europe",1200,900,null,"Tartessos Civilization (1200 BC-539 BC)\r\nThe original nucleus of the Tartessian culture approximately includes the territory of the current provinces of Huelva, Seville and Cádiz with provenance of uncertain origin: the Sea Peoples, or Indo-European peoples precursors of the Celtic culture or people from the steppes north of the Caucasus, or from the Near East.",1200,539,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Enlil-kudurri-usur,King of Assyria.",1197,1193,null,null,null,null,null,"Establishment by Tire and Sidon of factories or colonial cities on African and Iberian coasts, without territorial conquests in the interior.",1200,800,null,"Seti II, Userkheperura Setepenra",1200,1194,null,"Within the Vedic culture developed in the Punjab region and in the upper part of the Indo-Gangetic plain of northwest India, many tribes and small chiefdoms began to merge into janapadas, (), which were dominions, republics and monarchical states, mainly of Kuru, Panchala, Kosala and Videha.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH\"\"\"",1200,500]
[null,1200,62,"EGYPT Türkiye SYRIA","Around 1200 BC. C. a wave of peoples appeared from the Balkan Peninsula, called \"peoples of the sea\" thanks to Egyptian sources, who were responsible for the end of the Hittite Empire and the weakening of the Egyptian Empire and which caused the crisis and disappearance of different cultures. , empires and eastern kingdoms.",1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mycenaean Civilization\r\nSigns of decline become evident in what constitutes the postpalatial\" period. The administration characteristic of the Mycenaean palace system had disappeared, Linear B tablet writing had ceased, luxury goods were no longer imported. But the Mycenaean material features remain for at least a century, so that the period, although without palaces, is characterized as a phase of Mycenaean civilization.\"",1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Around 1200 BC. C. a wave of peoples appeared from the Balkan Peninsula, called \"peoples of the sea\" thanks to Egyptian sources, who were responsible for the end of the Hittite Empire and the weakening of the Egyptian Empire and which caused the crisis and disappearance of different cultures. , empires and eastern kingdoms.",1200,1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Around 1200 BC. C. a wave of peoples appeared from the Balkan Peninsula, called \"peoples of the sea\" thanks to Egyptian sources, who were responsible for the end of the Hittite Empire and the weakening of the Egyptian Empire and which caused the crisis and disappearance of different cultures. , empires and eastern kingdoms.",1200,null,null,"Around 1200 BC. C. a wave of peoples appeared from the Balkan Peninsula, called \"peoples of the sea\" thanks to Egyptian sources, who were responsible for the end of the Hittite Empire and the weakening of the Egyptian Empire and which caused the crisis and disappearance of different cultures. , empires and eastern kingdoms.",1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Around 1200 BC. C. a wave of peoples appeared from the Balkan Peninsula, called \"peoples of the sea\" thanks to Egyptian sources, who were responsible for the end of the Hittite Empire and the weakening of the Egyptian Empire and which caused the crisis and disappearance of different cultures. , empires and kingdoms of the east; The entire area of the Near East and the eastern basin of the Mediterranean suffered important processes of people movements, accompanied by the crisis and in many cases destruction of the great urban centers of the Bronze Age. It was a period of crisis and transformation for which there is little data, which is why it is known as the Dark Ages.",1200,null,null,"Around 1200 BC. C. a wave of peoples appeared from the Balkan Peninsula, called \"peoples of the sea\" thanks to Egyptian sources, who were responsible for the end of the Hittite Empire and the weakening of the Egyptian Empire and which caused the crisis and disappearance of different cultures. , empires and eastern kingdoms.",1200,null,null,"The Kuru kingdom was the first state-level society of the Vedic period corresponding to the composition of the Atharvaveda (the first Indian text to mention iron as 'black metal'; the Kuru state organized the Vedic hymns into collections and developed orthodox ritual śrauta to maintain social order and transform his kingdom into the dominant political and cultural power in northwestern Iron Age India. When the Kuru kingdom declined, the center of Vedic culture shifted to its eastern neighbors, the kingdom from Panchala.",1200,800,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Map from the late Vedic period showing the borders of Āryāvarta with the janapadas in northern India: the Iron Age kingdoms Kuru, Panchala, Kosala, Videha."]
[null,1194,null,null,"War and destruction of TROY (Troy VII b-2).\nThe Trojan War was a pan-Mycenaean enterprise where all the Mycenaean Kingdoms overcome their differences and unite with the purpose of ensuring free communication with the Black Sea and avoiding the portage imposed by TROY, thus resulting in Homer's Troy being destroyed by the Mycenaeans. (Troy, (VII b-2 Archaeological).",1194,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The south of the peninsula began its commercial relations with the Mediterranean, Greeks and Phoenicians, based on the peninsula's wealth in metals (gold, silver, iron and tin) as well as the salting of Atlantic fish.",1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"War and destruction of TROY (Troy VII b-2).\nThe Trojan War was a pan-Mycenaean enterprise where all the Mycenaean Kingdoms overcome their differences and unite with the purpose of ensuring free communication with the Black Sea and avoiding the portage imposed by TROY, thus resulting in Homer's Troy being destroyed by the Mycenaeans. (Troy, (VII b-2 Archaeological).",1194,1184,null,"War and destruction of TROY (Troy VII b-2).\r\nThe Trojan War was a pan-Mycenaean enterprise where all the Mycenaean Kingdoms overcome their differences and unite with the purpose of ensuring free communication with the Black Sea and avoiding the portage imposed by TROY, thus resulting in Homer's Troy being destroyed by the Mycenaeans. (Troy, (VII b-2 Archaeological).",1194,1184,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"War and destruction of TROY (Troy VII b-2).\nThe Trojan War was a pan-Mycenaean enterprise where all the Mycenaean Kingdoms overcome their differences and unite with the purpose of ensuring free communication with the Black Sea and avoiding the portage imposed by TROY, thus resulting in Homer's Troy being destroyed by the Mycenaeans. (Troy, (VII b-2 Archaeological).",1194,1184,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1194,null,null,"Ninurta-apil-Ekur, King of Assyria.",1192,1180,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Saptah, Akehnrasetepenra",1194,1188,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zu Geng, King Shang - Yin.",1192,1190]
[null,1188,null,null,null,1188,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1188,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tausret, Akehnrasetepenra",1188,1186,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zu JiaKing Shang - Yin.",1190,1163]
[null,1186,null,null,null,1186,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Meli-Shipak,  King of Babylon, Third Dynasty, Casita",1186,"1172 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The 20th Dynasty ruled approximately between 1186 and 1069 BC (10 pharaohs)\r\nSethnakht, Userkhaura Meryamun",1186,1184]
[null,1185,null,null,null,1185,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1185,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Šutruk-Naḫḫunte, king of Elam, second of the Shutrukid dynasty.\r\nEstablished in Susa, he launched various military expeditions against the Babylonian Empire and conquered, occupied and plundered Akkad, Babylon and Esnunna; He killed the Kassite king Zababa-shum-iddina and placed on the throne of Babylon his own son Kutir-Nakhunte.\"",1185,1155,null,"Yagurum II, Rey Ugarítico. ",1185,1175,null,"Ramses III, Usermaatra Meryamun - Fought the Sea Peoples in 1175 BC.",1184,1153]
[null,1184,null,null,null,1184,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Aeneas is a character from Greco-Roman mythology, hero of the Trojan War, who after the fall of the city managed to escape, embarking on a journey to Latium (the central western region of Italy) where, after a series of events, He became king and, at the same time, the progenitor of the Roman people.",1184,null,null,"Aeneas is a character from Greco-Roman mythology, hero of the Trojan War, who after the fall of the city managed to escape, embarking on a journey to Latium (the central western region of Italy) where, after a series of events, He became king and, at the same time, the progenitor of the Roman people.",1184,1179]
[null,1179,31,null,null,1179,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lavinio was an ancient port city in Latium (Latium), 13 km south of Rome. Today it is located in the village of Pratica di Mare, in the commune of Pomezia, province of Rome. According to Greco-Roman mythology, the city was founded by the Trojan hero Aeneas, after escaping the fall of Troy, in honor of his wife Lavinia, daughter of Latinus, king of the Latins, and Amata; It was possibly the beginning of the migration settlements from Asia in this Italian region.",1180,null,null,"Lavinio was an ancient port city in Latium (Latium), 13 km south of Rome. Today it is located in the village of Pratica di Mare, in the commune of Pomezia, province of Rome. According to Greco-Roman mythology, the city was founded by the Trojan hero Aeneas, after escaping the fall of Troy, in honor of his wife Lavinia, daughter of Latinus, king of the Latins, and Amata; It was possibly the beginning of the migration settlements from Asia in this Italian region.",1180,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1179,null,null,"Ashur-dan I,  King of Assyria.",1179,1134]
[null,1171,null,null,null,1171,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ascanius. Son of Aeneas and Creusa. He reigned for 38 years.",1179,1141,{"$f":"+AM381-AN381","v":38},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Marduk-apla-iddina I, King of Babylon, Third Dynasty, Casita",1171,1159]
[null,1163,null,null,null,1163,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AM382-AN382","v":0},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lin Xin, King Shang - Yin.",1163,1160]
[null,1160,63,"IRAN","Elamite Empire\nKing Kutir-Nahhunte I of Elam counterattacked Babylon and caused serious damage and with his son Shutruk-Nahhunte, Elam defeated and overthrew the Kassites in 1158 and established the first short-lived Elamite Empire.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",1160,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"An almost generalized depopulation occurs and 80% of the inhabited centers disappear one hundred years earlier.",1160,null,null,null,1179,753,{"$f":"+AM383-AN383","v":426},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Elamite Empire\r\nKing Kutir-Nahhunte I of Elam counterattacked Babylon and caused serious damage and with his son Shutruk-Nahhunte, Elam defeated and overthrew the Kassites in 1158 and established the first short-lived Elamite Empire.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",1160,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Elamite Empire\r\nKing Kutir-Nahhunte I of Elam counterattacked Babylon and caused serious damage and with his son Shutruk-Nahhunte, Elam defeated and overthrew the Kassites in 1158 and established the first short-lived Elamite Empire.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",1160,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Geng Din, King Shang - Yin.",1160,1148]
[null,1158,64,"SUMERIA","Zababa-shum-iddina, King of Babylon, Third Dynasty, Casita. He was killed by the Elamite king Šutruk-Naḫḫunte during the conquest and sack of Babylon.",1158,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zababa-shum-iddina, King of Babylon, Third Dynasty, Casita. He was killed by the Elamite king Šutruk-Naḫḫunte during the conquest and sack of Babylon.",1158,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1120,null,null,null,null,null,"Ramsés IV, Heqamaatra Setepenamun",1153,1147]
[null,"1157 ",65,"SUMERIAN IRAN","Enlil-nādin-aḫi, King of Babylon, Third Dynasty, Casita:\r\nHe was king of Babylon fighting against the Elamite occupation forces; He was overthrown by Kutir-Nahhunte III, king of Elam, who ruled in Babylon and Babylon became an Elamite province. ","1157 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Enlil-nādin-aḫi, King of Babylon, Third Dynasty, Casita:\r\nHe was king of Babylon fighting against the Elamite occupation forces; He was overthrown by Kutir-Nahhunte III, king of Elam, who ruled in Babylon and Babylon became an Elamite province. ","1157 ",1155]
[null,1155,null,null,null,1155,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Kutir-Nahhunte I of Elam defeats and overthrows the Kassites in 1155.",1155,1120,null,null,null,null,null,"Kutir-Nahhunte III, king of Elam, organized a kind of permanent occupation and ruled in Babylon, after his father conquered it; To eliminate the various pockets of resistance he turned Babylon and the famous places of worship into a pile of ruins.",1155,1150]
[null,1155,null,null,null,1155,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"IV Dynasty: II Dynasty of Isin"]
[null,1157,null,null,null,1157,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Marduk-kabit-ahheshu, King of Babylon, IV Dynasty, Isin:\r\nHe managed to gather in Isin all those who did not accept vassalage to the Elamite Empire and from there the rebellion spread to other centers in the north. It has not been determined whether there was an Elamite interregnum between the fall of the preceding Kassite dynasty and that of Isin or whether there was an overlap of the two Babylonian dynasties.\"",1157,"1140 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Location of Elam"]
[null,1150,null,null,null,1150,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1150,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Silhak-Inshushinak or Shilkhakinshushinak, king of Elam, brother and successor of Kutir-Nahhunte III. He also ruled in Babylon, but at the end of his reign he had to undertake a series of campaigns in the territories surrounding Babylon to the northeast. Pockets of resistance were forming in this area, posing a threat to Elam.",1150,1120,null,null,null,null,null,"Ramsés V, Usermaatra Sekheperenra",1147,1143]
[null,1141,null,null,null,1141,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Silvio. Son of Aeneas and Lavinia, or Ascanius. He reigned for 29 years.",1141,{"$f":"+AM390-AO390","v":1112},29]
[null,1140,null,null,null,1140,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alba Longa was an ancient city in Latium, located in the Alban Mountains, founder and head of the Latin League. According to legend, Alba Longa was founded by Ascanius, also known as Iulus, the son of the Trojan hero Aeneas, thirty years after the founding of Lavinium. From Ascanio arose the dynasty of kings of Alba Longa who were the direct link that united Ascanio with Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome.",1140,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Wu Yi, King Shang - Yin.",1148,1113]
[null,1139,null,null,null,1139,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AM392-AO392","v":0},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Itti-Marduk-balatu, King of Babylon, IV Dynasty, Isin",1139,"1132 ",null,"Ninurta-Tukulti-Ashur, King of Assyria.",1133,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ramsés VI, Nebmaatra Meryamun",1143,1136]
[null,"1131 ",null,null,null,"1131 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AM393-AO393","v":0},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ninurta-nādin-šumi, King of Babylon, IV Dynasty, Isín","1131 ","1126 ",null,"Mutakkil-Nusku, King of Assyria.",1133,1133,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ramsés VII, Usermaatra Setepenra Meryamun",1136,1129]
[null,{"$f":"+F394","v":1125},null,null,null,1125,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nebuchadnezzar I, King of Babylon, IV Dynasty, Isin",1125,1104,null,"Ashur-resh-ishi I, King of Assyria.",1132,1115,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ramsés VIII, Usermaatra Akhenamun",1129,1126]
[null,1121,null,null,null,1121,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nebuchadnezzar I made an expedition to the Assyrian border and attacked the fortress of Zanku, but was repulsed by the then Assyrian king, Ashur-resh-ishi I.",1121,null,null,"Nebuchadnezzar I made an expedition to the Assyrian border and attacked the fortress of Zanku, but was repulsed by the then Assyrian king, Ashur-resh-ishi I.",1121,null,null,"Khutelutush-In-Shushinak, king of Elam.\r\nNebuchadnezzar I, King of Babylon, IV Dynasty, Isin overthrew and expelled the Elamites from Babylon and conquered Elam in 1120, bringing the Elamite empire to an end.",1120,1110,null,null,null,null,null,"Ramsés IX, Neferkara Setepenra",1126,1108]
[null,1120,66,"SUMERIA","Nebuchadnezzar overthrew and expelled the Elamites from Babylon.",1120,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nebuchadnezzar overthrew and expelled the Elamites from Babylon.",1120,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nebuchadnezzar overthrew and expelled the Elamites from Babylon.",1120]
[null,1112,null,null,null,1112,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Aeneas Silvius. Son of Silvio. He reigned for 31 years.",1112,1081,31]
[null,1110,67,"SUMERIA","Khutelutush-In-Shushinak, king of Elam, was defeated and deposed, having to abandon Susa, which was temporarily occupied by Nebuchadnezzar I and had to take refuge in Anshan. With this victory, Nebuchadnezzar was able to recover the statue of Marduk and the Code of Hammurabi, which had been stolen years before by the Elamite king Shutruk-Nahhunte.\r\nA few months after Nebuchadnezzar's capture of Susa, the Babylonians withdrew, leaving Silhina-Hamru-Lagamar in power, and then Elam fell into decline.",1110,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Khutelutush-In-Shushinak, king of Elam, was defeated and deposed, having to abandon Susa, which was temporarily occupied by Nebuchadnezzar I and he had to take refuge in Anshan. With this victory, Nebuchadnezzar was able to recover the statue of Marduk and the Code of Hammurabi, which had been stolen years ago by the Elamite king Shutruk-Nahhunte.",1110,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Khutelutush-In-Shushinak, king of Elam, was defeated and deposed, having to abandon Susa, which was temporarily occupied by Nebuchadnezzar I and had to take refuge in Anshan. With this victory, Nebuchadnezzar was able to recover the statue of Marduk and the Code of Hammurabi, which had been stolen years before by the Elamite king Shutruk-Nahhunte.\r\nA few months after Nebuchadnezzar's capture of Susa, the Babylonians withdrew, leaving Silhina-Hamru-Lagamar in power, and then Elam fell into decline.",1110,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ramsés X, Khepermaatra Setepenra",1108,1099,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Wen Ding, King Shang - Yin.",1112,1102]
[null,"1103 ",null,null,null,"1103 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fundación de la colonia fenicia de Gadir (la Gades romana, que hoy es Cádiz)",1104,null,null,"Fundación de la colonia fenicia de Gadir (la Gades romana, que hoy es Cádiz)",1104,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Enlil-nadin-apli, King of Babylon, IV Dynasty, Isin","1103 ","1100 ",null,"Tiglathpileser I, King of Assyria. (also called Teglat-Falassar)",1114,1076,null,null,null,null,null,"Foundation of Gádir, current Cádiz, colony of Tire",1104]
[null,1101,null,null,null,1101,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Iolkos, Miletus and Chios are destroyed.",1100,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Aram-Damascus was an Aramaic state established around its capital, Damascus, in Syria; In 732 BC C., the king of Damascus allied with Pekah, king of Israel, to attack Ahaz, king of Judah, who asked for help, after paying a tribute, to the Assyrian king Tiglathpileser III, who sacked Damascus and annexed Aram; The Egyptians, Assyrians, Babylonians and Hittites successively occupied the strategic soil of Syria during this period, while it was a transit land between their empires.",1100,732,null,"Kingdom of Kush.\r\nThe city of Napata in Nubia became the capital of the Nubian kingdom of Kush as Egypt loosened its grip on the country. ",1100,300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Di Yi, King Shang - Yin..",1101,1075]
[null,1099,null,null,null,1099,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Marduk-nadin-ahhe, King of Babylon, IV Dynasty, Isin",1099,"1082 ",null,"Harran, Haran, Haran or Carrhae is an ancient settlement at the crossroads of Damascus, Karchemish and Nineveh with a strategic location throughout history; Assyrian inscriptions mention this place around 1100 BC. C. with the name of harrānu. Harran was known early in history for being one of the sanctuaries, along with the city of Ur, that were dedicated to the cult of the Moon-god Sin, venerated by the Semites of Mesopotamia.",1100,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ramesses",1099,1069,null,"The painted gray pottery culture, which flourished in the regions of Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh in northern India, is believed to belong to the Kuru and Panchala kingdoms. The kingdom of Videha emerged as a new center of Vedic culture, situated further east (in present-day Nepal and the Indian state of Bihar) during the later part of this period corresponding to a consolidation of increasingly states and kingdoms. elders, called mahajanapadas, throughout northern India.",1100,600]
[null,"1081 ",null,null,null,"1081 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Latin Silvio. Possibly a son of Aeneas Silvius. He reigned for 51 years.",1081,1030,51,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Marduk-šapik-zeri, King of Babylon, IV Dynasty, Isín","1081 ","1069 ",null,"Asharid-apal-Ekur, King of Assyria.",1075,1074]
[null,1075,null,null,null,1075,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The majority of surviving Mycenaeans flee to various destinations, which are the Adriatic islands (Kefalonia and Corfu), the Aegean islands (Cyprus and Crete), Asia Minor (Cilicia and Ionia) and the most isolated areas of Continental Greece (Arcadia).",1075,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ashur-bel-kala, King of Assyria.",1074,1056,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Di Xin, King Shang - Yin..",1075,1046]
[null,1071,null,null,null,1071,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The few Mycenaeans who remained were enslaved by the new Indo-European wave led by the Dorians like the Helots of Sparta or the Feet of Dust in Thessaly.",1071]
[null,1070,68,"GREECE","End of the Mycenaean Civilization\nWhatever the causes, the Mycenaean civilization disappeared definitively when Mycenae and Tiryns were destroyed again, then abandoned, and became minor places for the rest of its existence.\nDARK AGE\nPeriod in the history of Greece that runs from the collapse of the Mycenaean world to the Greek archaic era.\"",1070,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"End of the Mycenaean Civilization\r\nWhatever the causes, the Mycenaean civilization disappeared definitively when Mycenae and Tiryns were destroyed again, then abandoned, and became minor places for the rest of its existence.\r\nThus begins the so-called GREEK DARK AGE, characterized by the scarcity of sources that make possible the reconstruction of the historical realities of this period. Apparently, the Dark Ages are an episode of Greek cultural decline and recess, but with the little data we have it is not possible to say for sure. In addition, the gradual replacement of bronze by iron takes place.",1070]
[null,1069,69,"EGYPT","End of the New Egyptian Empire.\nA High Priest attempted to stage a coup against Ramses XI who managed to depose him and replaced him with a Libyan mercenary general, Herihor. He and his relative Esmendes defeated the \"impure\" and then succeeded Ramses XI. Esmendes proclaimed himself pharaoh in Lower Egypt, while Herihor became an independent sovereign in the south, although holding only religious office. ",1069,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"DARK AGE\r\nPeriod in the history of Greece that runs from the collapse of the Mycenaean world to the Greek archaic era.\"",1070,776,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"End of the New Egyptian Empire.\r\nA High Priest attempted to stage a coup against Ramses XI who managed to depose him and replaced him with a Libyan mercenary general, Herihor. He and his relative Esmendes defeated the \"impure\" and then succeeded Ramses XI. Esmendes proclaimed himself pharaoh in Lower Egypt, while Herihor became an independent ruler in Nubia in the south, although holding only religious office. ",1069]
[null,1068,null,null,null,1068,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Adad-apla-iddina, King of Babylon, IV Dynasty, Isin",1068,1047,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The 21st dynasty ruled approximately between 1069 and 945 BC (7 pharaohs)\r\nSmendes, Hedjkheperra Setepenra",1069,1043]
[null,1056,null,null,null,1056,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1056,null,null,"Eriba-Adad II, King of Assyria.",1056,1054]
[null,1050,null,null,null,1050,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1050,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"After the end of the 20th Dynasty, around 1050 BC. C., violent separatist movements occur in the kingdom of the Nubians. In Egypt the Third Intermediate Period begins, leaving Nubia to its fate for more than two centuries.",1050,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Manchuria is the homeland of the Xianbei, Khitan and Jurchen peoples, who built several states.",1050]
[null,1046,null,"CHINA","The army of the Zhou dynasty, led by the famous Jiang Ziya, defeated the Shang dynasty, at the Battle of Muye and the defeated king Di Xin gathered all his treasures in the palace, set them on fire and committed suicide.",1046,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The army of the Zhou dynasty, led by the famous Jiang Ziya, defeated the Shang dynasty at the Battle of Muye and the defeated king Di Xin gathered all his treasures in the palace, set them on fire and committed suicide.",1046]
[null,1046,null,"CHINA","Zhou Dynasty: It was the last of the dynasties of kings before the imperial dynasties. During this time, the great Chinese thinkers of ancient times lived, such as Confucius, and classical Chinese literature began.",1046,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Marduk-ahhe-eriba, King of Babylon, IV Dynasty, Isin",1046,null,null,"Shamshiadad IV, King of Assyria.",1054,1050,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Western Zhou Dynasty: It was the last of the dynasties of kings before the imperial dynasties. During this time, the great Chinese thinkers of ancient times lived, such as Confucius, and classical Chinese literature began.",1046,771]
[null,1046,null,null,null,1046,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Wu of Zhou.",1046,1043]
[null,"1045 ",null,null,null,"1045 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Marduk-zer-x, King of Babylon, IV Dynasty, Isin","1045 ","1034 ",null,"Ashurnasirpal I, King of Assyria.",1050,1032,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Amenemnisu, Neferkara",1043,1039]
[null,1042,null,null,null,1042,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Cheng of Zhou.",1042,1021]
[null,1042,null,null,null,1042,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"During the government of Chéng Wáng between 1042 and 1021 BC, groups known as the xiānbēi came to maintain direct alliance pacts with one of the guó who provided direct submission and vassalage to the Zhōu dynasty. These groups are pointed out as proto-ancestors of the Eurasian nomads who would appear in Central Asia and Eastern Europe, ruling the Rouran Qayanate (330-555) which in turn was displaced by the Köktürk Khaganate, the seed of the Turkish founders of the Ottoman Empire.",1042,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"During the government of Chéng Wáng between 1042 and 1021 BC, groups known as the xiānbēi came to maintain direct alliance pacts with one of the guó who provided direct submission and vassalage to the Zhōu dynasty. These groups are pointed out as proto-ancestors of the Eurasian nomads who would appear in Central Asia and Eastern Europe, ruling the Rouran Qayanate (330-555) which in turn was displaced by the Köktürk Khaganate, the seed of the Turkish founders of the Ottoman Empire.",1042]
[null,"1033 ",null,null,null,"1033 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nabû-šumu-libūr, King of Babylon, IV Dynasty, Isín\r\nTurbulent times, where poor harvests and constant conflicts with semi-nomadic tribes caused the fall of the Isin Dynasty.","1033 ","1026 ",null,"Shalmaneser II, King of Assyria.",1031,1020,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Psusenes I, Akheperra Setepenamun",1039,991,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jin State\r\nKing Cheng in his distribution of the lands conquered from Zhou relatives and ministers as hereditary fiefs, gave a land called Tang, west of what is today Yicheng county in Shanxi, to his younger brother, Tang Shuyu with the rank of marquis. His son, next successor, Marquis Xie of Jin changed the name from Tang to Jin. In 403, the three great families of Jin, with the approval of King Zhou, divided Jin into three states, the state of Han, the state of Zhao, and the state of Wei.",1040,403]
[null,1030,null,null,null,1030,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sunrise. Possibly a son of Latino Silvio. He reigned for 39 years.",1030,991,39,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Kingdom of Israel was a kingdom of the ancient Near East, whose history, according to the Bible, is divided into two periods: the first of them, called the United Kingdom, which included all the territories inhabited by the twelve tribes of Israel in an area that is currently corresponds to the modern state of Israel, the Palestinian territories and part of the kingdom of Jordan and which was ruled by Saul, David and Solomon (1030-930 BC) and the second period, (930-720 BC), It designates the northern part of the previous kingdom, now comprising only the territories of Samaria and Galilee and which only included ten tribes except for Judah and Benjamin who founded the Kingdom of Judah.",1030,720]
[null,1030,null,null,null,1030,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Reign of Saul, possibly a type of leadership over the twelve tribes of Israel.",1030,1010]
[null,"1025 ",null,null,null,"1025 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Simbar-Shipak, King of Babylon, V Dynasty, Country of the Sea\r\nAs a soldier from southern Mesopotamia, he emerged to stabilize the situation.","1025 ",1008,null,"Ashur-nirari IV, King of Assyria.",1020,1016]
[null,1021,null,null,null,1021,null,null,null,"The Scandinavians established several settlements in different areas of the North Atlantic, including a part of North America such as the island of Greenland and briefly on the island of Newfoundland (Canada), in the 11th century. It is currently known with certainty that the Vikings arrived on the island of Newfoundland, and that according to the Icelandic sagas, the Viking who arrived on these shores was Leif Eriksson. Archaeological finds indicate the existence of Viking remains in a small settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows.",1021]
[null,1020,null,null,null,1020,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Kang of Zhou.",1020,996]
[null,1016,null,null,null,1016,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1016,null,null,"Ashur-rabi II, King of Assyria.",1016,973]
[null,1010,null,null,null,1010,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Reign of Ishbaal, son of Saul, over the northern tribes",1010,1010]
[null,1010,null,null,null,1010,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Reign of David, in Hebron, over the tribe of Judah.",1010,1003]
[null,"1008 ",null,null,null,"1008 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ea-mukin-zeri, King of Babylon, 5th Dynasty, Country of the Sea","1008 "]
[null,"1007 ",null,null,null,"1007 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kashu-nadin-ahhe, King of Babylon, 5th Dynasty, Country of the Sea\r\nHis brief reign was marked by hardship and famine, so severe that it caused the suspension of regular offerings of food and drink at the Ebabbar temple, dedicated to Shamash, at Sippar.","1007 ","1005 "]
[null,"1004 ",null,null,null,"1004 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Los fenicios fueron, precisamente, los que fundaron Lisboa.",1000,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Iron Age cultures, such as Wessenstedt and Jastorf, marked the transition from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic 1,000",1000,null,null,"Iron Age cultures, such as Wessenstedt and Jastorf, marked the transition from Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic",1000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Eulmash-shakin-shumi, King of Babylon, 6th Dynasty, Bazi - The minor Kassite clan of Bazi amid the confusion created by the Aramaean invasions and famines appears to have seized the throne and possibly moved the capital to Kar-Marduk , a hitherto unknown location, presumably less vulnerable to invasion.","1004 ","988 ",null,null,null,null,null,"Cattle nomads, ancestors of the Persian Achaemenids, who spoke some type of Indo-Iranian language, had begun to infiltrate the Zagros since the beginning of the 1st century, settling among the native population of the Media region, which was made up of several small tribes of warriors. who are first mentioned by the Assyrians as enemies of Shalmaneser III around 858-824 BC. c.",1000,750]
[null,1003,null,null,null,1003,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Reign of David, from Jerusalem, over the united kingdom of Israel",1003,966,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"At the end of the Jōmon period, the Jōmon people molded figures of small humanoids, called \"dogū\", made of clay, small in size, commonly between 10 to 30 cm., many of them appear to be female figures, they have large eyes, narrow waists and wide hips. Approximately 15,000 Dogu figures have been found throughout Japan, except in Okinawa.",1000,400]
[null,1000,null,null,null,1000,null,null,null,"BASKET CULTURE_ANANAZI\r\nThe Anasazis formed an Amerindian archaeological culture that included different similar cultures that resided in the same area such as the Hohokam, the Mogollón and the Pataya, developed on the surface of the current states of Colorado, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico.\r\nWith the introduction of corn in the region around 1000 BC. C. and the tendency to abandon nomadism in favor of permanent settlements, the ancestral settlers had developed to what archaeologists call the basket-making culture and then survived by combining hunting, gathering and subsistence agriculture with crops such as corn , beans and pumpkin. They built the first towns after the year 650 AD. C. and at the end of the 12th century, they began to build the enormous houses on the cliffs that have made the park famous. Beginning in the year 1300, after a period of social and environmental instability caused by a series of severe and prolonged droughts, the Anasazis abandoned the area and moved south, taking refuge in the Rio Grande Valley and central Arizona. Their traces are lost shortly before the arrival of the Spanish. Their civilization has left several popular and liturgical vestiges in different places. The remains found by archaeologists demonstrate a knowledge of ceramics, weaving and irrigation. In addition, they drew symbols that have not been deciphered and observed solar movements.",1000,"1341 d. C.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Aramaic kingdoms\r\nThe Aramaic kingdoms were ancient states that arose around the Arabian Peninsula that gained importance by imposing their language on most of the Middle East. Their military potential and the structural weakness of the states in the region were the determining causes for the Arameans to impose dynastic lines in ancient urban centers, in which they integrated their elemental system of gentile organization, whose leaders maintained special relations with the monarch. , who presents himself as a providential protector. From a cultural point of view, a mixture took place; Thus, while they adopted the local gods, they managed to impose their language. The main Aramaic political centers were Bit Agusi (house of Agusi), in the Aleppo area, with its capital in Arpad; BIT Adini with capital at Til Barsip, riding on the Euphrates; Guzana was the capital of BIT Bahiani, on the Khabur plain; and no less important were Hamath and, above all, Damascus, which maintained a considerable rivalry for two centuries with Israel.\r\nThey were conquered around the 8th century BC. C. by powerful Assyria.",1000,750]
[null,995,null,null,null,995,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rey Zhao de Zhou.",995,977]
[null,991,null,null,null,991,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Attis (in Livy) or Capetus (in Dionysius). Possibly a son of Alba. He reigned for 26 years.",991,965,26]
[null,"987 ",null,null,null,"987 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ninurta-kudurri-usur I, King of Babylon, 6th Dynasty, Bazi","987 ","986 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Amenemope, Usermaatra Setepenamun",993,984]
[null,"985 ",null,null,null,"985 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shirikti-Shuqamuna, King of Babylon, 6th Dynasty, Bazi","985 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Osorkon the Elder, Akheperra Setepenra",984,978]
[null,"984 ",null,null,null,"984 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mar-biti-apla-usur, King of Babylon, VII Dynasty, Elamite: The circumstances of the fall of the preceding Bazi dynasty and its replacement are unknown. This king's name is Akkadian and in the Dynastic Chronicle he is described as a remote descendant of Elam.","984 ",979]
[null,"978 ",null,null,null,"978 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nabu-mukin-apli, King of Babylon, 8th Dynasty: His reign was plagued by Aramaic invasions, separating Babylon from its agricultural infrastructure for several years.","978 ",943,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Siamon, Netjerkheperra Setepenamun",978,959]
[null,976,null,null,null,976,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Mu de Zhou.",976,922]
[null,973,null,null,null,973,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,973,null,null,"Ashur-resh-ishi II, King of Assyria.",973,967,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Psusenes II, Titkheperura Setepenra",959,945]
[null,966,null,null,null,966,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Reign of Solomon in the united kingdom of Israel.",966,928]
[null,967,null,null,null,967,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,967,null,null,"Tiglathpileser II, King of Assyria, also called Teglath-Falassar",967,935]
[null,965,null,null,null,965,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Capis. Possibly a son of Capet. He reigned for 28 years.",965,937,28]
[null,960,null,null,null,960,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Temple in Jerusalem was built by King Solomon, son of King David, around 960 BC. C. and functioned as the main sanctuary of the Israelites to replace the Tabernacle that, since the Exodus, was used as a center of worship for the god Yahweh.",960]
[null,"943 ",null,null,null,"943 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ninurta-kudurri-usur II, King of Babylon, IX Dynasty","943 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The XXII dynasty were Libyans and ruled approximately between 945 and 715 BC (10 pharaohs)\r\nheshonq I, Hedjkheperra - Osorcón I, Sekhemkheperra - Takelot I - Sheshonq II - Osorcón II, Usermaatra - Takelot II, Hedjkheperra - Sheshonq III, Usermaatra - Pimay, Usermaatra - Sheshonq V, Aakheperra - Osorcón IV",945,715]
[null,"942 ",null,null,null,"942 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina, King of Babylon, IX Dynasty","942 ","920 "]
[null,937,null,null,null,937,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Capet II. Possibly a son of Capis. He reigned for 13 years.",937,924,13]
[null,930,70,"MIDDLE EAST MEDITERRANEAN","The Kingdom of Judah was a state in the Mediterranean Levant that the Hebrew Bible describes as the successor to the United Kingdom of Israel, after the schism caused by the death of Solomon; the kingdom is considered to have been a small entity, of tribal origin, that It was limited to the region of Judea, with Jerusalem and its nearby surroundings, dependent on the Kingdom of Israel and only after the fall of Samaria, Judah became a relatively important kingdom.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHICS",930,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Kingdom of Judah was a state in the Mediterranean Levant that the Hebrew Bible describes as the successor to the United Kingdom of Israel, after the schism caused by the death of Solomon; the kingdom is considered to have been a small entity, of tribal origin, that It was limited to the region of Judea, with Jerusalem and its nearby surroundings, dependent on the Kingdom of Israel and only after the fall of Samaria, Judah became a relatively important kingdom.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHICS",930,586,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kingdom of Judah (south) and Kingdom of Israel (north), around 830 BC. C. Judah covers the region of Judea, and Israel covers Samaria and Galilee."]
[null,928,null,null,null,928,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rebellion of the northern tribes against Rehoboam and separation from Judah: two kingdoms emerge; until 722 BC. C., the northern kingdom of Israel with its capital at Shechem is ruled by twenty monarchs in nine dynastic periods.",928]
[null,924,null,null,null,924,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tiberinus Silvio. Possibly son of Capet II. He reigned for 8 years. He died in combat near a river and his body was dragged by it. The river was renamed the Tiber in his honor.",924,916,8]
[null,922,null,null,null,922,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Gong de Zhou.",922,900]
[null,920,null,null,null,920,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Šamaš-mudammiq, King of Babilonia, IX Dinastía",920,"900 "]
[null,916,null,null,null,916,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Agrippa. Possibly a son of Tiberinus. He reigned for 41 years.",916,875,41]
[null,911,71,"ASSYRIA","Neo-Assyrian Empire Period\nThe Assyrians perfected techniques of conquest and imperial rule, becoming the most powerful state in the region, dominating the Ancient Near East, the eastern Mediterranean, Anatolia, the Caucasus and parts of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa. eclipsing and conquering rivals such as Babylon, Elam, Persia, Urartu, Lydia, the Medes, the Phrygians, the Cimmerians, Israel, Judah, Phoenicia, Chaldea, Canaan, the Kushite Empire, the Arabs and Egypt.",911,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Neo-Assyrian Empire Period\r\nThe Assyrians perfected techniques of conquest and imperial rule, becoming the most powerful state in the region, dominating the Ancient Near East, the eastern Mediterranean, Anatolia, the Caucasus and parts of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa. eclipsing and conquering rivals such as Babylon, Elam, Persia, Urartu, Lydia, the Medes, the Phrygians, the Cimmerians, Israel, Judah, Phoenicia, Chaldea, Canaan, the Kushite Empire, the Arabs and Egypt.",911]
[null,911,null,null,null,911,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Adad-nirari II, King of Assyria.\r\nHe twice defeated the Babylonian king Shamash-mudammiq, taking from him the cities of Hit and Zanqu and later he would also defeat the new Babylonian king Nabu-shuma-ukin I. ",911]
[null,900,72,"ASSYRIA","The conquests of Adad-nirari II at the end of the 10th century BC. C. made Assyria the most powerful state in the region, which came to dominate the Ancient Near East, the eastern Mediterranean, Anatolia, the Caucasus and parts of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa, eclipsing and conquering rivals such as Babylon, Elam, Persia, Urartu, Lydia, the Medes, the Phrygians, the Cimmerians, Israel, Judah, Phoenicia, Chaldea, Canaan, the Kushite Empire, the Arabs and Egypt.",900,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A new wave of colonization began to settle in Britain by people known as CELTS who were very skilled artisans who produced everything from jewelry with intricate motifs to iron weapons. Celtic warriors were famous for their ferocity in combat and it was not uncommon to find female warriors. The most famous of them was Boudicca. The Celts practiced paganism and their priests were the druids, a powerful class, as much as the warriors. Celtic culture did not use writing, so the law and rituals were transmitted orally.",900,500,null,"Proto-orientalizing stage of Tartessos with an increase in metal and goldsmithing pieces, as well as demographics.",900,700,null,"Proto-orientalizing stage of Tartessos with an increase in metal and goldsmithing pieces, as well as demographics.",900,700,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The conquests of Adad-nirari II at the end of the 10th century BC. C. made Assyria the most powerful state in the region, which came to dominate the Ancient Near East, the eastern Mediterranean, Anatolia, the Caucasus and parts of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa, eclipsing and conquering rivals such as Babylon, Elam, Persia, Urartu, Lydia, the Medes, the Phrygians, the Cimmerians, Israel, Judah, Phoenicia, Chaldea, Canaan, the Kushite Empire, the Arabs and Egypt.",900,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nabu-shuma-ukin I, King of Babylon, IX Dynasty",900,888,null,"The conquests of Adad-nirari II at the end of the 10th century BC. C. made Assyria the most powerful state in the region, which came to dominate the Ancient Near East, the eastern Mediterranean, Anatolia, the Caucasus and parts of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa, eclipsing and conquering rivals such as Babylon, Elam, Persia, Urartu, Lydia, the Medes, the Phrygians, the Cimmerians, Israel, Judah, Phoenicia, Chaldea, Canaan, the Kushite Empire, the Arabs and Egypt.",900,891,null,"The conquests of Adad-nirari II at the end of the 10th century BC. C. made Assyria the most powerful state in the region, which came to dominate the Ancient Near East, the eastern Mediterranean, Anatolia, the Caucasus and parts of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa, eclipsing and conquering rivals such as Babylon, Elam, Persia, Urartu, Lydia, the Medes, the Phrygians, the Cimmerians, Israel, Judah, Phoenicia, Chaldea, Canaan, the Kushite Empire, the Arabs and Egypt.",900,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Yi of Zhou.",900,891]
[null,891,null,null,null,891,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Xiao of Zhou.",891,886]
[null,888,null,null,null,888,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nabu-apla-iddina, King of Babylon, IX Dynasty",888,"855 ",null,"Tukulti-ninurta II, King of Assyria.",891,883]
[null,885,73,"\"Nimrud\r\n(Kalkhu-Calaj)\r\nASSYRIA\"","Ashurnasirpal II, King of Assyria.\nHe decided to build in Kalkhu, ancient Nimrud, his new capital.\"",885,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ashurnasirpal II, King of Assyria.",885,859,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Yi of Zhou.",885,877]
[null,877,null,null,null,877,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"He decided to build in Kalkhu, ancient Nimrud, his new capital.\"",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Li of Zhou.",877,841]
[null,{"$f":"+F458","v":875},null,null,null,875,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Romulus Silvius (in Livy) or Aladius (in Dionysius). Possibly a son of Agrippa. He reigned for 19 years. He is considered a tyrant and disrespectful of the gods. He frightened the people by throwing lightning bolts at them, until he himself was killed by one and his house was submerged in Lake Albano.",875,856,19,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Syrian harassment of the kingdom of Israel; transfer of the capital from Tirzah to Samaria; Israel-Phoenician alliance",875]
[null,860,74,"\"Türkiye\r\nARMENIA\"","Urartu is one of the first kingdoms of Armenia, located in a mountainous area located between the southeast of the Black Sea and the southwest of the Caspian Sea, currently shared by the Armenian Republic, Iran and Turkey, formed after the fall of the Hittite Empire. It includes the great lakes of Van in Turkey (where the ancient capital Tushpa is located), Urmia (in Iran) and Lake Sevan (in Armenia). In Urartu the Assyrians (first cavalry of archers) supplied themselves with horses that could be ridden, possibly the first horses large enough for cavalry (previously they were only used as chariot teams).\nVER GRAFICA ILUSTRATIVA",860,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Urartu is one of the first kingdoms of Armenia, located in a mountainous area located between the southeast of the Black Sea and the southwest of the Caspian Sea, currently shared by the Armenian Republic, Iran and Turkey, formed after the fall of the Hittite Empire. It includes the great lakes of Van in Turkey (where the ancient capital Tushpa is located), Urmia (in Iran) and Lake Sevan (in Armenia). In Urartu the Assyrians (first cavalry of archers) supplied themselves with horses that could be ridden, possibly the first horses large enough for cavalry (previously they were only used as chariot teams).",null,860,585]
[null,858,null,null,null,858,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Salmanasar III, Rey de Asiria.",858,824]
[null,856,null,null,null,856,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Aventine. Possibly a son of Aladio. He reigned for 37 years. The Aventine Hill was named in his honor.",856,819,37]
[null,"855 ",null,null,null,"855 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Marduk-zakir-shumi I, King of Babylon, IX Dynasty","855 ","819 "]
[null,850,null,null,null,850,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Mannai (or Mannea; in Akkadian Mannai, possibly the biblical Minni, are an ancient people of unknown origin, who lived in the territory of what is now Iran and Azerbaijan at a time when they were neighbors of the empires of Assyria and Urartu, as well as other small buffer states between the two, such as Musasir and Zikirta.\r\nThe kingdom of Mannai began to flourish around 850 BC. C. The Manaenos were mainly sedentary people, who practiced irrigation and raised cattle and horses. The capital was another fortified city, Izirtu (Zirta).",850,600]
[null,841,null,null,null,841,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gonghe Regency of Zhou.",841,827]
[null,838,null,null,null,838,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The kingdom of Israel becomes a tributary tributary of Shalmaneser III, Assyrian king.",838]
[null,825,null,null,null,825,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Foundation of Carthage, colony of Tire\r\nThe Phoenician merchant sailors of Sidon created walled settlements-warehouses while those of Tire founded Qart Hadasht (Carthage) in North Africa, whose strategic position between the western Mediterranean and the eastern Mediterranean made it the most important of all the colonies and It ended up hosting the center of the Punic civilization when the metropolitan cities of the Levant were conquered by the Persian Empire. ",825,820]
[null,827,null,null,null,827,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Xuan of Zhou.",827,780]
[null,824,null,null,null,824,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shalmaneser III fought thirty-two battles, defeated Syria and Israel, who had allied themselves against their enemy Assyria, and forced them to pay tribute, with a black obelisk found in the ruins of Calach representing Jehu of Israel kissing the feet of Shalmaneser.",824]
[null,"819 ",null,null,null,"819 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Procas. Possibly a son of Aventine. He reigned for 23 years.",819,796,23,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Marduk-balassu-iqbi, King of Babylon, IX Dynasty","819 ",813,null,"Shamshi-Adad V, King of Assyria.",823,811,null,null,null,null,null,"Shalmaneser III fought thirty-two battles, defeated Syria and Israel, who had allied themselves against their enemy Assyria, and forced them to pay tribute, with a black obelisk found in the ruins of Calach representing Jehu of Israel kissing the feet of Shalmaneser.",824,null,null,"The XXIII dynasty, centered on Heracleopolis and Thebes, was also of Libyan origin and ruled approximately between 818 and 715 BC (7 pharaohs)\r\nPedubastis, Usermaatra - Rebel, seized Thebes from Takelot II.-Iuput I - Co-regent with Pedubastis- Sheshonq VI - Successor of Pedubastis.- Osorcón III, Usermaatra - Son of Takelot II, recovered Thebes and then proclaimed himself king.- Takelot III - Co-regent with his father Osorcón III.- Rudamon - Son of Osorcón III and brother of Takelot III.- Iuput II",818,715]
[null,"813 ",null,null,null,"813 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Baba-aha-iddina, King of Babylon, IX Dynasty","813 ","811 ",null,"Adadnarari III, King of Assyria.\r\nSammuramat or Semiramis, regent (810-805 BC)",810,783,null,null,null,null,null,"Tire, under the reign of Hiram I of Tyre, became the predominant center of the Mediterranean.",814]
[null,808,75,"GREECE","The Kingdom of Macedonia was a Greek state of classical and Hellenistic antiquity, in the north of modern-day Greece, bordered by the Kingdom of Epirus in the west and the region of Thrace in the east. This territory largely coincides with the contemporary Greek regions on the outskirts of Western Macedonia and Central Macedonia.",808,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Kingdom of Macedonia was a Greek state of classical and Hellenistic antiquity, in the north of modern-day Greece, bordered by the Kingdom of Epirus in the west and the region of Thrace in the east. This territory largely coincides with the contemporary Greek regions on the outskirts of Western Macedonia and Central Macedonia.",808,168,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The proximity of the kingdom of Urartu to overwhelming Assyria produced a strong ideological, literary and technical influence on Urartu. The state of Urartu was annihilated around 585 BC. C., due to the invasion of the Medes Scythians who governed it as a satrapy of Armenia.",null,800,585,null,null,null,null,null,"Interregnum, Kings of Babylon, IX Dynasty","811 ",800,null,"Urartu is one of the first kingdoms of Armenia; is the Assyrian name for a mountainous area located between the southeast of the Black Sea and the southwest of the Caspian Sea, currently shared by the Armenian Republic, Iran and Turkey, formed after the fall of the Hittite Empire. The proximity to overwhelming Assyria produced from 1275 BC. C. a strong ideological, literary and technical influence on Urartu. The state of Urartu was annihilated around 585 BC. C., due to the invasion of the Medes Scythians who governed it as a satrapy of Armenia.",800,585,null,"Urartu is one of the first kingdoms of Armenia; is the Assyrian name for a mountainous area located between the southeast of the Black Sea and the southwest of the Caspian Sea, currently shared by the Armenian Republic, Iran and Turkey, formed after the fall of the Hittite Empire. The proximity to overwhelming Assyria produced from 1275 BC. C. a strong ideological, literary and technical influence on Urartu. The state of Urartu was annihilated around 585 BC. C., due to the invasion of the Medes Scythians who governed it as a satrapy of Armenia.",800,585]
[null,"800 ",null,null,null,"800 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The territory of present-day Austria was occupied by various tribes, initially by Illyrians and Ligurians, Celts of the Hallstatt culture; The first people organized as a nation state was a Celtic kingdom known to the Romans as Noricum in territories of present-day Austria, German Bavaria and part of Slovenia.",800,400,null,"Carano, King of Macedonia\r\nAccording to Greek myth, Carano was one of the sons of King Temenus. Temenus, Cresphontes and Aristodemus were the three leaders of the Dorians who invaded the Peloponnese.",808,778,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Slavs entered the Iron Age and began their gradual expansion eastwards into the Eastern Slavs.",800,700,null,"Ninurta-apla-X, King of Babylon, IX Dynasty","800 ",790,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The rise and importance of Carthage begins",800,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Upanishads: Between 800 and 400 BC. C. the first Upanishads were composed, the more than 200 Hindu sacred books written in the Sanskrit language, texts that form the theoretical basis of classical Hinduism and are known as Vedanta (conclusion of the Vedas).",800,400,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Assyria - Urartu around 800 BC. c."]
[null,796,null,null,null,796,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Amulio. The youngest of the sons of Procas, who usurped the throne from his brother Numitor. He reigned for 42 years. Killed by his grandnephew Romulus and Remus.",796,754,42]
[null,"790 ",null,null,null,"790 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Marduk-bel-zeri, King of Babylon, IX Dynasty","790 ",780]
[null,782,null,null,null,782,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yerevan, the modern capital of Armenia, was founded in 782 BC. C. by Argishti I, king of Urartu.",null,782,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Reign of Jeroboam II, considered the most important of the kings of Israel (Northern kingdom).",782,753]
[null,"780 ",null,null,null,"780 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Marduk-apla-usur, King of Babylon, IX Dynasty","780 ",769,null,"Shalmaneser IV, King of Assyria.",783,772,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King You de Zhou.",780,770]
[null,776,null,null,null,776,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Olympic Games in Antiquity\r\nA series of athletic competitions contested by representatives of various Greek city-states starting in 776 BC. C. that were normally contested every four years or an Olympics. During the competition, the Olympic truce was enacted to allow athletes to travel safely from their cities to Olympia.",776,"393 d. C."]
[null,775,null,null,null,775,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alara, King of Kush, ruler from Napata, the capital of the Nubian country; He was considered the founder of the Egyptian Napata dynasty by the later kings of the 25th Kushite dynasty.",775,760]
[null,770,null,null,null,770,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Eastern Zhou Dynasty - Spring and Autumn Period, takes its name from the Annals of Spring and Autumn, attributed to Confucius.",770,476]
[null,770,null,null,null,770,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Ping, Eastern Zhou.",770,719]
[null,"769 ",null,null,null,"769 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Eriba-Marduk, Rey de Babilonia, IX Dinastía","769 ","761 ",null,"Ashur-dan III, Rey de Asiria.",772,755,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Huan, Eastern Zhou.",719,696]
[null,"761 ",null,null,null,"761 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"El intenso endurecimiento climático  desencadena un proceso migratorio hacia el sur.",760,300,null,"El intenso endurecimiento climático  desencadena un proceso migratorio hacia el sur.",760,300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nabu-shuma-ishkun, Rey de Babilonia, IX Dinastía","761 ",748,null,"Ashur-nirari V, Rey de Asiria.",754,745,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Zhuang, Eastern Zhou.",696,681]
[null,754,null,null,null,754,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Numitor. El hermano mayor de Amulio. Sucedió a Amulio un año antes de la fundación de Roma. ",754,753,1]
[null,753,76,"ROME","The Roman Monarchy was the oldest period in the history of Ancient Rome during which the Roman State was governed by kings elected by the people of Rome for life; It began with the founding of the city of Rome by Romulus on April 21, 753 BC. C. and ended with the expulsion of the last king in the year 509 BC. C. which gave way to the establishment of the Roman Republic.",753,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"La Monarquía romana fue el periodo más antiguo de la historia de la Antigua Roma durante el cual el Estado romano estuvo gobernado por reyes elegidos por la gente de Roma de forma vitalicia; comenzó con la propia fundación de la ciudad de Roma por Rómulo el 21 de abril del año 753 a. C. y terminó con la expulsión del último rey en el año 509 a. C. que dio paso a la instauración de la República romana.",753,509,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,753,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Xi, Eastern Zhou.",681,676]
[null,753,null,null,null,753,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Coeno, Rey de Macedonia",753,722,null,"Fundación de la ciudad de Roma cerca del monte Palatino, junto al río Tíber en un punto que permitía su cruce y que además era navegable desde el mar (ubicado a 25 km río abajo).  \nRómulo, Primer rey de Roma \nTito Tacio, rey sabino gobernó en diarquía hasta 745 a. C.                         ",753,717,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,753,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The 25th Dynasty of Egypt, or Kushite (c. 747 to 664 BC) (5 pharaohs)\r\nThe Nubians invaded Lower Egypt and took control of the country under Pharaoh Piye, although in the early years of his reign they controlled Thebes and Upper Egypt. Established as a new dynasty, they ruled until 656 BC. The city of Napata being the place of origin of the pharaohs and perhaps the capital of Egypt and place of enthronement.\"",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Hui, Eastern Zhou.",676,651]
[null,748,null,null,null,748,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"La tecnología del hierro llegó desde Europa meridional. El hierro que era más fuerte y más abundante que el bronce revolucionó muchos aspectos de la vida, fue muy importante para la agricultura cuando el arado con la punta de hierro permitía trabajar la tierra con mayor velocidad que el de bronce e hizo al hierro popular en el campo.",750,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Los etruscos fueron siempre un pueblo netamente comerciante principalmente marítimo, aunque también terrestre; desde la Toscana se extendieron hacia Umbría y por el sur hacia el Lacio y la parte septentrional de la Campania, donde chocaron con las colonias griegas de la Magna Grecia (Sur de Italia); hacia el norte de la península itálica ocuparon la zona alrededor del valle del río Po, en las actuales regiones de Emilia-Romaña, Lombardía y la parte sur del Véneto. Llegaron a ser una gran potencia naval en el Mediterráneo occidental, lo cual les permitió establecer factorías en Cerdeña y Córcega.",750,500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nabonasar, Rey de Babilonia, IX Dinastía",748,"734 ",null,"Tiglatpileser III, Rey de Asiria.\nFue el responsable de conquistar la antigua Babilonia en el año 732.",744,727,null,null,null,null,null,"El reino de Israel vuelve a ser tributario de Asiria.",748,null,null,"Piye, Menkheperra - Rey de Kush (Nubia)-dinastía XXV ",747,716,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rey Xiang, Zhou Oriental. ",651,618]
[null,745,null,null,null,745,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jerusalén, la capital del reino de Judá, surgió como un centro administrativo importante y su población aumentó enormemente en medio de un gran auge de población y de poder del imperio asirio que veía en el reino de Judá un valioso vasallo proasirio y una importante fuente de aceite de oliva. ",745]
[null,740,null,null,null,740,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Magna Graecia is the name given in Antiquity to the territory occupied by Greek settlers in the south of the Italian peninsula and in Sicily, where they founded numerous polis that traded with their metropolis. The first Greek colony in Italy was Cumas, present-day Campania, founded around 1050 BC. C. isolated from later Greek settlements; Later, the oldest seem to be the Achaean colony of Sybaris, 720 BC. C., Crotona around 710 BC. C. and Taranto, a Spartan colony, around 708 BC. C., Metaponto 690 BC. C., and soon became one of the main cities; The colony of Siris, founded around 650, rivaled Sybaris and further south Locros Epicefirios, around 680 BC. C., Zancle in Sicily around 720 BC. C., Reggio was also founded in the first part of the 7th century BC. C. and Velia, around 540 BC. C. Magna Graecia was absorbed by the Roman Republic after the Pyrrhic Wars and would later be considered part of the province of Italy during the Roman Empire.",740,null,null,"Magna Graecia is the name given in Antiquity to the territory occupied by Greek settlers in the south of the Italian peninsula and in Sicily, where they founded numerous polis that traded with their metropolis. The first Greek colony in Italy was Cumas, present-day Campania, founded around 1050 BC. C. isolated from later Greek settlements; Later, the oldest seem to be the Achaean colony of Sybaris, 720 BC. C., Crotona around 710 BC. C. and Taranto, a Spartan colony, around 708 BC. C., Metaponto 690 BC. C., and soon became one of the main cities; The colony of Siris, founded around 650, rivaled Sybaris and further south Locros Epicefirios, around 680 BC. C., Zancle in Sicily around 720 BC. C., Reggio was also founded in the first part of the 7th century BC. C. and Velia, around 540 BC. C. Magna Graecia was absorbed by the Roman Republic after the Pyrrhic Wars and would later be considered part of the province of Italy during the Roman Empire.",740,275,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,740,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tiglath-Pileser III, the Assyrian king clashed with a Syrian coalition, supported by Urartu, besieging Arpad, which was the center of the rebellion, for three years, until his fall, causing the other Syrian kingdoms to submit as tributaries. . This episode did not affect the Jews of the southern kingdom (kingdom of Judah) or their capital, Jerusalem, which was besieged but not taken.",740,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Qing, Eastern Zhou.",618,612]
[null,"734 ",null,null,null,"734 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nabu-nadin-zeri, King of Babylon, IX Dynasty","734 ","732 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Kuang, Eastern Zhou.",612,606]
[null,732,77,"\"ASSYRIA\r\n\r\nMIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\"","Tiglath-Pileser III, the Assyrian king, came to the aid of Ahaz, king of Judah, who was besieged by Israel and Damascus, so he invaded both states, deporting the populations and imposing his protégé Hosea in Israel. He thus ended up putting down all the rebellions in Damascus, Samaria, Ashkelon and Gaza.",732,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nabu-shuma-ukin II, King of Babylon, 9th Dynasty, was a usurper and briefly king of Babylon for one month and two days.",732,732,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tiglath-Pileser III, the Assyrian king, came to the aid of Ahaz, king of Judah, who was besieged by Israel and Damascus, so he invaded both states, deporting the populations and imposing his protégé Hosea in Israel. He thus ended up putting down all the rebellions in Damascus, Samaria, Ashkelon and Gaza.",732,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Ding, Eastern Zhou.",606,585]
[null,732,78,"SUMERIA","Nabu-mukin-zeri, King of Babylon: He was a Chaldean chief who seized the throne by overthrowing Nabu-shuma-ukin II; His reign ended with the capture of the fortress of Sapia by the Assyrian forces of Tiglathpileser III, who was killed during the Assyrian siege of Babylon.",732,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nabu-mukin-zeri, King of Babylon: he was a Chaldean chief who seized the throne by overthrowing Nabu-shuma-ukin II; His reign ended with the capture of the fortress of Sapia by the Assyrian forces of Tiglathpileser III, who was killed during the Assyrian siege of Babylon.",732,729,null,"Tiglathpileser III conquers ancient Babylon in 732.",732,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Jian, Eastern Zhou.",585,571]
[null,729,79,"ASSYRIA","Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria, as Pulu, King of Babylon, Assyrian Dynasty: Not wanting to reduce Babylon to a province or leave it in the hands of adventurers, he began a new policy, that of linking it to Assyria by a double personal monarchy and proclaimed himself king of Babylon with the name of Pulu or Pul, achieving the adhesion of the clergy of Marduk. Prominent king of Assyria, founder of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, he is considered one of the most successful commanders in history for his conquests of most of the known world.",729,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria, as Pulu, King of Babylon, Assyrian Dynasty: Not wanting to reduce Babylon to a province or leave it in the hands of adventurers, he began a new policy, that of linking it to Assyria by a double personal monarchy and proclaimed himself king of Babylon with the name of Pulu or Pul, achieving the adhesion of the clergy of Marduk. Prominent king of Assyria, founder of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, he is considered one of the most successful commanders in history for his conquests of most of the known world.",729,727,null,"Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria, as Pulu, King of Babylon, Assyrian Dynasty: Not wanting to reduce Babylon to a province or leave it in the hands of adventurers, he began a new policy, that of linking it to Assyria by a double personal monarchy and proclaimed himself king of Babylon with the name of Pulu or Pul, achieving the adhesion of the clergy of Marduk. Prominent king of Assyria, founder of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, he is considered one of the most successful commanders in history for his conquests of most of the known world.",729,727,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Ling, Eastern Zhou.",571,544]
[null,"727 ",null,null,null,"727 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shalmaneser V of Assyria, as Ululayu, King of Babylon, Assyrian Dynasty","727 ",722,null,"Shalmaneser V, King of Assyria.",727,722,null,null,null,null,null,"Shalmaneser V, king of Assyria, invades the kingdom of Israel and besieges the city of Samaria but dies before taking the city.",726,null,null,"The XXIV dynasty was located in Sais and lasted a short time, between 727 and 715 BC (2 pharaohs)\r\nTecnactis. 24th dynasty\"",727,720,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rey Jing, Zhou Oriental. ",544,520]
[null,725,null,null,null,725,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The kingdom of Mannai reached the height of its power during the reign of King Iranzu. The region had become disputed terrain between Urartu, which built several forts in Mannai's territory, and Assyria and during open conflict between the two, around 750-730 BC. C., Mannai took advantage of the opportunity to expand his possessions.",725,720]
[null,"722 ",null,null,null,"722 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tirimas, King of Macedonia",722,700,null,"At first the Etruscans allied themselves and shared the areas of maritime influence with the Phoenicians, against the Greeks; around the 6th century BC. C. They strengthened relations with Corinth and the hostility with the Greeks ceased, although, however, in 545 BC. C. they allied themselves with the Carthaginians again against the Greeks.",720,545,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Merodach-Baladan of the Land of the Sea, as Marduk-apal-iddina II, King of Babylon; He signed a provisional agreement with Sargon II, of Assyria, who was going through moments of serious trouble due to internal revolts, but shortly after he entered Babylon with the support of Elam and took power.","722 ",710,null,"Sargon II, King of Assyria.\r\nHe was a powerful king, a great conqueror and the founder of the most important dynasty of Assyrian rulers, under whom the empire achieved its greatest triumphs.\"",722,705,null,"Achaemenes was the eponymous ancestor of the Achaemenid dynasty, belonging to the Pasagada tribe of the Media region, he became clan chief of the federation of semi-nomadic Persian tribes.",720,680,null,"Sargon II of Assyria takes the city of Samaria and the northern kingdom was annihilated by Assyrian forces.",722,null,null,"Bocoris, 24th dynasty",720,715]
[null,721,null,null,null,721,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Hebrews found themselves in a weak political position, prisoners of the political game of the foreign powers of Antiquity, especially the growing power of the Assyrians, and the northern kingdom was annihilated by the Assyrian forces.",721,null,null,"The Hebrews found themselves in a weak political position, prisoners of the political game of the foreign powers of Antiquity, especially the growing power of the Assyrians; After the conquest by the Assyrians, the inhabitants of the Kingdom of Israel were deported to Nineveh, subsequently losing track of the ten lost northern tribes of Israel, which probably began to disappear when they mixed with the Assyrians.",721]
[null,717,null,null,null,717,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome",717,674,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,717,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shabako, Neferkara-25th dynasty",716,702]
[null,714,80,"ASSYRIA","Assyria pressed the eastern border of Urartu, which, at the same time, suffered attacks from the Cimmerians, steppe nomads who entered through the Caucasus and managed to defeat King Rusa I. This Urartian weakness allowed Sargon II to reduce Urartu to its original territory. mountainous and used it as a buffer state against the Cimmerians.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",714,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Asiria presionó la frontera este de Urartu que, a la vez, sufría los ataques de los cimerios, nómadas esteparios que entraron por el Cáucaso y lograron derrotar al rey Rusa I. Esta debilidad urartia permitió a Sargón II reducir a Urartu a su territorio originario montañoso y lo usó como un estado tapón frente a los cimerios.\nVER GRAFICA ILUSTRATIVA",null,714,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Assyria pressed the eastern border of Urartu, which, at the same time, suffered attacks from the Cimmerians, steppe nomads who entered through the Caucasus and managed to defeat King Rusa I. This Urartian weakness allowed Sargon II to reduce Urartu to its original territory .mountainous and used it as a buffer state against the Cimmerians.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH\"",null,null,null,"Assyria pressed the eastern border of Urartu, which, at the same time, suffered attacks from the Cimmerians, steppe nomads who entered through the Caucasus and managed to defeat King Rusa I. This Urartian weakness allowed Sargon II to reduce Urartu to its original territory .mountainous and used it as a buffer state against the Cimmerians.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH\"",null,null,null,"Assyria pressed the eastern border of Urartu, which, at the same time, suffered attacks from the Cimmerians, steppe nomads who entered through the Caucasus and managed to defeat King Rusa I. This Urartian weakness allowed Sargon II to reduce Urartu to its original territory .mountainous and used it as a buffer state against the Cimmerians.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH\"",null,null,null,"Assyria pressed the eastern border of Urartu, which, at the same time, suffered attacks from the Cimmerians, steppe nomads who entered through the Caucasus and managed to defeat King Rusa I. This Urartian weakness allowed Sargon II to reduce Urartu to its original territory .mountainous and used it as a buffer state against the Cimmerians.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH\"",null,null,null,"The Kushite pharaoh Shabako completely reunified the country and his dynasty was consolidated as the sole reigning one. His origin will make them called black pharaohs, Ethiopian pharaohs or even Kushite pharaohs.",715]
[null,711,null,"\"JAPAN\r\nKOREA\"","Jinmu Tennō, the first emperor of Japan, is born according to the traditional order of succession. In Japanese mythology, Ninigi no Mikoto was the grandson of Amaterasu Ōmikami, deity of the sun and ruler of the sky, considered one of the most important kami in Japanese mythology. Ninige in turn was the grandfather of Emperor Jimmu.",711,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jinmu Tennō, the first emperor of Japan, is born according to the traditional order of succession. In Japanese mythology, Ninigi no Mikoto was the grandson of Amaterasu Ōmikami, deity of the sun and ruler of the sky, considered one of the most important kami in Japanese mythology. Ninige in turn was the grandfather of Emperor Jimmu.",711,585,null,null,null,null,null,"Expansion of the Assyrian Empire between 824 BC. C. and 671 BC. c."]
[null,"710 ",null,null,null,"710 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sargon II, King of Babylon, Assyrian Dynasty-In 1710, when he had already managed to secure the borders of Babylon, he recovered by deposing Merodach-Baladan.","710 ",705,null,"Sargon II, started a library, in 707 he returned from Babylon loaded with the loot and dedicated himself to finishing the city of Dur Sharrukin (now called Khorsabad), located about 16 km northeast of Nineveh and destined to be his new capital that was inaugurated in 707.",707,705,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," "]
[null,705,null,null,null,705,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sennacherib, King of Babylon, Assyrian Dynasty",705,703,null,"Sennacherib, King of Assyria"," 705","681 "]
[null,694,null,null,null,694,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nergal-ushezib, King of Babylon, Assyrian Dynasty",694,"693 "]
[null,680,null,null,null,680,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gyges, first king of Lydia of the Merman dynasty, was the founding father of Lydia when after defeating the Cimmerian invaders in 679 BC. C he embarks on a campaign of expansion towards the west, towards the Greek cities located on the western coast of Asia Minor.",680,null,644]
[null,678,82,"IRAN","The Median Empire (678 BC - 549 BC)\nThe Median Empire or Media was an Asian empire of Antiquity that corresponded to the region populated by the Medes between the Caspian Sea and the rivers of Mesopotamia, its territory corresponded to the northwest of modern-day Iran. Its capital was Ecbatana, modern Hamadan.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",678,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Argeo I, King of Macedonia",678,640,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gegis signed a treaty with the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal by which, after paying him the corresponding tribute, Assyrians and Lydians fought together and defeated the invasions of the Cimmerian mounted archers and on another occasion, Gyges sent prisoners of war to Ashurbanipal.",679,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,678,null,null,"Ashurbanipal signed a treaty with the Lydian king Gegis by which, after collecting the corresponding tribute, Assyrians and Lydians fought together and defeated the invasions of the Cimmerian mounted archers and on another occasion, Gyges sent prisoners of war to Ashurbanipal.",679,null,null,"The Median Empire (678 BC - 549 BC)\r\nThe Median Empire or Media was an Asian empire of Antiquity that corresponded to the region populated by the Medes between the Caspian Sea and the rivers of Mesopotamia, its territory corresponded to the northwest of modern-day Iran. Its capital was Ecbatana, modern Hamadan.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",678,553]
[null,665,null,null,null,665,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,665,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Phraortes, son of Deyoces, was the second king of Media and is considered the founder of the Median government. Like his father Deyoces, Phraortes waged wars against Assyria, but was defeated and killed by Ashurbanipal, the king of Assyria.",665,633,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Heart of the Assyrian empire, with the main Assyrian cities.\nMaximum extent of the empire under the reign of Ashurbanipal (668-627 BC)."]
[null,{"$f":"+F522","v":656},null,null,null,656,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tanutamani, Bakara lost control of Upper Egypt in 656 BC, when the army of Psamtik I peacefully took control of Thebes and unified all of Egypt under his command, eventually leaving Tanutamani ruling only in Nubia.",656]
[null,640,null,null,null,640,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Philip I, King of Macedonia",640,602,null,"Anco Marcio, King of Roma",641,617,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lydian Empire\r\nArdis, king of Lydia of the Merman dynasty.",644,null,625,null,null,null,null,null,"Neo-Babylonian Empire (612-539 BC)",640,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Cyrus I, king of Anshan, with his brother Ariaramnes, sons of Teispes, ruled as vassals of the Medes with two reigning houses: that of Anshan with Cyrus I, grandfather of Cyrus the Great and the Persian one with Ariaramnes, great-grandfather of Darius I.",640,600]
[null,630,null,null,null,630,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Dorian colonists from the Greek island of Thera (present-day Santorini) led by Bato founded the city of Cyrene on the northeast coast of what is now Libya (Africa); During the next two hundred years the Greeks founded four other important colonies, Barca (Merj), Evesperides (now Benghazi), Tauquira (now Tocra), Apollonia and the port of Cyrene (now Marsa Susa); The Mediterranean climate, regular rains, numerous oases and the fertility of its soil made it a historically prominent region of North Africa that was known as Cyrenaica.",630,430,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Dorian colonists from the Greek island of Thera (present-day Santorini) led by Bato founded the city of Cyrene on the northeast coast of what is now Libya (Africa); During the next two hundred years the Greeks founded four other important colonies, Barca (Merj), Evesperides (now Benghazi), Tauquira (now Tocra), Apollonia and the port of Cyrene (now Marsa Susa); The Mediterranean climate, regular rains, numerous oases and the fertility of its soil made it a historically prominent region of North Africa that was known as Cyrenaica.",630]
[null,614,84,"\"ASSYRIA\r\nSUMERIA\r\nIRAN\"","After repeated attacks on Assur, the city fell into the hands of the King of the Medes Ciáxares who there agreed to an alliance with the Babylonian king Nabopolassar; The Medes and Babylonians attacked the city of Nineveh, devastating and plundering the great Assyrian capital; Sin-shar-ishkun, the Assyrian king, perished during the destruction of Nineveh in 612. Assyria was divided between Babylon and the Medes.",614,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"After repeated attacks on Assur, the city fell into the hands of the King of the Medes Ciáxares who there agreed to an alliance with the Babylonian king Nabopolassar; The Medes and Babylonians attacked the city of Nineveh, devastating and plundering the great Assyrian capital; Sin-shar-ishkun, the Assyrian king, perished during the destruction of Nineveh in 612. Assyria was divided between Babylon and the Medes.",614,612,null,"After repeated attacks on Assur, the city fell into the hands of the King of the Medes Ciáxares who there agreed to an alliance with the Babylonian king Nabopolassar; The Medes and Babylonians attacked the city of Nineveh, devastating and plundering the great Assyrian capital; Sin-shar-ishkun, the Assyrian king, perished during the destruction of Nineveh in 612. Assyria was divided between Babylon and the Medes.",614,612,null,"After repeated attacks on Assur, the city fell into the hands of the King of the Medes Ciáxares who there agreed to an alliance with the Babylonian king Nabopolassar; The Medes and Babylonians attacked the city of Nineveh, devastating and plundering the great Assyrian capital; Sin-shar-ishkun, the Assyrian king, perished during the destruction of Nineveh in 612. Assyria was divided between Babylon and the Medes.",614,612,null,"After repeated attacks on Assur, the city fell into the hands of the King of the Medes Ciáxares who there agreed to an alliance with the Babylonian king Nabopolassar; The Medes and Babylonians attacked the city of Nineveh, devastating and plundering the great Assyrian capital; Sin-shar-ishkun, the Assyrian king, perished during the destruction of Nineveh in 612. Assyria was divided between Babylon and the Medes.",614,null,null,"In Egyptian records it is said that Psammetichus I participated alongside Babylonians and Medes in the fall of Nineveh.",614,612]
[null,600,null,null,null,600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In the territories of present-day Germany and Austria, a conglomerate of Celtic tribes was formed such as the Cimbri, the Teutons, Ambrons, Alamanni, Cattos, Franks, Frisians, Saxons and Thuringians, who spoke dialects of Germanic languages. This conglomerate of tribes would be known in the future Roman Empire as the Franks.",600,200,null,"In the territories of present-day Germany and Austria, a conglomerate of Celtic tribes was formed such as the Cimbri, the Teutons, Ambrons, Alamanni, Cattos, Franks, Frisians, Saxons and Thuringians, who spoke dialects of Germanic languages. This conglomerate of tribes would be known in the future Roman Empire as the Franks.",600,200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,600,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mahajanapadas (600 BC-c. 300 BC), a group of sixteen states that coexisted in northern and northwestern India, some of them hereditary monarchies and others have been classified as \"democratic\" republics, where there existed deliberation councils. Many of the sixteen states merged to form four major entities in the time of Gautama Buddha: the states of Vatsa, Avanti, Kosala and Maghada.",600,300]
[null,590,null,null,null,590,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alcetas I, Rey de Macedonia",590,547,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Nubian (\"Kushite\") pharaohs of Egypt who lost the country to the Assyrians, returned to rule from their capital Napata until 590 BC. C. when it was sacked by Egypt under Psammetichus II; Napata declined, increasing the importance of Meroe.",590,300]
[null,586,null,null,null,586,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jewish captivity in Babylon.\r\nThe conquerors of Israel, having an interest in preventing the re-emergence of a strong political power there, forcibly imported\" to Babylon the ruling class capable of leading a possible revolt, while the lower people, for their part, were not greatly affected. for these forced transfers.\"",586,537]
[null,"560 ",88,"\"IRAN\r\nTürkiye\"","Croesus, king of Lydia, conquered Pamphylia, Mysia and Phrygia and ultimately subjugated all the Greek cities of Anatolia.","560 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Croesus, king of Lydia, conquered Pamphylia, Mysia and Phrygia and ultimately subjugated all the Greek cities of Anatolia.",560,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lydian Empire\r\nCroesus, king of Lydia of the Merman dynasty.\r\nHe subdued the Greek cities of Anatolia, making them tributaries.",560,null,547,null,null,null,null,null,"Nebuzaradan, King of Babylon, Chaldean Dynasty","560 ","556 ",null,"Astyages the king of Media attacked Cyrus, but was handed over to the Persian king by his own troops. Cyrus then took Ecbatana, the capital of Media, and moved his treasure to Persia.",null,null,null,"Ciro II el Grande fue rey persa de Anshan; en 550 Ciro se rebeló contra el soberano medo Astiages quien lo atacó pero fue entregado al rey persa por sus propias tropas. Ciro tomó entonces Ecbatana, la capital de Media, y trasladó su tesoro a Persia donde ya había unificado las dos casas reinantes, iniciando así el Imperio aqueménida.",559,530,null,"Surgimiento del Imperio de Cartago comercial en el norte de África, Tripolitania, Argelia, Marruecos y lugares de anterior implantación fenicia, como el sur de la península ibérica y Cerdeña y del litoral occidental de Sicilia. ",560]
[null,550,null,"CHINA","Confucius, September 28, 551 - April 11, 479, was a renowned Chinese thinker whose doctrine was called Confucianism. Coming from a ruined noble family, throughout his life he alternated periods in which he served as a teacher. with others in which he was an official of the small state of Lu and worked as a carpenter in northeastern China. The teachings of Confucius were made official during the reign of Emperor Wu (141-87 BC), establishing itself as the most popular current of thought for the next 2,000 years.",550,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Croesus, king of Lydia, organized an anti-Persian coalition with Nabonidus of Babylon, Amosis II of Egypt, the Greek city of Sparta and Cilicia helped by Greek mercenaries from the Peloponnese, who opposed the new conquering regime of Cyrus II.",550,null,null,null,"The Sogdians were an Iranian-speaking people who lived in the Fergana Valley, giving rise to the city states of Samarkand, Shahrisabz, Bukhara, Khujand, Qarshi, Balasagun, Tashkent and Panjakent.\r\nThey founded the Sogdian states, which although never politically united, were centered around the city of Samarkand. They were north of Bactria, between the Oxus (Amu Darya) and the Yaxartes (Sir Darya) and covered the fertile valley of the Zeravshan. During the Early Middle Ages, the territory was extended northwards thanks to a policy of colonial settlements beyond Lake Issyk-Kul.",550,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,550,null,null,"Persian Achaemenid Empire (550 BC-330 BC)-\r\nThe Achaemenid Empire is the name given to the first and most extensive of the Persian empires, which extended across the territories of the current states of Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Turkey, Russia, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Greece and Egypt. Cyrus the Great extended his rule across the central plateau of Iran and much of Mesopotamia; His conquests extended over Media, Lydia and Babylon, from the Mediterranean Sea to the Hindu Kush mountain range, creating the largest empire known up to that time.\"",550,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperador Annei, (567 a. C. – 511 a. C.) - Legendario",549,511]
[null,537,93,"\"IRAN\r\nMIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\"","The Persian king Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and destroyed its empire, authorizing in 537 BC. C. the Hebrews to return to the land of Israel; He gave Jerusalem a semi-autonomous status, possibly to have a \"buffer state\" that would serve as a parapet against the then-growing power of Egypt. The Israelites managed to maintain a semi-independent status until the end of the Persian Empire, in 332 BC.",537,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Persian king Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and destroyed its empire, authorizing in 537 BC. C. the Hebrews to return to the land of Israel; He gave Jerusalem a semi-autonomous status, possibly to have a \"buffer state\" that would serve as a parapet against the then-growing power of Egypt. The Israelites managed to maintain a semi-independent status until the end of the Persian Empire, in 332 BC.",537,null,null,"The Persian king Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and destroyed its empire, authorizing in 537 BC. C. the Hebrews to return to the land of Israel; He gave Jerusalem a semi-autonomous status, possibly to have a \"buffer state\" that would serve as a parapet against the then-growing power of Egypt. The Israelites managed to maintain a semi-independent status until the end of the Persian Empire, in 332 BC.",537]
[null,539,94,"\"IRAN\r\nSUMERIA\"","Cyrus invaded Babylon; The Persian forces diverted the waters of the Euphrates, managed to cross the river, entered Babylon without battle, conquered the city in the middle of a festive night and in the process Balthazar was murdered and Cyrus was proclaimed King of Babylon and from October 11, 539 Babylon became a province of the Persian Achaemenid Empire and was never again an independent state.",539,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Battle of Alalia: the Greeks were defeated by a coalition made up of Carthaginians and Etruscans, so Tartessos was left without an important commercial ally.",537,null,null,"Battle of Alalia: the Greeks were defeated by a coalition made up of Carthaginians and Etruscans, so Tartessos was left without an important commercial ally.",537,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Cyrus invaded Babylon; The Persian forces diverted the waters of the Euphrates, managed to cross the river, entered Babylon without battle, conquered the city in the middle of a festive night and in the process Balthazar was murdered and Cyrus was proclaimed King of Babylon and from October 11, 539 Babylon became a province of the Persian Achaemenid Empire and was never again an independent state.",539,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Babylon became a province of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.",539,null,null,"Battle of Alalia, naval combat between Carthaginians, allied with the Etruscans of Italian Tuscany, against the Greeks of the Phocian colony of Alalia (present-day Aleria), located east of Corsica. It marked the end of Phocian Greek power in the western Mediterranean, which would remain under Carthaginian rule. For their part, the Greek colonies on the Spanish Levantine coast and in southern France were isolated from their metropolises.",537,null,null,"Psammetichus III, Ankhkaenra - Son of Ahmose II. He ruled for about six months before being defeated by the Persians at the Battle of Pelusium and subsequently executed.",526,525,null,"New ascetic shramanic movements challenged ritual orthodoxy. Mahavira (ca. 549 BC-477 BC), supporter of Jainism and Gautama Buddha (ca. 563 BC-483 BC) , founder of Buddhism, were the most prominent icons of this movement.",540,470,null,null,null,null,null,"Warring States (476-221 BC)"]
[null,525,null,null,null,525,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Cambises II - king of Persia of the Achaemenid dynasty and Pharaoh of Egypt, XXVII dynasty, first Persian domination.\r\nHe defeated Psammetichus III at the Battle of Pelusium.",525,522]
[null,509,98,"ROME","The Roman Republic was a period in the history of Rome characterized by the republican regime as a form of state, ending the Roman Monarchy with the expulsion of the last king, Lucius Tarquinius the Proud, until the beginning of the Roman Empire with the appointment of Octavian as princeps. For the direction of the state and, especially, the army in the field, a new position was expressly created with the title of Praetor (praetor, meaning \"leader\"), which was later changed to Consul.",509,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Roman Republic was a period in the history of Rome characterized by the republican regime as a form of state, ending the Roman Monarchy with the expulsion of the last king, Lucius Tarquinius the Proud, until the beginning of the Roman Empire with the appointment of Octavian as princeps. For the direction of the state and, especially, the army in the field, a new position was expressly created with the title of Praetor (praetor, meaning \"leader\"), which was later changed to Consul.",509,27,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Assyrian culture influenced the successive empires of the Medes and Persians, Indo-Iranian peoples who had been dominated by Assyria.\"",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Itoku, (554 BC – 477 BC) - Legendary",510,477]
[null,493,null,null,null,493,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The First Persian War was the first conflict between the Achaemenid Empire of Persia and the polis of the Hellenic world; After subjugating Thrace and forcing Macedonia to be a vassal of the kingdom of Persia, the Persian fleet put to sea in the summer of 490 BC. and conquered the Cyclades islands and later Euboea, with its main city Eretria, landed on the eastern coast of Attica, in the plain of Marathon where it was forced to retreat and head to Athens but faced with the obvious defensive deployment of the Greeks and the demoralization of The massive Persian troops did not decide to disembark and directed the ships towards Asia Minor.",492,490,null,"The Latin Wars were a series of confrontations that took place on the Italian peninsula between the city of Rome, established as a Republic, and the Italic peoples of Latium (Latins and Faliscans) due to Rome's interest in subjugating them. The Roman Republic, in its early days, formed an alliance with the Latin League after a military confrontation in 493 BC. C., but the power of Rome gradually led to its dominance of the League. In 338 BC C. After the definitive victory, Rome dissolved the League and established colonies of Roman citizens (coloniae), which meant that the Latin cities were from that moment directed by Rome.",493,338,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The First Persian War was the first conflict between the Achaemenid Empire of Persia and the polis of the Hellenic world; After subjugating Thrace and forcing Macedonia to be a vassal of the kingdom of Persia, the Persian fleet put to sea in the summer of 490 BC. and conquered the Cyclades islands and later Euboea, with its main city Eretria, landed on the eastern coast of Attica, in the plain of Marathon where it was forced to retreat and head to Athens but faced with the obvious defensive deployment of the Greeks and the demoralization of The massive Persian troops did not decide to disembark and directed the ships towards Asia Minor.",492,490]
[null,486,null,null,null,486,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Xerxes I, the Great, fifth Great King of the Achaemenid Empire, son of Darius I and grandson of Cyrus II the Great. In the Bible he is mentioned as Ahasuerus\" and is said to have reigned from India to Cush (Ethiopia).\nAfter being crowned, in October 486 BC. C. he victoriously faced a rebellion in subject Egypt, leaving his brother Achaemenes as satrap of that region, over which he exercised repressive control.\"",486,465,null,null,null,null,null,"Xerxes I - king of Persia of the Achaemenid dynasty and Pharaoh of Egypt, XXVII dynasty, first Persian domination.",486,465]
[null,467,99,"\"GREECE\r\nTürkiye\"","The third medical war includes the advance of the Greek army to present-day Turkey where it defeats the Persian army in 467 and the signing of the so-called Peace of Callias in 448 BC, which forces the Persians to definitively desist from their conquest and expansion to Greece. .",467,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The third medical war includes the advance of the Greek army to present-day Turkey where it defeats the Persian army in 467 and the signing of the so-called Peace of Callias in 448 BC, which forces the Persians to definitively desist from their conquest and expansion to Greece. .",467,448,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The third medical war includes the advance of the Greek army to present-day Turkey where it defeats the Persian army in 467 and the signing of the so-called Peace of Callias in 448 BC, which forces the Persians to definitively desist from their conquest and expansion to Greece. .",467,448,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The third medical war includes the advance of the Greek army to present-day Turkey where it defeats the Persian army in 467 and the signing of the so-called Peace of Callias in 448 BC, which forces the Persians to definitively desist from their conquest and expansion to Greece. .",467,448,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Zhending, Eastern Zhou.",468,441]
[null,454,null,null,null,454,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alcetas II1​, King of Macedonia",454,448]
[null,425,null,null,null,425,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Weilie, Eastern Zhou.",425,401]
[null,424,null,null,null,424,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Achaemenid Empire (350 - 330 BC)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Xerxes II was a Persian king, son and successor of Artaxerxes I. After a reign of forty-five days, he was assassinated in 424 BC by order of his brother Sogdianus.\r\nSogdianus was king of Persia for 6 months and 15 days between 424 and 423 BC. C.. He was the bastard son of King Artaxerxes I and was in turn murdered by his illegitimate brother, Ochus, satrap of Hyrcania (Darius II).",424,423,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The dynasties of Magadha\r\n- Nanda Dynasty, the first of the dynasties of northern India of non-Chatrian origin as it was founded by Majapadma Nanda, the first Shudra king (of the fourth caste, of slaves) in Magadha with nine Nandas (Mahapadma and his eight sons ); They established a first great North Indian empire that in the following years would lead to the largest empire in ancient India.",424,321]
[null,401,null,null,null,401,null,null,null,"Hydraulic culture is a pre-Columbian culture that basically developed between the 4th century BC. C. until the 13th century, in the plains of Mojos, today part of Bolivia. This area mainly belongs to the Beni department in the Bolivian Amazon. However, other related cultures of the southwestern Amazon are broadly contemporaneous with them, and extend throughout the Brazilian states of Acre and Rondonia, as well as in the upper reaches of the Xingu River (and most likely, through the Bolivian department of Pando).",400,1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Jin State of Korea was one of the first states in the Iron Age that was located to the south of the peninsula, bordering the Korean kingdom of Gojoseon to the north. Their capital was somewhere south of the Han River.",400,null,null,"King An, Eastern Zhou.",401,375]
[null,392,null,"\"JAPAN\r\nKOREA\"","Emperor Kōan, (427 BC – 291 BC) - Legendary",392,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Amyntas III, King of Macedonia",392,388,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Kōan, (427 BC – 291 BC) - Legendary",392,291]
[null,375,null,null,null,375,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Lie, Eastern Zhou.",375,368]
[null,370,null,null,null,370,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alexander II, King of Macedonia",370,368,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King Xian, Eastern Zhou.",368,320]
[null,358,null,null,null,358,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Achaemenid Empire (350 - 330 BC)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Artaxerxes III Ochus, Achaemenid king of the Persian Empire from 358 BC. C. and Pharaoh of Egypt from 343. He died poisoned by the eunuch Bagoas, head of the royal guard.",358,338,null,null,null,null,null,"The XXXI Dynasty, also called the Second Persian Achaemenid Domination, lasted from 343 to 332 BC. C. (4 pharaohs)"]
[null,334,null,null,null,334,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Gauls make peace with Rome.",334,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Gauls make peace with Rome.",334,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alexander the Great of Macedonia crossed the Hellespont and entered the Achaemenid Empire, invading Persia, easily capturing Susa, the old capital of Darius I, being defeated first in the battle of Granicus and definitively in the battle of Issos from where Darius fled when he found that the battle was lost.",334,333,null,null,null,null,null,"The Macedonian dynasty ruled from 332 BC. C. to 310 BC. C. (3 pharaohs)"]
[null,332,101,"Türkiye","Alexander the Great - Conquest of Asia Minor.\r\nAfter consolidating the Balkan border and Macedonian hegemony over the city-states of ancient Greece, Alexander crossed the Hellespont into Asia Minor (334 BC), liberating or subduing all the Greek polis cities in the Ionia area ( Mysia, Lydia, Lycia), Ephesus, Halicarnassus, Pergamum, Miletus, and many others, which were under Persian rule in Asia Minor (today Turkey) to begin the conquest of the Persian Empire.",332,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alexander the Great - Conquest of Asia Minor.\r\nAfter consolidating the Balkan border and Macedonian hegemony over the city-states of ancient Greece, Alexander crossed the Hellespont into Asia Minor (334 BC), liberating or subduing all the Greek polis cities in the Ionia area ( Mysia, Lydia, Lycia), Ephesus, Halicarnassus, Pergamum, Miletus, and many others, which were under Persian rule in Asia Minor (today Turkey) to begin the conquest of the Persian Empire.",332,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alexander the Great - Conquest of Asia Minor.\r\nAfter consolidating the Balkan border and Macedonian hegemony over the city-states of ancient Greece, Alexander crossed the Hellespont into Asia Minor (334 BC), liberating or subduing all the Greek polis cities in the Ionia area ( Mysia, Lydia, Lycia), Ephesus, Halicarnassus, Pergamum, Miletus, and many others, which were under Persian rule in Asia Minor (today Turkey) to begin the conquest of the Persian Empire.",332,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,332]
[null,330,null,null,null,330,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The first foreign explorers to reach the British archipelago were Greeks from Massilia (now Marseille).",330,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Precursors of the Silk Road.\r\nThe expansion of Alexander the Great's empire into Central Asia and the founding of the city of Alexandria Escate or Farthest Alexandria\" at the mouth of the Fergana Valley in modern-day Tajikistan, which later became an important stopping point in the Northern Silk Road.\"",330,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Bessos, Persian nobleman, satrap of Bactria, proclaimed himself successor and king after assassinating Darius III, taking the name of Artaxerxes V. Alexander considered himself the legitimate king of Persia, so Bessos gave him the definitive pretext to continue his march towards the east. Bessos reigned from Bactria between July 330 BC. C. and late summer of 329 BC. C. when Alexander captured and cruelly mutilated him in a shocking practice for the Greeks and Macedonians, but for the Persians it was the punishment for a regicide.",330,329,null,null,null,null,null,"Period of the diádocos in Egypt.\r\nAfter the death of Alexander, the different territories of the Empire were governed as satraps by his diádoco generals, maintaining a (only nominal) unity of the Empire under Philip III Arrideo (329-317), (Alexander's half-brother, murdered by Olympias, mother of Alexander) and Alexander IV (317-310), (posthumous son of Alexander and Roxana, executed in 309 BC by Cassander).\r\n",323,310,null,null,null,null,null,"Hostility between the Korean kingdom of Gojoseon and Yan of northern China caused the decline of Gojoseon and around 330 BC. C., Gojoseon lost its western territory after the war with Yan, approximately 2,000 li (about 800 kilometers); Gojoseon is believed to have then moved the capital to Pyongyang.",330,null,null,"Precursors of the Silk Road.\r\nThe expansion of Alexander the Great's empire into Central Asia and the founding of the city of Alexandria Escate or Farthest Alexandria\" at the mouth of the Fergana Valley in modern-day Tajikistan, which later became an important stopping point in the Northern Silk Road.\"",330]
[null,323,null,null,null,323,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ptolemy I Soter, the Savior, was a Greco-Macedonian general in the service of Alexander the Great who became ruler of Egypt in 323 BC. C. and there he started the Ptolemaic dynasty, which controlled the Nile country for the next three centuries.",323,30,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Philip III of Macedon - Half brother of Alexander the Great.",323,17,null,"Upon the death of Alexander in Babylon (323 BC), his empire fragmented and numerous new kingdoms were founded, but descendants of the Greco-Macedonian dynasty prolonged their rule over most of the vast territories conquered, such as Egypt, Asia Minor, Central Asia and Persia.",323]
[null,312,null,null,null,312,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Seleucus I, Nicator was the last of the so-called diádochos and a Greek commander in the army of Alexander the Great. He initially reigned in Babylon and Syria, later founding the Seleucid dynasty and the Seleucid Empire.",312,305,null,"Construction of the Appian Way.","312 a. C.",null,null,"Seleucus I, Nicator was the last of the so-called diádochos and a Greek commander in the army of Alexander the Great. He initially reigned in Babylon and Syria, later founding the Seleucid dynasty and the Seleucid Empire.",312,305,null,null,null,null,null,"Seleucus I, Nicator was the last of the so-called diádochos and a Greek commander in the army of Alexander the Great. He initially reigned in Babylon and Syria, later founding the Seleucid dynasty and the Seleucid Empire.",312,null,305,null,null,null,null,null,"Seleucus I, Nicator was the last of the so-called diádochos and a Greek commander in the army of Alexander the Great. He initially reigned in Babylon and Syria, later founding the Seleucid dynasty and the Seleucid Empire.",312,305,null,"Seleucus I, Nicator was the last of the so-called diádochos and a Greek commander in the army of Alexander the Great. He initially reigned in Babylon and Syria, later founding the Seleucid dynasty and the Seleucid Empire.",312,305,null,"Seleucus I, Nicator was the last of the so-called diádochos and a Greek commander in the army of Alexander the Great. He initially reigned in Babylon and Syria, later founding the Seleucid dynasty and the Seleucid Empire.",312,305]
[null,306,null,null,null,306,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lysimachus, Macedonian officer, diadochus, \"successor\" of Alexander the Great, became Basileus ('king') in 306 BC. C., ruling in Thrace.",306,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lysimachus, Macedonian officer, diadochus, \"successor\" of Alexander the Great, became Basileus ('king') in 306 BC. C., ruling in Thrace.",306]
[null,305,null,null,null,305,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Seleucus invaded India, (modern Pakistani Punjab), but encountered a powerful Maurian empire under Chandragupta, so he was defeated; in 303 BC. C., they signed the peace in which Seleucus agreed to cede Aria, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Paropamísade (in short, the territories bordering India) and in exchange received about 500 elephants; The agreement was sealed with a marriage, surely that of a daughter of Seleucus with Chandragupta.",305,303,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Seleucus invaded India, (modern Pakistani Punjab), but encountered a powerful Maurian empire under Chandragupta, and was defeated; in 303 BC. C., they signed the peace in which Seleucus agreed to cede Aria, Arachosia, Gedrosia and Paropamísade (in short, the territories bordering India) and in exchange received about 500 elephants; The agreement was sealed with a marriage, surely that of a daughter of Seleucus with Chandragupta.",305,303]
[null,300,null,null,null,300,null,null,null,"MAYAN WRITING\r\nIt is not known exactly when the Mayans used their writing system, but the first inscriptions that are identifiable as Mayan date back to the 3rd century BC. C., and it is known that it was used until shortly after the arrival of the Spanish conquerors in the 16th century (and even later, in places like Tayasal). Mayan writing used logograms complemented by a set of syllabic glyphs, with functions similar to those of Japanese writing. Individual symbols (glyphs\") could represent either a word (usually a morpheme) or a syllable; In fact, the same glyph could often be used in both ways.\"",300,"1600 d. C.",null,null,null,null,null,"The Carthaginians arrived in the Iberian Peninsula",300,null,null,"The Carthaginians arrived in the Iberian Peninsula",300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Around 300 BC. C. the Etruscans allied themselves with the Hellenes against the Carthaginians and Romans, for control of the trade routes.",300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Antioch, a city located on the eastern bank of the Orontes River, was founded by Seleucus I Nicator as the capital of his empire in Syria.",300,null,null,"Kingdom of Kush / Kingdom of Meroe.\r\nMonarchs began to be buried in Meroe and around the year 300 the capital of Nubia was moved, which has since been known as the kingdom of Meroe. The culture became Africanized and from 150 BC. C. they began to use their own language and writing",300,"300 d. C.",null,"Early Chola Dynasty (300 BC-800 AD): Sangam literature is full of legends about mythical Chola kings. The Chola king was regarded as a being who descended from the Sun. These myths talk about the Chola king Kantaman, a supposed contemporary of the sage Agastya. Two names stand out as prominent among those Chola kings known in Sangam literature: Karikala Chola and Kocengannan.",300,"1279 dC",null,"The Yayoi period is the archaeological era of Japanese history that owes its name to an influx of farmers (Yayoi people) from the Korean Peninsula who came to Japan and mixed with or separated from the native hunter-gatherer population (Jōmon people). , they developed metal and ceramics, more elaborate with some prints. The beginning of rice cultivation takes place, very important for Japanese development, and at the end of the period the first signs of the introduction of Shintoism appear, a religion originating in Japan that is based on the veneration of kami or nature spirits. Modern Japanese are descendants of the Yayoi people, with only very minor to moderate influence from the ancient Jōmon.","300\na. C.","250\nd. C."]
[null,290,null,null,null,290,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Especially flourishing period of the civilization of the Gauls with the emergence of true fortified cities.",290,52,null,"Especially flourishing period of the civilization of the Gauls with the emergence of true fortified cities.",290,52,null,"Lysimachus of Thrace, King of Macedonia along with Pyrrhus of Epirus.",288,281,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Kōrei, (342 BC – 215 BC) - Legendary",290,215]
[null,280,null,null,null,280,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pyrrhic wars of the Greeks against the Romans, the Italic Samnite and Etruscan peoples and the Carthaginians. Victory of Rome, allied with Carthage, over the Greek army of Pyrrhus",280,275,null,"The Pyrrhic Wars were a series of battles and shifting political alliances that pitted the Greeks (specifically Pyrrhus of Epirus, Macedonia, and the city-states of Magna Graecia) against the Romans and allied Italic peoples (primarily the Samnites and Etruscans). with the Carthaginians. They ended with the defeat of Pyrrhus' army, the largest and most capable Greek army of the time and from this moment on Rome would be recognized as one of the main powers in the Mediterranean along with Carthage. To ensure its domination Rome founded new colonies in the south and in the north, the last independent Etruscan city, Volsinii, was destroyed in 264 BC. C. and the power of Rome now extended throughout the Italian peninsula to the border with the Gauls in the Apennines, along the Arno River and the Rubicon.",280,275,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"El Imperio seléucida (305-63 a. C.)",null,null,null,"Pyrrhic wars of the Greeks against the Romans, the Italic Samnite and Etruscan peoples and the Carthaginians. Victory of Rome, allied with Carthage, over the Greek army of Pyrrhus",280,275]
[null,279,null,null,null,279,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Meleager of Macedonia, King of Macedonia, son of Ptolemy I Soter and younger brother of Ptolemy Ceraunus, reigned for only two months as he was deposed by the Macedonian army, which judged him unfit to govern due to the danger in which he had put the country during the invasion of the Celts.\r\nAntipater Etesias, King of Macedonia, was the nephew of Cassander of Macedonia. He became king after the death of Ptolemy Ceraunus and the expulsion of Meleager from Macedonia. His reign lasted only a few months before he was assassinated by his cousin Sosthenes of Macedonia.\r\nSosthenes, King of Macedonia, was a Macedonian general of the Antipatrid Dynasty, who defeated the Celts in a very bloody battle near Delphi and died two years after his coronation.",279,277]
[null,261,null,"\"MIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN ROME\"\r\n","First Punic War. \nAfter Rome's annexation of Magna Graecia, the rivalry between Rome and Carthage for dominance of the western Mediterranean increased; the first phases of the war consisted of land battles, in Sicily and North Africa , but it became an eminently naval war. Rome was victorious and conquered the island of Sicily, also forcing Carthage to pay a large tribute that destabilized Carthage so much that Rome took Corsica and Sardinia from it with little effort in the year. 238. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",261,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Second Syrian War was a military conflict fought between the Seleucid empire of Antiochus II Theos allied with the Macedonian king Antigonus II Gonatas against the Egyptian empire of Ptolemy II Philadelphus that concluded with the defeat of the Egyptian fleet at Cos, in which the pharaoh It lost naval dominance in the Aegean and many territories in Asia Minor. Egypt, although it continued to control some cities in southern Anatolia, lost influence in the region.",260,253,null,null,260,null,null,null,260,null,null,"The Second Syrian War was a military conflict fought between the Seleucid empire of Antiochus II Theos allied with the Macedonian king Antigonus II Gonatas against the Egyptian empire of Ptolemy II Philadelphus that concluded with the defeat of the Egyptian fleet at Cos, in which the pharaoh It lost naval dominance in the Aegean and many territories in Asia Minor. Egypt, although it continued to control some cities in southern Anatolia, lost influence in the region.",260,null,null,"The Second Syrian War was a military conflict fought between the Seleucid empire of Antiochus II Theos allied with the Macedonian king Antigonus II Gonatas against the Egyptian empire of Ptolemy II Philadelphus that concluded with the defeat of the Egyptian fleet at Cos, in which the pharaoh It lost naval dominance in the Aegean and many territories in Asia Minor. Egypt, although it continued to control some cities in southern Anatolia, lost influence in the region.",260,253,null,"Emperor Ashoka conquered Kalinga, an ancient kingdom in northeast India in a destructive war, in which of 150,000 men who had been besieged, many thousands were put to the sword and an even greater number lost their lives; Although this conquest had not been achieved by any of his predecessors, Ashoka, after witnessing the destruction caused by the war, was filled with remorse and in an effort to seek atonement, became a zealous devotee of Buddhism.",260,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,260]
[null,250,null,null,null,250,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Portucale (present-day Porto) appears as a settlement around the mouth of the Douro River prior to the Romans; It was the scene of several events, including the imprisonment and death of Requiarius, king of the Suebi, and the revolt of its Suebian governor Agiulf, during the invasion of Theodoric II (457) and the last battle of Andeca (585), the last Suebian king. , defeated by Leovigildo.",250,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The city of Paris was founded on the banks of the Seine as a settlement of the Parisians, one of the Celtic peoples who settled in Gaul since the 3rd century BC. C. until Roman times.",250,null,null,"The city of Paris was founded on the banks of the Seine as a settlement of the Parisians, one of the Celtic peoples who settled in Gaul since the 3rd century BC. C. until Roman times.",250]
[null,245,null,null,null,245,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The provinces of Bactria, Parthia, and Cappadocia simultaneously proclaimed their independence.",245]
[null,241,null,null,null,241,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Decisive Roman victory over the Carthaginians in the Battle of the Aegadian Islands. Sicily becomes the first Roman province.",241,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Decisive Roman victory over the Carthaginians in the Battle of the Aegadian Islands. Sicily becomes the first Roman province.\r\nCarthage was expelled from Sicily, which became the first Roman province.",241]
[null,231,null,null,null,231,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sardinia and Corsica, Roman provinces.",231,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kunala and Dasaratha, Mauryan Emperor (232-225 BC)",232,225]
[null,227,null,null,null,227,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Cartago Nova, current Cartagena, was founded with the name of Qart Hadasht (New City) by the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal the fair, brother-in-law of Hamilcar Barca (father of Hannibal) on a previous settlement. Due to its strategic position and its great wealth in mineral deposits it soon became the main Carthaginian colony in Hispania; its walls were said to be impregnable.\r\n",227,null,null,"Cartago Nova, current Cartagena, was founded with the name of Qart Hadasht (New City) by the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal the fair, brother-in-law of Hamilcar Barca (father of Hannibal) on a previous settlement. Due to its strategic position and its great wealth in mineral deposits it soon became the main Carthaginian colony in Hispania; its walls were said to be impregnable.\r\n",227,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Seleucus III Soter Cerauno, (-223 BC), Seleucid Empire.",226,223,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Cartago Nova, current Cartagena, was founded with the name of Qart Hadasht (New City) by the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal the fair, brother-in-law of Hamilcar Barca (father of Hannibal) on a previous settlement. Due to its strategic position and its great wealth in mineral deposits it soon became the main Carthaginian colony in Hispania; its walls were said to be impregnable.\r\n",227]
[null,{"$f":"+F678","v":220},null,null,null,220,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Semi-independent semi-Hellenized kingdoms emerged in Bithynia and Pontus (from Mithridates VI)",220]
[null,220,null,null,null,220]
[null,206,null,null,null,206,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Battle of Ilipa: decisive Roman victory that led to the Carthaginian retreat and the beginning of a Roman invasion of conquest that in about ten years had completely expelled the Carthaginian forces from the southern and eastern areas inhabited by the pre-Roman Iberian peoples, from the Peninsula that formed the first two provinces of Roman Hispania.",206,null,null,"Battle of Ilipa: decisive Roman victory that led to the Carthaginian retreat and the beginning of a Roman invasion of conquest that in about ten years had completely expelled the Carthaginian forces from the southern and eastern areas inhabited by the pre-Roman Iberian peoples, from the Peninsula that formed the first two provinces of Roman Hispania.",206,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Western Han Dynasty, had its capital in Chang'an (present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi); period of economic and cultural prosperity, it is considered a golden age in Chinese history, leaving a cultural legacy that still prevails. The dynasty gave its name to China's majority ethnic group, the \"Han ethnic group\"; The empire extended its cultural and political influence over present-day Vietnam, Mongolia and Korea, and westward expansion reached the Tarim Depression in present-day Xinjiang.",206,9]
[null,203,null,null,null,203]
[null,198,null,null,null,198,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In the battle of Panio in 198 BC. C. the Seleucid king Antiochus III the Great defeated the Ptolemaic kingdom, taking over the Syrian lands controlled by Egypt and uniting them with his own, thus gaining control of all of Syria. The title \"king of Syria\" appeared in the 2nd century BC. C. to refer to the kings of the Seleucid Empire who governed the region that generally extended between Anatolia and Egypt, between the Mediterranean Sea and the Euphrates River.",198]
[null,197,122,"\"ROME\r\nGREECE\"","Flaminius defeats the Macedonians at Cynoscephali and the Romans break Macedonia's hegemony over Greece.\r\nEnd of the Macedonian Wars. Liberation\" of Greece and flight of Hannibal to Asia.\"",197,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Romans divided the Iberian territory into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior.\r\nHispania Ulterior is bordering the unconquered territory of the Lusitanians.",197,null,null,"The Romans divided the Iberian territory into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior.\r\nHispania Ulterior is bordering the unconquered territory of the Lusitanians.",197,null,null,"Rome's hegemony over the western Mediterranean begins and Roman influence increases in southern Gaul, which initially manifests itself in the commercial sphere.",200,null,null,"Rome's hegemony over the western Mediterranean begins and Roman influence increases in southern Gaul, which initially manifests itself in the commercial sphere.",200,null,null,"Flaminius defeats the Macedonians at Cynoscephali and the Romans break Macedonia's hegemony over Greece.\r\nEnd of the Macedonian Wars. Liberation\" of Greece and flight of Hannibal to Asia.\"",197,196,null,"Flaminius defeats the Macedonians at Cynoscephali and the Romans break Macedonia's hegemony over Greece.\r\nThe Iberian Peninsula is organized into two Roman provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior.\r\nEnd of the Macedonian Wars. Liberation\" of Greece and flight of Hannibal to Asia.\"",197,196]
[null,190,null,null,null,190,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Artaxias I, Artaxid King of Armenia.",190,160,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Seleucids could no longer intervene in the affairs of Parthia due to the growing invasion of the Roman Republic which defeated the Seleucids at Magnesia in 190 BC.",190,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Seleucids could no longer intervene in the affairs of Parthia due to the growing invasion of the Roman Republic which defeated the Seleucids at Magnesia in 190 BC.",190,null,null,"The Seleucids could no longer intervene in the affairs of Parthia due to the growing invasion of the Roman Republic which defeated the Seleucids at Magnesia in 190 BC.",190]
[null,184,null,null,null,184,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Antimachus I, Grecobactrian King. About Paramisos.",185,170,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Houshao, Western Han dynasty.",184,180]
[null,170,null,null,null,170,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Third Macedonian War was a contest between Rome and King Perseus of Macedonia, who was ultimately defeated, deposed, and imprisoned in Rome. As a result, Macedonia is divided into four clientelist republics.",171,168,null,"The final part of the Macedonian wars originated in the interest of the Romans to prevent the actions of Perseus, who took the throne of Macedonia in 179, from destroying their political dominance in Greece and restoring the ancient Macedonian sovereignty over the Greek states. who, fearing a change in the balance of power in Greece, declared a new war against Macedonia. Finally, Perseus was defeated by the Roman legions at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC. C. and he was deposed and taken to Rome along with his dignitaries. Macedonia was divided into four client republics of Rome, which meant the end of Hellenistic Macedonia and the Antigonid monarchy.",171,168,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ptolemy VIII Evergetes II – Proclaimed king in 170 BC; He ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II between 169 and 164 BC.",170,116,null,"Antimachus II, Indo-Greek King. About Paramisos-Aracosia-Gandhara-Western Punjab.",170,155]
[null,168,null,null,null,168,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rome conquers the Kingdom of Macedonia after the Battle of Pydna.",168,null,null,"Rome conquers the Kingdom of Macedonia after the Battle of Pydna.",168,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Sixth Syrian War took place in a period of succession crisis in Egypt in which the regents declared war on Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who, against their counterattack, invaded Egypt, beginning the march towards Alexandria; The Egyptians asked Rome for help and the Senate dispatched Gaius Popilius Lenas who gave an ultimatum on behalf of the Senate: he must evacuate Egypt and Cyprus immediately, stopping Antiochus's hopes of conquering Egyptian territory.",168,169,null,null,null,null,null,"Arsaces V Phraates I, High King Arsaces of the Parthian Empire.",168,165,null,"The Sixth Syrian War took place in a period of succession crisis in Egypt in which the regents declared war on Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who, against their counterattack, invaded Egypt, beginning the march towards Alexandria; The Egyptians asked Rome for help and the Senate dispatched Gaius Popilius Lenas who gave an ultimatum on behalf of the Senate: he must evacuate Egypt and Cyprus immediately, stopping Antiochus's hopes of conquering Egyptian territory.",168,169,null,"The Sixth Syrian War took place in a period of succession crisis in Egypt in which the regents declared war on Antiochus IV Epiphanes, who, against their counterattack, invaded Egypt, beginning the march towards Alexandria; The Egyptians asked Rome for help and the Senate dispatched Gaius Popilius Lenas who gave an ultimatum on behalf of the Senate: he must evacuate Egypt and Cyprus immediately, stopping Antiochus's hopes of conquering Egyptian territory.",168]
[null,163,null,null,null,163,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In 163 B.C. Timarchus rebelled against the Seleucids, declared himself independent governor of Media, and expanded his kingdom over Babylon.",163,160,null,null,null,null,null,"In 163 B.C. Timarchus rebelled against the Seleucids, declared himself independent governor of Media, and expanded his kingdom over Babylon.",163]
[null,154,null,null,null,154,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Second Celtiberian War\r\nRome tried to quell a rebellion by the inhabitants of Segeda who took refuge in Numantia, but after some victories it suffered other harsh defeats until the consul Claudius Marcellus managed to sign peace treaties with the indigenous people and recommended their approval to the Senate.",154,152]
[null,148,null,null,null,148,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Achaean War was a military conflict that began due to the decision of the Achaean League not to allow the departure of the League from Sparta, Argos and Corinth demanded by Rome; confronted the Roman Republic, supported by the Kingdom of Pergamum and some Cretan cities, with the Achaean, Euboean and Theban Leagues in the year 146 BC. C., and with the victory of Rome, Roman rule over Greece was completed.",148,146,null,"The Achaean War was a military conflict that began due to the decision of the Achaean League not to allow the departure of the League from Sparta, Argos and Corinth demanded by Rome; confronted the Roman Republic, supported by the Kingdom of Pergamum and some Cretan cities, with the Achaean, Euboean and Theban Leagues in the year 146 BC. C., and with the victory of Rome, Roman rule over Greece was completed.",148,146,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mithridates sets his sights on the Seleucid satrapies of Media Magna and Atropatene, the region that had been destabilized by the Seleucid suppression of a rebellion led by Timarchus; Mithridates invaded Media and in 148 occupied Ecbatana taking advantage of a civil war against the Seleucid king Demetrius I.",148]
[null,147,null,null,null,147,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Parthians first attacked the city of Seleucia, which was definitively conquered in 141 BC.",147,141,null,"The Parthians first attacked the city of Seleucia, which was definitively conquered in 141 BC.",147,141]
[null,134,null,null,null,134,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tiberius Gracchus was elected Tribune (of the plebs) and attempted to pass a law that would limit the amount of land any individual could own which the aristocrats were staunchly opposed to. His law was promulgated, but Tiberius was murdered along with 300 of his associates when he stood for re-election to the tribunate.",134,133]
[null,130,null,null,null,130,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Taking advantage of the chaos produced by a rebellion that fought the Arsacids between 137 and 132 BC. C., Antiochus VII Evergetes recovered Babylon in 130, commanding a mass of 300,000 people, of which only 80,000 were soldiers and the rest camp followers, and then continued towards Media; It was easy for the Arsacids to promote a guerrilla war in the following spring and soon after, in 129 BC. C., Antiochus VII was ambushed in his camp by the Arsacid army near Ecbatana and was killed and almost all of his soldiers were killed or captured.",130,129,null,null,null,null,null,"Taking advantage of the chaos produced by a rebellion that fought the Arsacids between 137 and 132 BC. C., Antiochus VII Evergetes recovered Babylon in 130, commanding a mass of 300,000 people, of which only 80,000 were soldiers and the rest camp followers, and then continued towards Media; It was easy for the Arsacids to promote a guerrilla war in the following spring and soon after, in 129 BC. C., Antiochus VII was ambushed in his camp by the Arsacid army near Ecbatana and was killed and almost all of his soldiers were killed or captured.",130,129,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zoilus I, Indo-Greek King. About Paramisos-Aracosia.\r\nAgathoclea, Indo-Greek King. About Gandhara-Western Punjab.",130,120]
[null,125,null,null,null,125,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Heliocles I, Grecobactrian King from 145; relative (son or brother) and successor of Eucratides I the Great, he was probably the last Greek king to reign over the country of Bactria. Around the year 130 BC. C., a nomadic people, the Yuezhi (or Tocharians), began to invade Bactria from the north, and we can assume that Heliocles was killed in battle during this invasion. Details from Chinese sources seem to indicate that the nomadic invasion did not entirely end the Bactrian civilization. The Hellenized cities would have continued to exist for some time, and the well-organized agricultural systems would not have been demolished.",125,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Heliocles I, Grecobactrian King from 145; relative (son or brother) and successor of Eucratides I the Great, he was probably the last Greek king to reign over the country of Bactria. From the year 130 BC. C., a nomadic people, the Yuezhi (or Tocharians), began to invade Bactria from the north and it can be assumed that Heliocles was killed in battle during this invasion. Details from Chinese sources seem to indicate that the nomadic invasion did not entirely end the Bactrian civilization. The Hellenized cities would have continued to exist for some time, and the well-organized agricultural systems would not have been demolished.",125]
[null,125,null,null,null,125,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Romans conquered Southern Gaul.",125,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Romans conquer Southern Gaul.",125,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Sogdians occupied a key position on the Silk Road and played a prominent role in facilitating trade transactions between China and Central Asia.\r\nSogdian contacts with China were initiated by the embassy of the Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Emperor Wu (r. 141–87 BC) of the Han dynasty. Zhang wrote a report on his visit to the Western regions in Central Asia Asia and the Sogdiana area called it \"Kangju\".",125,null,null,"Antiochus VIII Gryphon, (-96 BC), king of Syria, Seleucid Empire.",125,96,null,null,null,null,null,"Precursors of the Silk Road.\r\nAmbassador Zhang Qian informed the Chinese court of the existence of thirty-six kingdoms on China's western borders, some true trading powers such as Nag-Si (Persia), Tiaozhi (Chaldea), and Li-Qian (the Roman Empire). Zhang also reported on the level of sophistication of the urban civilizations of Bactria, Fergana and Parthia and told of the magnificent horses of the plains of the Fergana Valley that the Dayuan (later called the heavenly horses\") had, much stronger and faster. than the Chinese horses, with which the cavalry of the Han Empire could confront its invaders in better conditions.\"",125,null,null,"Antiochus VIII Gryphon, (-96 BC), king of Syria, Seleucid Empire.",125,96,null,null,null,null,null,"Andhraka, King Shunga.",124,122,null,null,null,null,null,"Precursors of the Silk Road.\r\nAmbassador Zhang Qian informed the Chinese court of the existence of thirty-six kingdoms on China's western borders, some real trading powers such as Nag-Si (Persia), Tiaozhi (Chaldea) and Li-Qian (the Roman Empire) and The Sogdiana area was called Kangju\". Zhang also reported on the level of sophistication of the urban civilizations of Bactria, Fergana and Parthia and told of the magnificent horses of the plains of the Fergana Valley that the Dayuan (later called the \"heavenly horses\") had, much stronger and faster. than the Chinese horses, with which the cavalry of the Han Empire could confront its invaders in better conditions.\"",125]
[null,118,null,null,null,118,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Roman province of Gaul Narbonensis was formed.",118,null,null,"The Roman province of Gaul Narbonensis was formed.",118,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Trade of the Seleucid Empire with India.\r\nThe monsoon wind system of the Indian Ocean was first exploited by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 118 when a shipwrecked sailor from India who had been rescued in the Red Sea offered Ptolemy VIII to guide Greek sailors to his country. Ptolemy would have named Eudoxus of Cyzicus, who would have made two trips from Egypt to India: in the first, in the year 118 BC, guided by the Indian sailor and after returning with a shipment of aromatic products and precious stones, a second trip in 116 BC. C., would have left without a guide.",118,116,null,"Trade of the Seleucid Empire with India.\r\nThe monsoon wind system of the Indian Ocean was first exploited by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 118 when a shipwrecked sailor from India who had been rescued in the Red Sea offered Ptolemy VIII to guide Greek sailors to his country. Ptolemy would have named Eudoxus of Cyzicus, who would have made two trips from Egypt to India: in the first, in the year 118 BC, guided by the Indian sailor and after returning with a shipment of aromatic products and precious stones, a second trip in 116 BC. C., would have left without a guide.",118,116]
[null,112,null,null,null,112,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Jugurtha War was a military conflict originated by Rome's intervention in the succession conflict of the kingdom of Numidia against one of the aspirants, Jugurtha, who was able to remain in power for many years by purchasing or bribing officials, Roman military and civilians reflecting the ethical decline of the Roman era; Jugurtha was captured in 105 and strangled in Rome; In the year 104 Rome controlled the kingdom of Numidia.",112,104]
[null,100,null,null,null,100,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Polyxenus, Indo-Greek King. About Paramisos-Aracosia.\r\nDemetrius III, Indo-Greek King. About Gandhara-Western Punjab.",100,100]
[null,97,null,"JAPAN","Emperor Sujin, (149 a. C. – 30 a. C.) - Legendary",97,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Philoxenus, Indo-Greek King. About Paramisos-Aracosia-Gandhara-Western Punjab.",100,95,null,"Emperor Sujin, (149 BC – 30 BC) - Legendary",97,30]
[null,94,null,null,null,94,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Philip I Philadelphus, (-83 BC), king of Syria, Seleucid Empire.",94,83,null,null,null,null,null,"Arsaces XII Sinatruces, King Arsaces of the Parthian Empire.\r\nArsaces XII Sinatruces, Great King Arsaces of the Parthian Empire, (rebel in Elam).",93,87,null,"Philip I Philadelphus, (-83 BC), king of Syria, Seleucid Empire.",94,83]
[null,87,null,null,null,87,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Antiochus XII Dionysus, (-84 BC), king of Syria, Seleucid Empire.\r\nHe ruled the southern parts of what remained of the Seleucid kingdom, basically Damascus and its surroundings, being the last Seleucid king in southern Syria, due to the irremediable decline of the Hellenistic kingdoms.\"",87,82,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Antiochus XII Dionysus, (-84 BC), king of Syria, Seleucid Empire.\r\nHe ruled the southern parts of what remained of the Seleucid kingdom, basically Damascus and its surroundings, being the last Seleucid king in southern Syria, due to the irremediable decline of the Hellenistic kingdoms.\"",87,82,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Zhao, Western Han dynasty.",87,74]
[null,83,null,null,null,83,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Second Mithridatic War pitted Mithridates of Pontus against General Lucius Licinius Murena of the Republic of Rome.",83,82,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tigranes II the Great, (140-55 BC), king of Syria.\r\nAfter a bloody dispute for the throne of Syria, Antioch rebelled against its weak Seleucid rulers and the Syrians in the year 88 chose King Tigranes of Armenia as protector of his kingdom and offered him the crown of the Kingdom of Syria; Tigranes invaded Syria and became King of Syria (83-69); He subsequently conquered Phenicia and Cilicia, beginning the final decline of the Seleucid Empire.",83,69,null,null,null,null,null,"Tigranes II the Great, (140-55 BC), king of Syria.\r\nAfter a bloody dispute for the throne of Syria, Antioch rebelled against its weak Seleucid rulers and the Syrians in the year 88 chose King Tigranes of Armenia as protector of his kingdom and offered him the crown of the Kingdom of Syria; Tigranes invaded Syria and became King of Syria (83-69); He subsequently conquered Phenicia and Cilicia, beginning the final decline of the Seleucid Empire.",null,null,null,"Tigranes II the Great, (140-55 BC), king of Syria.\r\nAfter a bloody dispute for the throne of Syria, Antioch rebelled against its weak Seleucid rulers and the Syrians in the year 88 chose King Tigranes of Armenia as protector of his kingdom and offered him the crown of the Kingdom of Syria; Tigranes invaded Syria and became King of Syria (83-69); He subsequently conquered Phenicia and Cilicia, beginning the final decline of the Seleucid Empire.",83,69,null,null,null,null,null,"Devabhuti, King Shunga.\r\nHe was assassinated by conspiracy of his minister Vasudeva of the Kanva dynasty in 75 BC. C.",83,73]
[null,74,null,null,null,74,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Cyrenaica became a Roman province, which also included Crete, called Creta et Cyrenaica.",74,null,null,"The Third Mithridatic War pitted Mithridates VI, king of Pontus, against the Republic of Rome. The Romans won the war and Mithridates committed suicide, thus ending the threat from the Kingdom of Pontus and subduing the Kingdom of Armenia.",74,65,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In the third Mithridatic war, the army of Rome led by Lucullus and Pompey the Great faced Mithridates allied with Tigranes, king of Armenia and king of Syria. The war ended with Roman victory in 65 BC. C. and the subsequent suicide of Mithridates in 63, thus ending the threat of the Kingdom of Pontus and also subjecting the Kingdoms of Armenia and Syria to Roman power.",74,null,65,null,null,null,null,null,"In the third Mithridatic war, the army of Rome led by Lucullus and Pompey the Great faced Mithridates allied with Tigranes, king of Armenia and king of Syria. The war ended with Roman victory in 65 BC. C. and the subsequent suicide of Mithridates in 63, thus ending the threat of the Kingdom of Pontus and also subjecting the Kingdoms of Armenia and Syria to Roman power.",74,65,null,null,null,null,null,"In the third Mithridatic war, the army of Rome led by Lucullus and Pompey the Great faced Mithridates allied with Tigranes, king of Armenia and king of Syria. The war ended with Roman victory in 65 BC. C. and the subsequent suicide of Mithridates in 63, thus ending the threat of the Kingdom of Pontus and also subjecting the Kingdoms of Armenia and Syria to Roman power.",74,65,null,"In the third Mithridatic war, the army of Rome led by Lucullus and Pompey the Great faced Mithridates allied with Tigranes, king of Armenia and king of Syria. The war ended with Roman victory in 65 BC. C. and the subsequent suicide of Mithridates in 63, thus ending the threat of the Kingdom of Pontus and also subjecting the Kingdoms of Armenia and Syria to Roman power.",74,65,null,"Cyrenaica became a Roman province, which also included Crete, called Creta et Cyrenaica.",74,null,null,"The Kanva or Kanvayana dynasty is a dynasty of Brahmins that replaced the Shunga dynasty in Magadha and ruled in the eastern part of ancient India until 30 BC when it was ousted from power by the Satavahana dynasty or Andhrabhrtya dynasty. of Amarāvatī.\r\nVasudeva of Magadha, King Kanva.\r\n",75,66,null,null,null,null,null,"Marquis of Haihun, Western Han Dynasty.",74,74]
[null,69,null,null,null,69,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Antiochus XIII Asiatic, (-64 BC), king of Syria, Seleucid Empire.\r\nAfter the defeat of Tigranes II the Great by the Romans, Lucullus proclaimed him king in Antioch, as a client king. However, Pompey deposed him shortly after, converting Syria into a Roman province. He is usually considered the last of the Seleucids, although Philip II Philo-Roman reigned in part of Syria after him.",69,64,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Antiochus XIII Asiatic, (-64 BC), king of Syria, Seleucid Empire.\r\nAfter the defeat of Tigranes II the Great by the Romans, Lucullus proclaimed him king in Antioch, as a client king. However, Pompey deposed him shortly after, converting Syria into a Roman province. He is usually considered the last of the Seleucids, although Philip II Philo-Roman reigned in part of Syria after him.",69,64]
[null,63,37,"\"ROME\r\nIRAN\"","END OF THE SELEUCID EMPIRE\nWith the death of Mithridates of Pontus in 63 BC. C. and the subjugation of the Kingdom of Pontus and the Kingdom of Armenia, Pompey dedicated himself to the creation of new client kingdoms and the establishment of new Roman Provinces such as Armenia and Judea and finally converted Bithynia, Cyrene and Syria; Seleucid power was destroyed but this decline in turn facilitated the expansion of Parthia in the region.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",63,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Catiline conspiracy was a political plot concocted by Senator Lucius Sergius Catiline with the intention of seizing power in the Roman Republic in the year 63 BC. C. by military means along with five other conspiratorial leaders who were executed without trial while Catiline was killed in the subsequent military confrontation.",63,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"END OF THE SELEUCID EMPIRE\r\nWith the death of Mithridates of Pontus in 63 BC. C. and the subjugation of the Kingdom of Pontus and the Kingdom of Armenia, Pompey dedicated himself to the creation of new client kingdoms and the establishment of new Roman Provinces such as Armenia and Judea and finally converted Bithynia, Cyrene and Syria; Seleucid power was destroyed but this decline in turn facilitated the expansion of Parthia in the region.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",63,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"END OF THE SELEUCID EMPIRE\r\nWith the death of Mithridates of Pontus in 63 BC. C. and the subjugation of the Kingdom of Pontus and the Kingdom of Armenia, Pompey dedicated himself to the creation of new client kingdoms and the establishment of new Roman Provinces such as Armenia and Judea and finally converted Bithynia, Cyrene and Syria; Seleucid power was destroyed but this decline in turn facilitated the expansion of Parthia in the region.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",63,null,null,null,null,null,null,"END OF THE SELEUCID EMPIRE\r\nWith the death of Mithridates of Pontus in 63 BC. C. and the subjugation of the Kingdom of Pontus and the Kingdom of Armenia, Pompey dedicated himself to the creation of new client kingdoms and the establishment of new Roman Provinces such as Armenia and Judea and finally converted Bithynia, Cyrene and Syria; Seleucid power was destroyed but this decline in turn facilitated the expansion of Parthia in the region.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",63,null,null,"END OF THE SELEUCID EMPIRE\r\nWith the death of Mithridates of Pontus in 63 BC. C. and the subjugation of the Kingdom of Pontus and the Kingdom of Armenia, Pompey dedicated himself to the creation of new client kingdoms and the establishment of new Roman Provinces such as Armenia and Judea and finally converted Bithynia, Cyrene and Syria; Seleucid power was destroyed but this decline in turn facilitated the expansion of Parthia in the region.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",63]
[null,57,null,null,null,57,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Silla or Shilla was one of the three kingdoms of Korea along with Goguryeo and Baekje. It was a principality of the Samhan confederation in 52 BC. C. and in 57 when it was called the kingdom of Saro (later Silla) in the southeast of the peninsula obtained autonomy from China from the Han dynasty until the year 935 when it succumbed to its successor, the Goryeo dynasty, from which it derives its name. the current name of Korea.","57\na. C.","935\nd. C."]
[null,49,null,null,null,49,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Second Civil War of the Roman Republic was a military conflict waged by Julius Caesar against the traditionalist and conservative faction of the Senate led militarily by Pompey the Great; Caesar returns from Gaul, crosses the Rubicon and defeats the Pompeian faction, beginning his definitive rise to absolute power as Roman dictator. Caesar wins the Battle of Tapso, (February), taking control of Africa.",49,46,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator - Brother of Cleopatra VII.",51,47,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Yuan, Western Han dynasty.",48,33]
[709,45,41,"ROME","January: The Julian Calendar comes into force, which will continue to be used in most of Europe until 1582. In this year, 445 days were counted, instead of the normal 365, to correct the discrepancies of the previous calendar and was called the last year of confusion.\" To this end, two Merkedinus months were added, between November and December, one of 33 days and another of 34, in addition to the month interspersed in February.\nMarch: Battle of Munda\nApril: suicide of Cato the Younger; Caesar's dictatorship begins.\nCaesar returns to Rome with supreme power.\nVER GRAFICA ILUSTRATIVA",45,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"January: The Julian Calendar comes into force, which will continue to be used in most of Europe until 1582. In this year, 445 days were counted, instead of the normal 365, to correct the discrepancies of the previous calendar and was called the last year of confusion.\" To this end, two Merkedinus months were added, between November and December, one of 33 days and another of 34, in addition to the month interspersed in February.",45,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ptolemy XIV Theos Philopátor II - Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII.",47,44]
[716,38,null,"\"MIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\"","Antigonus Mattathias, king of Judea and High Priest, proclaimed king by the Parthians who occupied Judea in the year 40, was defeated by Herod I the Great with the help of the Romans once the provinces of Syria and Palestine were recovered in the year 38 BC. C. by Marco Antonio.",38,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Arsaces XXI Fraates IV, Great King of Kings of the Parthian Empire.",38,32,null,"Antigonus Mattathias, king of Judea and High Priest, proclaimed king by the Parthians who occupied Judea in the year 40, was defeated by Herod I the Great with the help of the Romans once the provinces of Syria and Palestine were recovered in the year 38 BC. C. by Marco Antonio.",38]
[722,32,null,null,null,32,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The fourth civil war of the Roman Republic begins between the western part of the Republic, controlled by Octavian, including Rome, and the eastern provinces controlled by Mark Antony, including Egypt, ruled by his wife, Queen Cleopatra VII.",32,30,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Arsaces XXII Tyridates I, High King of Kings of the Parthian Empire, (usurper), probably a descendant of Mithridates IV, overthrew Phraates who fled to the eastern satrapies of the Parthian kingdom.",32,29]
[720,34,null,null,null,34,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ptolemy XVI Philadelphus Antony-Son of Cleopatra VII and Mark Antony, at two years of age he was proclaimed co-regent with his mother and with his older half-brother Ptolemy XV, Caesar's son. Overthrown when he was barely six years old, he had little relevance.",34,30]
[725,29,null,"ROME","Octavian alone dominates the entire Roman world. End of the Roman Republic.\nOctavian founded in the same place where Carthage had existed, a Roman colony with the name of Colonia Iulia Concordia Carthago, which became the capital of the Roman province of Africa, one of the most important grain-producing areas of the Roman Empire. Its port was vital for the export of African wheat to Rome. The city became the second largest in the Empire with 400,000 inhabitants.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Octavian alone dominates the entire Roman world. End of the Roman Republic.\r\nOctavian founded in the same place where Carthage had existed, a Roman colony with the name of Colonia Iulia Concordia Carthago, which became the capital of the Roman province of Africa, one of the most important grain-producing areas of the Roman Empire. Its port was vital for the export of African wheat to Rome. The city became the second largest in the Empire with 400,000 inhabitants.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Suinin, (70 BC – 70 AD) - Legendary","29\na. C.","70 \nd. C."]
[727,27,null,null,null,27,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Cyprus becomes a Roman province.\r\nThe construction of Agrippa's first Pantheon begins.\r\nMauritania becomes a vassal kingdom of Rome.\r\nThe Iberian Peninsula is divided into the provinces of Betica, Lusitania and Tarraconense and large-scale operations against the Cantabrians begin.",27,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"After fighting the Romans, Artaxias II was forced to flee to Parthia but returned to Armenia with the support of the Parthians and there he successfully fought the enemies of his father. He executed all the Romans who were within his borders and probably due to the repercussions that this action had, when Artaxias sent emissaries to Rome in order to negotiate the release of his captive relatives, the emperor Caesar Augustus them. rejection.",null,27]
[738,16,null,null,null,16,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gaul is reorganized into three provinces: Aquitaine, Belgium, and Lioness Gaul.",16,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gaul is reorganized into three provinces: Aquitaine, Belgium, and Lioness Gaul.",16]
[739,15,48,"ROME","The Roman conquest of Germania was carried out based on Augustus's policy of territorial expansion; A series of Roman interventions were carried out in Germania that aimed to annex new territories between the Rhine and the Elbe, which belonged to several Germanic tribes.",15,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Roman conquest of Germania was carried out based on Augustus's policy of territorial expansion; A series of Roman interventions were carried out in Germania that aimed to annex new territories between the Rhine and the Elbe, which belonged to several Germanic tribes.","15 a. C.","16 d.C."]
[749,5,null,null,null,5,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tigranes was defeated by Artavasdes IV, son of Artaxias II, who had allied himself with the Romans, but with the help of the Parthians, Tigranes regained power within a few months. Rome and Parthia competed for influence in the government of Armenia. The discontent of the Artaxiad monarchs towards Rome led to a war, instigated and supported by Phraates V of Parthia, but when this support ceased, fearing an escalation in the war, Tigranes and Eratus ended up recognizing Roman sovereignty; Augustus received their submission and allowed them to remain in power.",null,5]
[null,0,50,"ROME","When the counting of the Christian era began in the year 607, (1360 A.U.C.), the mathematical concept of zero did not exist, and years were counted ordinally. Thus, there is no year 0. Establishing the origin of the calendar in this way, the first millennium (first 1000 years) passed between January 1 of the year 1 and December 31 of the year 1000. In the same way, the first century passed between January 1, year 1 and December 31, year 100.",0,null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX",null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX",null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX",null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX",null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX",null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX",null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX",null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX",null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX",null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX",null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX",null,null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX",null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX",null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX",null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX",null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX",null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX",null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX",null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX",null,null,null,"XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"]
[759,6,null,null,null,6,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ruzi Ying, Crown Prince, Western Han Dynasty.",6,9]
[761,8,null,null,null,8,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Arsaces XXV Vonones I, Great King of Kings of the Parthian Empire.",8,12]
[767,14,null,null,null,14,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Between 14 and 16 d. C. Tiberius and the general Julius Caesar Germanicus with a large army advanced in order to avenge the defeat of Varus, but this time the Germanic tribes between the Rhine and the Elbe were united under the command of Arminius; The catastrophic Roman defeat was decisive since, despite the punishing campaigns of Tiberius and Germanicus, all attempts to conquer the territories east of the Rhine were renounced.",14,16,null,null,null,null,null,"August 19, year 14: Death of Augustus.\r\nSeptember 17: Tiberius, adopted son of Augustus, is confirmed as Princeps by the Senate.\r\nTiberius, Princeps Emperor of Rome (42 BC-37 AD)"," 14","  37",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Trade of the Roman Empire with India.\r\nEstablished in Egypt, the Romans took over the same Red Sea ports used by the commercial networks established by the Sellucids and further developed the pre-existing trade; Because the Roman Empire was the administrator of the Mediterranean, the intermediaries of the different territories that the goods passed through were eliminated, producing an enormous growth in trade; By the time of Augustus, every year up to 120 ships sailed from Myos Hormos to India with various luxury products, a trade that required so much gold that it had to be recycled by the Kushans for the minting of their own coins, producing in turn the casting in Rome. of their reserves.",14,null,null,"Trade of the Roman Empire with India.\r\nEstablished in Egypt, the Romans took over the same Red Sea ports used by the commercial networks established by the Sellucids and further developed the pre-existing trade; Because the Roman Empire was the administrator of the Mediterranean, the intermediaries of the different territories that the goods passed through were eliminated, producing an enormous growth in trade; By the time of Augustus, every year up to 120 ships sailed from Myos Hormos to India with various luxury products, a trade that required so much gold that it had to be recycled by the Kushans for the minting of their own coins, producing in turn the casting in Rome. of their reserves.",14]
[778,25,null,null,null,25,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Eastern Han Dynasty.\r\nThey had to move the court to the east, with its capital in Luoyang.",25,220]
[786,33,56,"ROME","Jesus of Nazareth preached for three years in the regions of Galilee and Judea for which he was crucified in Jerusalem under the government of Pontius Pilate. With these two facts, his followers formed Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on his life and teachings, claiming the belief that Jesus is the Son of God and, by extension, the incarnation of God himself.",33,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jesus of Nazareth preached for three years in the regions of Galilee and Judea for which he was crucified in Jerusalem under the government of Pontius Pilate. With these two facts, his followers formed Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on his life and teachings, claiming the belief that Jesus is the Son of God and, by extension, the incarnation of God himself.",33]
[788,35,null,null,null,35,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Arsaces XXVII Tiridates II, (usurper)",35,36,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kushan territories (green) and maximum expansion towards 140 with Kanishka (yellow)"]
[794,41,null,null,null,41,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"January 24, 41: Assassination of Caligula by the Praetorians, who enthrone Claudius the next day.\r\nClaudius, (10 BC-AD 54), Princeps Emperor of Rome"," 41"," 54"]
[803,50,null,null,null,50,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Foundation of the city of LONDON\r\nWhen the Romans arrived on the island to conquer it, they did great engineering works as was their custom to facilitate the march of the troops and to organize the country in their own way. One of these works was the construction of a bridge over the River Thames, in a place where it would not be affected by the tides, that is, in Llyn Din. The Romans Latinized the name of the site as Londinium which continued to develop as a city.",50,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Gothic people were an East Germanic people, whose exact origin is unknown; sometime around the 1st century they may have migrated from somewhere in Scandinavia, (it could be the island of Gotland), and according to the first historical reference of the Goths by the Roman historian Tacitus in the year 98 in his work Germania, places them in the Vistula region (present-day Poland), a land they called Gothiscandza.\nTwo of its branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the birth of medieval Europe.",50,null,null,"The Gothic people were an East Germanic people, whose exact origin is unknown; sometime around the 1st century they may have migrated from somewhere in Scandinavia, (it could be the island of Gotland), and according to the first historical reference of the Goths by the Roman historian Tacitus in the year 98 in his work Germania, places them in the Vistula region (present-day Poland), a land they called Gothiscandza.\nTwo of its branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the birth of medieval Europe.",50,null,null,"The Gothic people were an East Germanic people, whose exact origin is unknown; sometime around the 1st century they may have migrated from somewhere in Scandinavia, (it could be the island of Gotland), and according to the first historical reference of the Goths by the Roman historian Tacitus in the year 98 in his work Germania, places them in the Vistula region (present-day Poland), a land they called Gothiscandza.\nTwo of its branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the birth of medieval Europe.",50]
[808,55,null,null,null,55,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"During the reign of Nero, the Parthians again invaded the kingdom of Armenia, an ally of Rome; The Romans undertook a campaign (55-63) against the Parthian Empire that returned the kingdom of Armenia to King Tiridates I. In the year 63, without a decisive victory, the conflict ended with an agreement in which the two parties had to make concessions. synthesized in the Establishment of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia as a client of Rome: from then on a Parthian prince of the Arsacid lineage would occupy the Armenian throne, but his appointment had to be approved by the Roman emperor.",55,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"During the reign of Nero, the Parthians again invaded the kingdom of Armenia, an ally of Rome.",55,55,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"During the reign of Nero, the Parthians again invaded the kingdom of Armenia, an ally of Rome; The Romans undertook a campaign (55-63) against the Parthian Empire that returned the kingdom of Armenia to King Tiridates I. In the year 63, without a decisive victory, the conflict ended with an agreement in which the two parties had to make concessions. synthesized in the Establishment of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia as a client of Rome: from then on a Parthian prince of the Arsacid lineage would occupy the Armenian throne, but his appointment had to be approved by the Roman emperor.",55,63,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[811,58,null,null,null,58,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nero waged the Parthian Roman War for control of Armenia, a state situated between the two empires that had been a dependent state of Rome since the time of Emperor Augustus; Without a decisive victory, the conflict ended with an agreement in which the two parties had to make concessions synthesized in the Establishment of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia as a client of Rome: from then on a Parthian prince of the Arsacid lineage would occupy the throne. Armenian, but his appointment had to be approved by the Roman emperor.",58,63,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nero waged the Parthian Roman War for control of Armenia which returned the kingdom of Armenia to King Tiridates I in the year 63.",58,58,63,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nero waged the Parthian Roman War for control of Armenia, a state situated between the two empires that had been a dependent state of Rome since the time of Emperor Augustus; Without a decisive victory, the conflict ended with an agreement in which the two parties had to make concessions synthesized in the Establishment of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia as a client of Rome: from then on a Parthian prince of the Arsacid lineage would occupy the throne. Armenian, but his appointment had to be approved by the Roman emperor.",58,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Ming, Eastern Han dynasty.",57,75]
[817,64,null,null,null,64,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A Great Fire occurs in Rome and the first persecution of Christians.",64]
[822,69,null,null,null,69,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Decuman Fields were a province of the Roman Empire covering the area of the Black Forest between the Main River and the sources of the Danube and Rhine rivers, currently in southwestern Germany (modern Wurttemberg, Baden and Hohenzollern). Swabians emigrated to Bohemia, the region was again populated by the Gauls and later the region would become part of the Roman Empire which reconquered it under the Flavian emperors, 69-96 AD. c.",69,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Galba (3 BC-69 AD), Princeps Emperor of Rome, (June 8, 68 – January 25, 69)",69,69,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[831,78,null,null,null,78,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Arsaces XXXIII Vologases II, Great King of Kings of the Parthian Empire.",78,80]
[831,78,null,null,null,78,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola was forced to lead a new military expedition to subdue the Celtic tribe of the Ordovics, located in what is now Wales, two years later he reached Caledonia (present-day Scotland) where the tribes of the Picts kept Their independence.\r\nThe Romans gained full control of what is now Wales with the defeat of the Catfish and finally the Ordovics.\r\nThe British tribes of pre-Roman times, (Deceanglos, Ordovics, Cornovii, Demetas and Silures), occupied the current territory of Wales and also parts of England and southern Scotland, in what would be organized as the Roman province of Britain.",78,80,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Arsaces XXXIV Pacorus II, Great King of Kings of the Parthian Empire, (usurper).",78,108]
[836,83,null,null,null,83,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Battle of Mount Graupius was a military confrontation fought during the conquest of Britain, between the legions of the Roman Empire, led by the governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola, and a confederation of Caledonian (Scottish) tribes, commanded by the chief Calgacus that ended with a complete victory of the imperial forces; However, it did not mean the annexation of current Scotland to imperial territory since the emperor Titus Flavius Domitian for political reasons called the governor back to Rome.",83,84,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Roman province of Germania Inferior, which occupied the territories of the present-day Netherlands, part of Belgium, and northwest Germany, using the course of the Rhine River as a border, together with the Roman province of Germania Superior, which occupied present-day Alsace, part of the Modern Switzerland and the western bank of the upper Rhun (present-day Rhine) were declared completely independent provinces by the Emperor Domitian.",83]
[841,88,null,null,null,88,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor He, Eastern Han Dynasty.",88,106]
[859,106,null,null,null,106,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"When the last king of the Nabataean kingdom, Rabel II Soter, died, the Roman forces left Syria and also Egypt and around 107 AD. C. were stationed in the area around Petra, the capital of the Nabataean kingdom, and Bostra, and the kingdom was annexed by the empire to become the province of Arabia Petrea. Trade was continued largely thanks to the Nabataeans' undiminished talent for trade.",106,107,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Arsaces XXXV Vologases III, Great King of Kings of the Parthian Empire, (eastern part).",105,147,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Vima Kadphises, Kushan Emperor, the first great Kushan emperor",105,127,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor An, Eastern Han Dynasty.",106,125]
[{"$f":"753+B892","v":861},108,null,null,null,108,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Arsaces XXXVI Osroes I, Great King of Kings of the Parthian Empire, (Mesopotamia).",108,116]
[868,{"$f":"+F897","v":115},null,null,null,115,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The native tribes of the Picts and others of present-day Scotland revolted against their conquerors and annihilated the Roman garrisons of Eburacum, (York).",115,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Precursors of the Suez Canal.\r\nAccording to the historian Diodorus, the infrastructure of the canal of the pharaohs of the Ptolemaic era remained in operation until the Roman conquest and then it was blocked due to lack of maintenance and it would be Trajan, in the 2nd century AD, who ordered its cleaning, but this new stage did not It lasted a long time and at the end of the following century the canal was blocked again, remaining that way for more than three hundred years.\"",115,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Within the framework of the military campaign that Trajan initiated against the Parthian Empire, the Greek communities of Cyrenaica (Libya) and Cyprus attacked the Jewish neighborhoods, excusing themselves for the support they gave to the Parthians, which led to the general rebellion of the communities. Jews from Cyrenaica, Alexandria and Cyprus who took control; The riots spread to Judea and after several years of violent repression the uprisings are crushed and the Jews are exterminated en masse, causing the elimination of the entire Jewish colony in Cyprus and the strong weakening of the Jewish colonies in Alexandria and Cyrenaica.",115,117,null,"Precursors of the Suez Canal.\nAccording to the historian Diodorus, the infrastructure of the canal of the pharaohs of the Ptolemaic era remained in operation until the Roman conquest and then it was blocked due to lack of maintenance and it would be Trajan, in the 2nd century AD, who ordered its cleaning, but this new stage did not It lasted a long time and at the end of the following century the canal was blocked again, remaining that way for more than three hundred years.\"",115]
[878,125,null,null,null,125,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Shun, Eastern Han dynasty.",125,144]
[888,135,null,null,null,135,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The rebellion led by Bar Kochba against the Roman Empire quickly spread from central Judea throughout the country, cutting off the Roman garrison at Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem); A large-scale Roman force invaded Judea in 134 and finally managed to crush the rebellion. As a consequence, hundreds of thousands of Jews are murdered or enslaved, Jewish political and religious authority is suppressed and the entry of Jews into Jerusalem is prohibited, eliminating the Roman province of Judea, which is merged with other regions into the province of Syria renamed Syria Palæstina. .",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The rebellion led by Bar Kochba against the Roman Empire quickly spread from central Judea throughout the country, cutting off the Roman garrison at Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem); A large-scale Roman force invaded Judea in 134 and finally managed to crush the rebellion. As a consequence, hundreds of thousands of Jews are murdered or enslaved, Jewish political and religious authority is suppressed and the entry of Jews into Jerusalem is prohibited, eliminating the Roman province of Judea, which is merged with other regions into the province of Syria renamed Syria Palæstina. .",132,135,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The rebellion led by Bar Kochba against the Roman Empire quickly spread from central Judea throughout the country, cutting off the Roman garrison at Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem); A large-scale Roman force invaded Judea in 134 and finally managed to crush the rebellion. As a consequence, hundreds of thousands of Jews are murdered or enslaved, Jewish political and religious authority is suppressed and the entry of Jews into Jerusalem is prohibited, eliminating the Roman province of Judea, which is merged with other regions into the province of Syria renamed Syria Palæstina. .",132,135]
[891,138,null,null,null,138,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Antoninus Pius (86-161), Princeps Emperor of Rome",138,161,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[900,147,null,"INDUS VALLEY","Vāsishka, Kushan Emperor.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC ",147,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Vāsishka, Kushan Emperor.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC ",151,155]
[915,162,null,null,null,162,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Romans abandon the Antonine wall, so Hadrian's wall of 117 km would definitively mark the northern limit of Roman rule in such a way that Roman Britain roughly consisted of present-day England and Wales.",162,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Romans abandon the Antonine wall, so Hadrian's wall of 117 km would definitively mark the northern limit of Roman rule in such a way that Roman Britain roughly consisted of present-day England and Wales.",162]
[942,189,null,null,null,189,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Xian Qing, Eastern Han dynasty.",189,220]
[944,191,null,null,null,191,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Vasudeva I, Kushan Emperor, the last of the \"Great Kushanas.\"",191,232,null,"Emperor Chūai, (149 - 200) - Legendary",192,200]
[946,193,null,null,null,193,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pescenio Niger 135/40-194), Princeps Emperor of Rome",193,194,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[961,208,null,null,null,208,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Arsaces XLII Vologases VI, Great King of Kings of the Parthian Empire",208,228,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[971,218,null,null,null,218,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Heliogabalus (203-222), Princeps Emperor of Rome",218,222,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[973,220,null,null,null,220,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"General Cao Pi forced the abdication of Xian in his favor, ending the Han Dynasty and beginning the Three Kingdoms Period. China was divided into three kingdoms, Wei, Shu-Han and Wu, which disputed the legitimacy of the continuity of the Han.\r\nThree Kingdoms: Wei",220,265]
[977,224,65,"IRAN","Sassanid Empire (224-651)\nThe Sassanid Empire, the last Iranian state prior to the Muslim Conquest, whose territory included the current countries of Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Afghanistan and parts of eastern Turkey and Syria, as well as part of Pakistan, the Caucasus, Central Asia and Arabia. Furthermore, during the government of Khosrau II (r. 590-628), the territories of present-day Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine were annexed to the empire. Persia and Mesopotamia continued to be controlled, from the city of Ctesiphon located on the banks of the Tigris River, which was later abandoned with the founding of Baghdad.",224,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"During the period of the Sassanid Empire (224-651), Persia and Mesopotamia continued to be controlled as provinces, from the city of Ctesiphon located on the banks of the Tigris River, which was later abandoned with the founding of Baghdad.",224,651,null,null,null,null,null,"Sassanid Empire (224-651)\r\nThe Sassanid Empire, officially the Empire of the Iranians, was the second Persian Empire and the fourth and last Iranian State prior to the Muslim Conquest. The territory of the Sassanian Persian Empire included the present-day countries of Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Afghanistan, and parts of eastern Turkey and Syria, as well as parts of Pakistan, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Arabia. Furthermore, during the government of Khosrau II (r. 590-628), the territories of present-day Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine were annexed to the empire.",224,651,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[983,230,null,null,null,230,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Mesopotamian campaign of Ardacher I began in 230 with an offensive against Armenia and against the kingdom of Hatra, in Mesopotamia, an ally of Rome that, after the Roman counteroffensive in 232, did not have the expected success; but after the death of Emperor Alexander Severus in 235, Ardashir undertook a new offensive and this time the Great King was more successful since in 236 the strategically important cities of Carras and Nisibis fell into the hands of the Persians and in 240 also the harshly disputed Hatra.",230,240]
[991,238,null,null,null,238,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pupienus Maximus (165/70-238), Princeps Emperor of Rome\r\nBalbino (c.178-238), Princeps Emperor of Rome",238,238,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[991,238,null,null,null,238,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Invasions of the Goths\nThe first incursions into the Roman Empire that can be attributed to the Goths were the sack of Histria in 238. The Goths were later recruited with some intensity to enter the Roman army and thus fight in the Roman-Sassanid wars, participating prominently in the Battle of Misijé in 242. In later decades there were other similar raids, notably the Battle of Attrio in 251, led by Cniva, in which the Roman Emperor Decius died. Thus the Goths settled in the Roman provinces of Thrace and Moesia.",238,251,null,"Invasions of the Goths\nThe first incursions into the Roman Empire that can be attributed to the Goths were the sack of Histria in 238. The Goths were later recruited with some intensity to enter the Roman army and thus fight in the Roman-Sassanid wars, participating prominently in the Battle of Misijé in 242. In later decades there were other similar raids, notably the Battle of Attrio in 251, led by Cniva, in which the Roman Emperor Decius died. Thus the Goths settled in the Roman provinces of Thrace and Moesia.",238,251,null,"Invasions of the Goths\nThe first incursions into the Roman Empire that can be attributed to the Goths were the sack of Histria in 238. The Goths were later recruited with some intensity to enter the Roman army and thus fight in the Roman-Sassanid wars, participating prominently in the Battle of Misijé in 242. In later decades there were other similar raids, notably the Battle of Attrio in 251, led by Cniva, in which the Roman Emperor Decius died. Thus the Goths settled in the Roman provinces of Thrace and Moesia.",238,251,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[997,244,null,null,null,244,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Philip the Arab (c.204-249), Princeps Emperor of Rome with Philip II, the Younger (247-249)",244,249,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[1004,251,null,null,null,251,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Trebonianus Gallus (206-253), Princeps Emperor of Rome with Volusianus (251-253)",251,253,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[1008,255,null,null,null,255,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Invasions of the Goths\nWith the first attacks by sea the Goths made an unsuccessful attack on Pityus, which was followed by another that sacked Pitsunda and Trebizond and desolated large areas in Pontus. In the third year, a much larger force devastated large areas of Bithynia and the Propontis, including the cities of Chalcedon, Nicomedia, Nicaea, Myrlea, Cium, and Bursa. By the time the raids ended, the Goths had gained control of Crimea and the Bosporus and captured several cities on the Euxine coast, including Olbia and Tyras, allowing them to engage in broader naval activities.",255,257,null,"Invasions of the Goths\nWith the first attacks by sea the Goths made an unsuccessful attack on Pityus, which was followed by another that sacked Pitsunda and Trebizond and desolated large areas in Pontus. In the third year, a much larger force devastated large areas of Bithynia and the Propontis, including the cities of Chalcedon, Nicomedia, Nicaea, Myrlea, Cium, and Bursa. By the time the raids ended, the Goths had gained control of Crimea and the Bosporus and captured several cities on the Euxine coast, including Olbia and Tyras, allowing them to engage in broader naval activities.",255,257,null,"Invasions of the Goths\nWith the first attacks by sea the Goths made an unsuccessful attack on Pityus, which was followed by another that sacked Pitsunda and Trebizond and desolated large areas in Pontus. In the third year, a much larger force devastated large areas of Bithynia and the Propontis, including the cities of Chalcedon, Nicomedia, Nicaea, Myrlea, Cium, and Bursa. By the time the raids ended, the Goths had gained control of Crimea and the Bosporus and captured several cities on the Euxine coast, including Olbia and Tyras, allowing them to engage in broader naval activities.",255,257]
[1009,256,null,null,null,256,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The emperor Valerian was forced to personally travel to the East to fight against Shapur; at the beginning of the summer of 256 he faced him in the battle of Edessa and his army was destroyed by the Persians and the emperor fell prisoner in the course of the battle and ended his life in captivity in Persia.\r\nAfter the battle, Shapur occupied several cities and Antioch was sacked, but after 261 the Persians withdrew in the face of the offensives of the kingdom of Palmyra, allied with Rome; Finally the Persians were unable to obtain what was probably their main military objective, access to the Mediterranean.\"",256,261,null,"The emperor Valerian was forced to personally travel to the East to fight against Shapur; at the beginning of the summer of 256 he faced him in the battle of Edessa and his army was destroyed by the Persians and the emperor fell prisoner in the course of the battle and ended his life in captivity in Persia.\nAfter the battle, Shapur occupied several cities and Antioch was sacked, but after 261 the Persians withdrew in the face of the offensives of the kingdom of Palmyra, allied with Rome; Finally the Persians were unable to obtain what was probably their main military objective, access to the Mediterranean.\"",256,261,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[1018,265,null,null,null,265,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Western Jin Dynasty: The Western Jin (266-316) managed to unify China.",265,317]
[1023,270,null,"JAPAN","Emperor Ōjin, (201 - 310) - First historical emperor, deified at Hachiman.",270,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Quintilus, of Illyria, (??-270), Princeps Emperor of Rome",270,270,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hormuz I, King of kings of Iran",270,270,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects",null,null,null,"The Kushans lost their dominions in the Ganges Plain, where the Gupta Empire would be established around 320. The remains of the Kushan Empire ended up being swept away by the invasions of the White Huns and later by the spread of Islam.",270,null,null,"Emperor Ōjin, (201 - 310) - First historical emperor, deified at Hachiman.",270,310]
[1026,273,71,"ROME","The Romans destroyed a garrison established in Palmyra at the fort of Daphne and, driving south to Apamea, continued towards Emesa and again defeated Zenobia at the Battle of Emesa, forcing her to evacuate the capital and flee to seek help from the Sassanids. but she was soon captured near the river Euphrates and brought back to the emperor; Shortly after, the citizens of Palmyra accepted peace and the city's capitulation.",273,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Aurelian began to conquer the western provinces after his victories in the East and defeated and liquidated the remnants of the Gallic Empire.",273,null,null,"Emperor Aurelian began to conquer the western provinces after his victories in the East and defeated and liquidated the remnants of the Gallic Empire.",273,null,null,"Emperor Aurelian began to conquer the western provinces after his victories in the East and defeated and liquidated the remnants of the Gallic Empire.",273,null,null,"Emperor Aurelian began to conquer the western provinces after his victories in the East and defeated and liquidated the remnants of the Gallic Empire.",273,null,null,"Emperor Aurelian began to conquer the western provinces after his victories in the East and defeated and liquidated the remnants of the Gallic Empire.",273,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Aurelian began to conquer the western provinces after his victories in the East and defeated and liquidated the remnants of the Gallic Empire.",273,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Romans destroyed a garrison established in Palmyra at the fort of Daphne and, driving south to Apamea, continued towards Emesa and again defeated Zenobia at the Battle of Emesa, forcing her to evacuate the capital and flee to seek help from the Sassanids. but she was soon captured near the river Euphrates and brought back to the emperor; Shortly after, the citizens of Palmyra accepted peace and the city's capitulation.",273]
[1028,275,null,null,null,275,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tacitus, of Umbria, (c.200-276), Princeps Emperor of Rome.\r\nInvasions of the Goths\r\nThe Goths launched one last major assault on Asia Minor, where piracy by the Black Sea Goths was causing great disruption in Colchis, Pontus, Cappadocia, Galatia and even Cilicia but they were defeated by the emperor Marcus Claudius Tacitus.",275,276,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[1036,283,null,null,null,283,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Carinus, of Illyria, (??-285), Princeps Emperor of Rome",283,285,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[1040,287,null,null,null,287,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Diarchy\r\nAware of the problems that the Roman Empire was going through, Diocletian ruled as Co-Emperor of Rome in the East and appointed Maximian Co-Emperor of Rome in the West.",286,293,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Romans recovered the kingdom of Armenia.",287,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[1051,298,null,null,null,298,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The territory is divided into five provinces: Betica, Carthaginense, Gallaecia, Lusitania and Tarraconensis.",298,null,null,"The territory is divided into five provinces: Betica, Carthaginense, Gallaecia, Lusitania and Tarraconensis.",298]
[1053,300,null,null,null,300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Also included in the Germanic towns are the so-called barbarian towns (outside the Limes of the Empire), located east of the Rhine and north of the Danube (Germania Magna), precisely the one that starred in the so-called Germanic invasions that caused the fall of the Roman Empire of West by settling in large areas of the East: Suebi, Vandals, Goths (Visigoths and Ostrogoths), Franks, Burgundians, Thuringians, Alamanni, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Heruli, Rugians, Lombards, Catos, Tencteri, etc.",300]
[1058,305,null,null,null,305,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Constansius Chlorus (c.250-306), Co-Emperor of Western Rome. (305-307)\r\nSeverus II (??-307), Co-Emperor of Rome in the West. (306-307)",305,307,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[1062,309,null,null,null,309,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Adarnases, King of kings of Iran - dethroned after a few months of rule by the nobles who ascended the throne to Shapur II.",309,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[1074,321,null,"INDUS VALLEY","Middle classical period (250 - 650)\r\nGupta Empire: The Golden Age (320-550)\r\nEra marked by great advances in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectics, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy that materialized the elements of what is known as Hindu culture. The military exploits of the first three monarchs – Chandragupta I, Damadragupta and Chandragupta II – allowed them to subdue much of India.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",321,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Constantine financially supported the construction of the present-day Basilica of St. John Lateran and St. Peter's Basilica in Rome and the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem.",320,326,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects",null,null,null,"Middle classical period (250 - 650)\r\nGupta Empire: The Golden Age (320-550)\r\nEra marked by great advances in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectics, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy that materialized the elements of what is known as Hindu culture. The military exploits of the first three monarchs – Chandragupta I, Damadragupta and Chandragupta II – allowed them to subdue much of India.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",321,550]
[1077,324,null,null,null,324,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Constantine defeats Licinius in the Battle of Chrysopolis, thus reunifying the Empire; the city of Byzantium, founded in 667 BC. C. by settlers from the Greek city of Megara, it was refounded in 330, renamed Constantinopolis and Constantine proclaimed it as the new imperial capital.",324,330,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In maroon, the Gupta Empire; in brown, their vassal states."]
[1088,335,null,null,null,335,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Samudragupta, King of Magadha.\r\nIt was up to him to wage the wars that made possible the greatness of the Gupta kingdom, in the territorial geographical sense; By his death he had incorporated more than thirty kingdoms and his rule extended from the Himalayas to the river Narmada, and from the Brahmaputra to the Yamuna; He was a great patron of art and literature, poet and musician, a firm Hindu but allowed the worship of other religions. ",335,375]
[1090,337,null,null,null,337,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Constantius II (317-361), Emperor of Rome in the Center and Emperor of Unified Rome from 350.",337,361,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[1103,350,null,null,null,350,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"At the beginning of the period of the great migrations, Huns, Goths, Lombards and Vandals crossed the border of the territories of present-day Austria on several occasions.",350,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Vetranion (??-c.356), Emperor of Rome",350,350,null,"Magnentius, Emperor of Rome, was a usurper who disputed the throne of the Roman Empire in 350 against Constantius who defeated him in 353.",350,353,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects",null,null,null,"Kamarupa Kingdom (350-1140): one of the neighboring kingdoms of the Gupta Empire stretched from the Karatoya River to near the present-day city of Sadiya, and included the entire Brahmaputra Valley, northern Bengal, parts of Bangladesh, and sometimes Purnea and parts of West Bengal.",350,1140]
[1108,355,null,null,null,355,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Franks once again threaten the imperial border of the Rhine River and a portion of them settle in Roman lands, specifically in what would later become Flanders.",355,358,null,"The Franks once again threaten the imperial border of the Rhine River and a portion of them settle in Roman lands, specifically in what would later become Flanders.",355,358]
[1121,368,null,null,null,368,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Niall Noígíallach was an Irish king, the eponymous ancestor of the Clan Ui Néill dynasty, composed of a set of Irish families originating from the province of Connacht, who would dominate Irish politics between the 6th and 16th centuries.",368,395]
[1128,375,null,null,null,375,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Valentinian II (371-392), Co-Emperor of Rome in the West. He was murdered by Arbogastes, a usurper general.",375,392,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Already old, wounded and dejected by the disappearance of his kingdom, Hermanarico committed suicide.\r\nVitimiro, a member of Hermanarico's family, succeeded him after his suicide for a few months. ",375,376,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[1132,379,null,null,null,379,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ardashir II, King of kings of Iran - Tried to make peace with the Roman Empire but was assassinated by a plot by aristocrats.",379,383,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[1135,382,null,null,null,382,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Invasions of the Goths\r\nThe forces of Gratian's Western Empire led the Goths back to Thrace, where peace was finally made on October 3, 382.\r\nTowards the end of the war, the Goths, after having killed a Roman emperor, destroyed a Roman army and devastated a large part of the Roman Balkans, some of which were never recovered, were settled in the Roman province of Moesia as of Federates. The Roman Empire had negotiated, for the first time, a peace agreement with an autonomous barbarian people within the borders of the Empire, a situation that a generation ago would have been inconceivable.",382]
[1145,392,null,null,null,392,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Eugene (c.345-394), Emperor of Rome in the West; usurper after the assassination of Valentinian II; He was defeated at Frigidus and executed by Theodosius.",392,394,null,"By defeating the assassins of Gratian in 388 and Valentinian II in 394, Theodosius reunited the eastern and western portions of the Empire, becoming the last emperor to rule the entire Roman world. After his death, the two parts of the Empire separated. definitely.\r\nTheodosius the Great, Emperor of Rome Unified.",392,395,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ROMAN PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[1148,395,null,null,null,395,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Arcadio (377-408), Emperador de Roma de Oriente.",395,null,null,"Honorius (384-423), Emperor of Western Rome with capital in Milan. Constantius III briefly became co-emperor in 421 with Honorius.",395,423,null,"Arcadius (377-408), Emperor of Eastern Rome.","395  ",408,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"BYZANTINE PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[1153,400,null,null,null,400,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Dalriada, Dal Riada or Dál Riata was a Scottish kingdom existing in northern Ireland and the west coast of Scotland from the late 5th century to the mid-9th century. The last king of Dalriada, Kenneth MacAlpin managed to unify his kingdom with that of Fortriu of the Pictish neighbors, giving rise to the kingdom that would thereafter be known as Alba or Scotland.",424,850,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"During the Kofun period Japan had a lot of contact with China and Korea, especially the latter. In the year 400, a Japanese infantry army came to the aid of the Korean kingdom of Baekje, located in the southeastern part of the peninsula, but suffered a major defeat at the hands of the cavalry of the kingdom of Goguryeo, coming from the north. Of the peninsula.",400]
[1154,401,null,null,null,401,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The First Gothic War was a military conflict that pitted the Goths of Alaric against the Western Roman Empire. The Gothic leader Alaric invaded the territory of the Western Empire seeking to be assigned lands within its borders, reaching Milan where Honorius resided, who fled with his court; Ravenna is chosen as the new capital of the Empire for defensive purposes and Alaric is rejected in 403.",401,403]
[1163,410,null,null,null,410,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sacking of Rome\r\nAlaric invaded the Italian peninsula, attacked the city of Rome and put it under siege and sacked it. As for now Alaric's primary objective was the settlement of the Visigoths in territories ceded by Rome and not the establishment of a government, the looting was largely limited to the theft of movable property and damage to buildings was limited. These occurred in the area of the Salaria gate, and the Aventine neighborhood. The Visigoths showed their Christian faith and respected the buildings of worship, although this did not prevent a large ciborium made with 918 kg of silver from being stolen from the Palace of Lateran.\r\nDuring the time in which the Visigoths remained within the city there was no widespread massacre, although the fatalities among the population were numerous and numbered in the hundreds. They reduced a good number to slavery, which they used to transport the stolen goods and after They abandoned the city for three days. With them they also took Gala Placidia—Honorius' sister—and Priscus Attalus, who were already in their custody before the siege. Alaric died shortly after the sack and was succeeded by Ataúlfo, his cousin and brother-in-law, who reigned until 415. ",410]
[1171,418,81,"\"FRANCE\r\nSPAIN\"","The Visigoth Kingdom of Tolosa or Gallo-Visigoth, was a political entity established by the Visigoth people with capital in the Gallic city of Tolosa, after the pact or foedus in which the Romans granted them as a settlement a part of the current France and the Iberian Peninsula. , the province of Aquitanica second and part of the adjacent Novempopulania and Narbonensis prima in such a way that they controlled the Atlantic coast from the Pyrenees to the Loire as well as the Garonne valley to Toulouse.\r\n\r\nTheodoric I, Visigoth King of Tolosa 418-451, Died in the Battle of the Catalaunic Fields",418,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Visigoth Kingdom of Tolosa or Gallo-Visigoth, was a political entity established by the Visigoth people with capital in the Gallic city of Tolosa, after the pact or foedus in which the Romans granted them as a settlement a part of the current France and the Iberian Peninsula. , the province of Aquitanica second and part of the adjacent Novempopulania and Narbonensis prima in such a way that they controlled the Atlantic coast from the Pyrenees to the Loire as well as the Garonne valley to Toulouse.\r\n\r\nTheodoric I, Visigoth King of Tolosa 418-451, Died in the Battle of the Catalaunic Fields",418,null,null,"The Visigoth Kingdom of Tolosa or Gallo-Visigoth, was a political entity established by the Visigoth people with capital in the Gallic city of Tolosa, after the pact or foedus in which the Romans granted them as a settlement a part of the current France and the Iberian Peninsula. , the province of Aquitanica second and part of the adjacent Novempopulania and Narbonensis prima in such a way that they controlled the Atlantic coast from the Pyrenees to the Loire as well as the Garonne valley to Toulouse.\r\n\r\nTheodoric I, Visigoth King of Tolosa 418-451, Died in the Battle of the Catalaunic Fields",418,507,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Visigoth Kingdom was a political entity established by the Visigoth people after their settlement in a part of present-day France and the Iberian Peninsula, at the time of the Germanic invasions, occupying territories in Gaul, Gallaecia and Hispania, in their various stages. .\r\nTheodoric I, Visigoth King of Tolosa 418-451, Died in the Battle of the Catalaunic Fields",418,720,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"BYZANTINE PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[1176,423,null,null,null,423,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Juanb​ (??-425)-He was a Roman usurper (423-425) against Valentinian III.",423,425,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"BYZANTINE PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[1178,425,null,null,null,425,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Several small kingdoms were formed in present-day Wales in the period of post-Roman Britain:\r\nGwynedd, Powys, Deheubarth, Glywysing and Gwent, while the Brythonic Celts were gradually converted to Christianity.",425,650,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Los vándalos liderados por Genserico tomaron la ciudad de Concordia Carthago, capital de la provincia romana de África y la convirtieron en la capital de su nuevo reino.",425,null,null,"The Vandals led by Genseric took the city of Concordia Carthago, capital of the Roman province of Africa, and made it the capital of their new kingdom.",425,null,null,"The \"Imperial University of Constantinople\", Pandidakterion, was officially founded by the Roman Emperor Theodosius II in 425 (although its origin can be traced back to 340 with Constantius II). It taught Grammar, Rhetoric, Law, Philosophy, Mathematics, Astronomy and Medicine.",425,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Kidarites, a Chionite dynasty derived from the Huns, occupied Sogdiana and Bactria, separating the Tajiks from the remaining Iranian peoples and then began their attacks on the Gupta Empire of India, incorporating elements of the ancient Kushan dynasty into their government for claiming to be the political heirs. of these.",425,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Kidarites, a Chionite dynasty derived from the Huns, occupied Sogdiana and Bactria, separating the Tajiks from the remaining Iranian peoples and then began their attacks on the Gupta Empire of India, incorporating elements of the ancient Kushan dynasty into their government for claiming to be the political heirs. of these.",425]
[1185,432,null,null,null,432,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tradition says that Saint Patrick arrived on the islands of Ireland and that he worked to convert the Irish to Christianity. Saint Patrick preserved the tribal and social patterns of the natives, codifying their laws and changing only those that conflicted with Christian practices.",432,461]
[{"$f":"753+B1084","v":1193},440,null,null,null,440,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"\r\nThe pressure of the Germanic and barbarian tribes, among which were the Angles, Saxons and Jutes, on the eastern borders of the Roman Empire, produced the invasion of British territory and carried out raids in Wales along the valley of the River Severn. and reaching as far as Llanidloes.​ Gradually the Germanic invaders consolidated their rule over eastern and southern Britain (which would become England) forming several regional kingdoms in which the generally forced conversion to Christianity would not stop spreading.",440,530]
[1204,451,null,null,null,451,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Attila's forces entered Gaul and recruited warriors from the Frankish, Gothic and Burgundian tribes as they advanced and attacked Metz and continued westward, passing both Lutetia and Troyes to besiege Orleans. Then in the Battle of the Catalaunic Fields, Attila faced a Roman coalition with the Visigoth king Theodoric I that ended without a decisive result, with numerous losses on both sides.",451,null,null,"Attila's forces entered Gaul and recruited warriors from the Frankish, Gothic and Burgundian tribes as they advanced and attacked Metz and continued westward, passing both Lutetia and Troyes to besiege Orleans. Then in the Battle of the Catalaunic Fields, Attila faced a Roman coalition with the Visigoth king Theodoric I that ended without a decisive result, with numerous losses on both sides.",451]
[1204,451,null,null,null,451,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Turismundo, Visigothic King of Tolosa",451,453,null,"Turismundo, Visigothic King of Tolosa",451,453,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Turismundo, Visigothic King of Tolosa",451,453]
[1208,455,null,null,null,455,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Valentinian III was assassinated, and Petronius Maximus succeeded him. Genseric considered the peace treaty signed with Valentinian in 442 broken and landed in Italy and marched on Rome, whose population rebelled against the new emperor Petronius and killed him. Three days later—on April 22, 455—the Vandals took Rome without resistance and sacked it for fifteen days.",455]
[1212,459,null,null,null,459,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Peroz I, King of kings of Iran.\r\nHe came to the throne when he did not hesitate to request the collaboration of the Hephthalite Huns to defeat and kill his brother Hormizd III, giving them in exchange the cities of Bactria, Tâleqân and Tirmidh. ",459,484,null,null,null,null,null,"BYZANTINE PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[1221,468,null,null,null,468,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Battle of Cape Bon was a military confrontation that took place between the Roman-Byzantine navy led by Basiliscus and that of the Vandal kingdom of North Africa ruled by King Gaenseric that ended with a great victory for the Vandals.",468]
[1222,469,null,null,null,469,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Theodomir, was king of the Ostrogoths, of the Amalos dynasty.\r\nHe shared power with his brothers Videmiro and Valamiro, organizing the Ostrogothic kingdom of Pannonia into three districts, but Valamiro was the one who had the title of king. With the death of Valamiro (468/469), his territorial share in the kingdom was reduced. His nephew Theodoric took over and Theodomiro, his brother, assumed the royal dignity. In 474 the Ostrogoths settled in the region of Macedonia, and Theodomir made Kyrros the center of his new federated kingdom of the Empire. In this city he appointed his son Theodoric as his successor and died shortly afterwards.",469,474,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Hephthalites who had helped Peroz expel the Kiderites from Transoxiana, after some time betrayed him and seized Balkh, leading to the first war with the Sassanids, during which Peroz suffered a serious defeat and was captured. He was able to be freed by paying a ransom, to which the Byzantine Empire contributed by lending money.",469]
[1227,474,null,null,null,474,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Julius Nepos (c.430-480), Western Emperor of Rome, enthroned by Leo II, Eastern Emperor after overthrowing Glycerius; expelled from Italy by Orestes in 474; He would rule Dalmatia alone until his assassination in 480.",474,480,null,"Zeno (c.425-491), Emperor of Eastern Rome.","474 ",476,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"BYZANTINE PROVINCE governed by Prefects"]
[1229,476,85,"ROME","Flavius Odoacer proclaims himself King of Italy.\nHe subsequently sends the imperial ensigns to Constantinople, thus symbolizing the death of the Western Roman Empire.\nEND OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC ",476,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Flavius Odoacer proclaims himself King of Italy.\nHe subsequently sends the imperial ensigns to Constantinople, thus symbolizing the death of the Western Roman Empire.\nEND OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC ",476,493,null,"Zeno, Emperor of Eastern Rome.\nHe recovers the throne and receives the imperial insignia of the West sent by Odoacer, remaining the Sole Emperor of Rome since September 4.\nEND OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE",476,491]
[1236,483,null,null,null,483,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Peroz I broke his treaty with the Hephthalites and attacked them with a large army, occupying Balkh but then his army was defeated at the Battle of Herat in the eastern desert where Peroz was killed. The Hephthalites invaded and plundered Persia for two years, until an ancient Persian family restored order and helped Balash, one of Peroz I's brothers, to the throne.",483,484]
[1237,484,null,null,null,484,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alaric II, Visigothic King of Tolosa",484,507,null,"Alaric II, Visigothic King of Tolosa",484,507,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alaric II, Visigothic King of Tolosa",484,507,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Balash, King of kings of Iran",484,488]
[1246,493,null,null,null,493,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy was a political entity of the Italian Peninsula established by Theodoric I when the Ostrogoths invaded Italy and overthrew Odoacer.",493,553]
[1255,502,null,null,null,502,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Anastasian War was fought between the Byzantine and Sassanid empires as the first major conflict between the two powers since 440 and the prelude to a long series of conflicts between the two empires, without a decisive outcome. The Persian king Kavad allied himself again with the Hephthalites and started a war against Byzantium. In 502 he took Theodosiopolis (present-day Erzurum) in Armenia; and in 503 Amida (Diarbekr) on the Tigris. In 505, an invasion of Armenia by the Western Huns of the Caucasus led to an armistice, during which the Byzantines paid subsidies to the Persians for the maintenance of fortifications in the Caucasus.",502,506,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kavad allied himself again with the Hephthalites and started a war against Byzantium. In 502 he took Theodosiopolis (present-day Erzurum) in Armenia; and in 503 Amida (Diarbekr) on the Tigris. In 505, an invasion of Armenia by the Western Huns of the Caucasus led to an armistice, during which the Byzantines paid subsidies to the Persians for the maintenance of fortifications in the Caucasus.",502,505,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Southern Dynasty - Liang",502,557]
[1260,507,null,null,null,507,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Visigothic kingdom of Toledo was founded after the defeat of the Visigoths in the Battle of Vouillé (507) at the hands of the Franks, which forced them to move with their population to Hispania, conserving only the western end of Narbonensis in Gaul. , known as Septimania, thus putting an end to the Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse (Toulouse). The Muslim invasion of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 put an end to the Visigoth kingdom of Toledo.",507,711]
[1261,{"$f":"+F1135","v":508},null,null,null,508,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Clovis I was crowned King of all the Franks shortly after establishing the city of Paris as the capital of his new Frankish Kingdom.\r\n(FRANK KINGDOM: current France and Germany)",509,null,null,"Clovis I was crowned King of all the Franks shortly after establishing the city of Paris as the capital of his new Frankish Kingdom.\r\n(FRANK KINGDOM: current France and Germany)",509,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Clovis I, first Frankish king, is recognized by Anastasius I.",508]
[1272,519,null,null,null,519,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Cerdic of Wessex, First King of the Saxophones.\r\nCerdic, from the north of present-day Germany or Holland, arrived on the British coast in 475 along with his son Cynric in three Saxon ships, almost certainly in the area of Hampshire. There he met a king named Natanleod whom he respected for fifteen years. However, in 508 he assassinated him, proclaiming himself the first King of Wessex.",519,534]
[1284,531,null,null,null,531,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Teudis, Visigothic King of Tolosa\r\nOstrogothic general, chosen by the army",531,548,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Ankan, (466 - 535) - Probably inaccurate data.",531,535]
[1291,538,null,null,null,538,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Korean kingdom of Baekje sends a delegation to present Buddhism to the Japanese emperor.",538]
[1293,540,null,null,null,540,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,540,541,null,"Trade of the Roman Empire with India.\r\nThe trade that had declined due to the crisis of the 3rd century in Rome, recovered again in the 4th until the 6th century, when after the Roman-Sassanid Wars, areas under the rule of the Eastern Roman Empire of the Indus and the Red Sea, were captured by Khosrow I, Sassanid emperor of the Persian Empire.",540,null,null,"Trade of the Roman Empire with India.\r\nThe trade that had declined due to the crisis of the 3rd century in Rome, recovered again in the 4th until the 6th century, when after the Roman-Sassanid Wars, areas under the rule of the Eastern Roman Empire of the Indus and the Red Sea, were captured by Khosrow I, Sassanid emperor of the Persian Empire.",540,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Khosrau I saw the opportune moment to attack the Byzantine Empire and in 540 he entered Syria with a huge army that crossed the Euphrates at Kirkesion and advanced towards Antioch, which was besieged and finally conquered, obtaining rich loot and the survivors. were deported to Persia.",540,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Vishnu Gupta, King of Magadha. - last Gupta king.\r\n",540,550,null,"Emperor Kimmei, (509 - 571) - Asuka Period",539,572]
[1296,543,null,null,null,543,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Chalukya Empire (543-753), ruled large parts of southern and central India.",543,753]
[1304,551,null,null,null,551,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Atanagildo, Visigothic King of Toledo\r\nRival king in rebellion against Agila I (551-555); The capital is established in Toledo",551,567]
[1315,562,null,null,null,562,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The military operations that for two decades were marked by attacks and counterattacks led after long negotiations that concluded in 562 to a new peace treaty that would remain in force for 50 years, since both Romans and Persians were exposed to threats on their other borders. . Justinian managed to maintain the eastern borders of his Empire, but from then on the Eastern Roman Empire was obliged to pay the Sassanids a tribute of about 500 pounds of gold annually.",562]
[1316,563,null,null,null,563,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ceawlin, king of Wessex.\r\nSon of Cynric of Wessex, and grandson of Cerdic of Wessex, considered the first King of Wessex.",563,593,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The city of Concordia Carthago was reconquered by the Byzantine general Belisarius, remaining under Byzantine influence until the year 705.",534,null,null,"Alboin, king of the Lombards, a Germanic people originally from northern Europe who settled in the Danube Valley.",563,572,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Istämi, king of the Köktürk Jaganate, had to face direct rivalry from the Hephatalites, also known as the White Huns, and aware of the need to find allies, he did not hesitate to seek a joint attack with the Sassanids of Khosrow I, to whom he handed over even one of his own daughters, thus cementing the alliance that would lead to the annihilation in 563 of the powerful state of the Huns, who thus disappeared from history; After the victory, the two theoretical allies divided the territories of the Huns, Russian Turkestan, and the Turks occupied Sogdiana and the Persians Bactria.",563]
[1323,570,87,"ARABIA","Muhammad, (Mecca, c. April 26, 570-Medina, June 8, 632), was the founder of Islam. His full name in Arabic is Abū l-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn 'Abd Allāh ibn' Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hāšim al-Qurayšī, which is hispanized as \"Muhammad.\" In the Muslim religion, Muhammad is considered \"the last of the prophets\", messengers sent by God to update his message, whose predecessors would include Abraham, Moses and Jesus of Nazareth.",570,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Estanglia is formed, covering the territory currently occupied by the counties of Suffolk, Norfolk and Cambridgeshire.",570,916,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Muhammad, (Mecca, c. April 26, 570-Medina, June 8, 632), was the founder of Islam. His full name in Arabic is Abū l-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn 'Abd Allāh ibn' Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hāšim al-Qurayšī, which is hispanized as \"Muhammad.\" In the Muslim religion, Muhammad is considered \"the last of the prophets\", messengers sent by God to update his message, whose predecessors would include Abraham, Moses and Jesus of Nazareth.",570]
[1325,572,null,null,null,572,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Leovigildo, Visigothic King of Toledo\r\nConquest of the Swabian kingdom (585), Promulgation of the Code of Leovigild",570,586]
[1335,582,null,null,null,582,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mauritius began the Balkan campaigns to defend these provinces from the Avars and the Slavs and they lasted until the year 591 when Mauritius intervened in a civil conflict in the Persian Empire and signed a peace treaty.",582,591,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Khosro II, King of kings of Iran.\r\nThe Persian general Bahram Chubin rebelled against Hormuz IV who ended up assassinated by the nobility and replaced by Khosrau whom Bahram Chobin did not want to recognize either and proclaimed himself sovereign.",590]
[1337,584,null,null,null,584,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Clotaire II - (King of Neustria 584-629 King of the Franks from 613)",584,629,null,"Clotaire II - (King of Neustria 584-629 King of the Franks from 613)",584,629,null,null,null,null,null,"Autario, son of Clefi, Lombard King of Italy.",584,591,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Yōmei, (540 - 587) - Asuka Period",585,587]
[1344,591,null,null,null,591,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Agilulf, cousin of Autario, Lombard King of Italy.",591,617,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Khosro II, King of kings of Iran.\r\nKhosrau II went to Syria and persuaded the emperor Maurice I to send him help to expel Bahram VI from the throne which was returned to him with Bahram VI overthrown and then assassinated. In this way peace was sealed with Byzantium.",591,628]
[1350,597,null,null,null,597,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ceolwulf of Wessex was a king of Wessex.\r\nSon of Cutha or Cuthwulf (who in turn was son of Cynric), and brother of Ceol.",597,611]
[1355,602,null,null,null,602,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Khosrau II, who had recovered the Persian throne thanks to Maurice, declared war on his assassin Phocas, now the Byzantine Emperor, and the last and most devastating of the Byzantine-Sassanian wars began; In 608 the Sassanids took Theodosiopolis from the Byzantines and the Heraclios, the Elder and Gregory, rebelled against the emperor Phocas, who had deposed Maurice 6 years earlier; the young Heraclius captured Phocas and murdered him.",602,610,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"After the fall of the Gupta Empire in northern India, republics and small monarchical states once again predominated and the power vacuum caused the rise of the Vardhana dynasty of Thanesar, who began to unite the republics and monarchies from the Punjab to the center of India. India.",600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Sassanid Empire under Khosrau II (620)"]
[1356,603,null,null,null,603,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Witeric, Visigoth King of Toledo.\r\nHe proclaims himself king after overthrowing and murdering Liuva II.",603,610]
[null,610,90,"ARABIA","Muhammad had a vision of the archangel Gabriel who told him that he had been chosen as the last of the prophets and as such he began to preach the word of God as a prophet of Islam in Mecca on the basis of strict monotheism, predicting the Day of Judgment. Final.",610,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gundemaro, Visigoth King of Toledo.\r\nChosen by the nobles after the murder of Witerico",610,612,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Heraclius (c.575-641), Byzantine Emperor.\r\nSyria, Egypt, Palestine, among others, are lost as a consequence of the expansion of Islam.\"",610,641,null,"Muhammad had a vision of the archangel Gabriel who told him that he had been chosen as the last of the prophets and as such he began to preach the word of God as a prophet of Islam in Mecca on the basis of strict monotheism, predicting the Day of Final judgment.\r\nThe expansion of Islam throughout the Arab world begins.",610,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"With the fall of Phocas in 611, the Persians broke into Asia Minor and conquered Antioch; in 613 in Syria, the Roman army was defeated in a great battle near Antioch and Damascus fell that same year and Jerusalem was taken in 614; Among the loot obtained by the Persians was the Vera Cruz relic, the loss of which caused a tremendous commotion among the Christians; the Byzantines, also threatened in the Balkans, lost Egypt, the breadbasket of the empire, before 619; The entire Roman East came under Persian rule as it had been in the times of the Achaemenid Empire; Heraclius even considered moving the capital of the empire from Constantinople to safe Carthage.",611,622]
[null,null,null,null,null,621,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Suintila, Visigothic King of Toledo",621,631]
[null,623,null,null,null,623,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Byzantine province of Spanie was completely reconquered by the Visigoths.",624,null,null,"The Byzantine province of Spanie was completely reconquered by the Visigoths.",624,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Slavs were united in an alliance with the Czechs, Sorabs, Moravians (Slovaks) and Carantanios under the reign of King Samo that encompassed the current territories of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Lusatia, and Slovenia until the year 658.",623,658,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Heraclius counterattacked in 627 by invading the core of the Persian empire and in Nineveh the climactic battle of the last Roman-Sassanid war was fought, a decisive Byzantine victory that ended the expanding power of the Sassanids, briefly restoring the Byzantine borders in the Middle East. and forcing the Persians to request peace. Finally, a peace treaty was signed aimed at maintaining the status quo ante bellum: Persia renounced all its conquests and returned the True Cross, in exchange for which Heraclius promised to withdraw. The conflict exhausted the two empires and gave them no advantage but they were left vulnerable to the Muslim Rashidun Caliphate.",627,628,null,"The war of conquest of Mecca\r\nIn 624 at a place called Badr, both sides clashed and Muhammad's followers won the battle, the first in a series of military achievements by the Muslims.\r\nAt the Battle of Uhud in 625, neither side was victorious.\r\n",624,625,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Heraclius counterattacked in 627 by invading the core of the Persian empire and in Nineveh the climactic battle of the last Roman-Sassanid war was fought, a decisive Byzantine victory that ended the expanding power of the Sassanids, briefly restoring the Byzantine borders in the Middle East. and forcing the Persians to request peace. Finally, a peace treaty was signed aimed at maintaining the status quo ante bellum: Persia renounced all its conquests and returned the True Cross, in exchange for which Heraclius promised to withdraw. The conflict exhausted the two empires and gave them no advantage but they were left vulnerable to the Muslim Rashidun Caliphate.",627,628]
[null,628,91,"BYZANTIUM","Syria was recovered by the Byzantines.",628,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Khosrau lost all support from the greats of his empire and in February 628, shortly after signing peace with Heraclius, he was deposed and murdered in prison, beginning a period of military anarchy in the Persian empire.",628,632,null,"Syria was recovered by the Byzantines.",628]
[null,630,null,null,null,630,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The capitulation of Mecca and the defeat of the enemy tribes at Hunayn allowed Muhammad to spread Islam throughout Arabia, without forming any government, but ruling through personal relationships and treaties with the different tribes until his death in the city of Medina at the age of sixty-three in 632.\r\nAt the time of his death, Muhammad had unified the entire Arabian Peninsula and expanded the Islamic religion in this region, as well as in part of Syria and Palestine.",630,632]
[null,633,null,null,null,633,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The country of Wales, which remained divided into several small separate kingdoms, the largest and most powerful being the kingdom of Gwynedd in the northeast of Wales and the kingdom of Powys in the east, and also Deheubarth, Glywysing and Gwent had had a political of alliance with King Penda of Mercia, a pagan king at a time when Christianity was spreading through many of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms; Thus they were able to make great conquests with their armies, reaching as far as Northumbria.",633,645,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"After the Battle of Hira, the city of Al-Hira, the Lakhmid capital, easily surrendered and was taken by an army of the Orthodox Caliphate under Khalid ibn al-Walid in May 633.",633]
[null,636,94,"CALIPHATES","The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah was the decisive battle between the Muslim Arab army and the Sassanid Persian army that ended in a devastating Persian retreat. After the battle, the Arab armies advanced towards Ctesiphon, the Persian capital, which was quickly evacuated by Yazdgerd after a brief siege and when they finished taking and plundering the city, they continued their advance towards the East, defeating two Sassanid counterattacks and finally destroying the persian empire.",636,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rotarian, Lombard King of Italy.","636 ",653,null,null,null,null,null,"The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah was the decisive battle between the Muslim Arab army and the Sassanid Persian army that ended in a devastating Persian retreat. After the battle, the Arab armies advanced towards the Persian capital, Ctesiphon, which was quickly evacuated by Yazdgerd after a brief siege and when they finished taking and sacking the city, they continued their advance towards the East, defeating two Sassanid counterattacks and finally destroying the Persian Empire.",636,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah was the decisive battle between the Muslim Arab army and the Sassanid Persian army that ended in a devastating Persian retreat. After the battle, the Arab armies advanced towards Ctesiphon, the Persian capital, which was quickly evacuated by Yazdgerd after a brief siege and when they finished taking and plundering the city, they continued their advance towards the East, defeating two Sassanid counterattacks and finally destroying the persian empire.",636,null,null,"The Arabs, after a long siege, conquered Jerusalem in April 637 and in that same year, they conquered Gaza; the Byzantine authorities of Egypt and Mesopotamia paid tribute to the Muslims to obtain costly truces; then Antioch fell at the end of the year and The Muslims had taken over all of northern Syria; in 638-639, the Arabs also occupied Byzantine Mesopotamia and Armenia and completed the conquest of Palestine.\r\nTo secure their new conquests, the Arabs founded two military camps, Kufa and Basra, which soon became flourishing cities and centers for the dissemination of their culture. ",637,640]
[null,639,null,null,null,639,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tulga, Visigothic King of Toledo",639,642,null,"Clotaire III - (King of Neustria and Burgundy, 657-673)",657,673,null,"Clotaire III - (King of Neustria and Burgundy, 657-673)",657,673,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"When Syria fell to the Muslims, Egypt agreed to pay tribute to the Muslims, which when suspended by Heraclius led to the Muslim Invasion of Egypt in 639.",639,null,null,"When Syria fell to the Muslims, Egypt agreed to pay tribute to the Muslims and when payments were suspended by Heraclius in December 639, the Muslims left Palestine to invade Egypt in early 640.",639,640,null,"A force of 18,000 Muslim warriors under the leadership of Abd-er-Rahman, penetrated the district of Taron and the region of Lake Van, in the kingdom of Armenia, and dominated the country with sword and fire, despite the efforts of the emperor. Byzantine Constantius II for safeguarding Byzantine Armenia.",null,637,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"When Syria fell to the Muslims, Egypt agreed to pay tribute to the Muslims and when payments were suspended by Heraclius in December 639, the Muslims left Palestine to invade Egypt in early 640.",639,640]
[null,641,null,null,null,641,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Constans II (630-668), Byzantine Emperor.",641,668]
[null,644,null,null,null,644,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,644,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Precursors of the Suez Canal.\r\nEgypt having recently fallen into the hands of Caliph Omar (Abu Bakr's successor), the Pharaohs' Canal was cleaned again of sediment. It therefore resumed its activity and remained until 767 AD, when Al-Mansur, the second Abbasid caliph, closed it again to prevent the shipment of food and supplies to Mecca and Medina, which had rebelled.",644,767,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Kōtoku, (597 - 654) - Asuka Period\r\nHe ascends the throne and strengthens imperial power over the aristocratic clans, turning their states into provinces.",645,655]
[null,651,100,"CALIPHATES","The conquest ends and the occupation of Persia by the Arab Muslims begins with the consequent decline of the Zoroastrian religion and the Islamization especially, (although not exclusively), of its Shiite branch of the vast majority of the Iranian peoples, including the Persians. and Kurds.",651,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rodoaldo, Lombard King of Italy.",652,654,null,null,null,null,null,"End of the conquest of Persia",651,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yazdgerd III, after the defeat of Nahâvand, fled from province to province throughout his empire before being murdered at Merv by his own people; then begins the occupation of the rest of Persia by the Arab Muslims with the consequent decline of the Zoroastrian religion and the Islamization especially, (although not exclusively), of its Shiite branch of the vast majority of the Iranian peoples, including the Persians and Kurds.",651,1501]
[null,653,null,null,null,653,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The \"Romanization\" of the Germanic tribes, by adoption of Roman law: the Lex Gothorum (Law of the Goths).",654,null,null,"The \"Romanization\" of the Germanic tribes, by adoption of Roman law: the Lex Gothorum (Law of the Goths).",654,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ariberto I or Ariperto I, Lombard King of Italy.","653 "," 662"]
[null,660,null,null,null,660,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"At the initiative of King Muyeol, Silla formed an alliance with the Chinese Tang dynasty and after several offensives, Silla-Tang occupied the kingdom of Baekje in 660 and then the kingdom of Goguryeo also fell in 668, leaving a single unified kingdom of Silla. With the unification of Silla, Buddhism began to play a less important role in politics, as the monarchy wanted to adopt Chinese Confucianism as a strategy to govern a larger state and suppress the power of aristocratic families.",660,668]
[null,665,null,null,null,665,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sechnassach mac Blathmaic, was a High King of Ireland.",665,671]
[null,671,null,null,null,671,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Cenn Fáelad, was a High King of Ireland.",671,675]
[null,672,null,null,null,672,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Kōbun, (648 - 672) - Asuka Period",672,672]
[null,680,null,null,null,680,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Asparukh or Isperih, ruler of a Proto-Bulgarian tribe in 680 crossed the Danube delta leading between five hundred thousand and eight hundred thousand people, while Constantinople was besieged by the troops of Muawiya I, Umayyad caliph of Baghdad (674-678); He led his people to the land known as Ongala, in southern Bessarabia or northern Dobrudža. Constantine IV marched against the Proto-Bulgarians and their Slav allies to repel them but was defeated by the invaders who quickly headed inland to the Balkan area.",680,null,null,"Yazid I, Umayyad Caliph of Damascus.",680,683]
[null,685,null,null,null,685,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Cædwalla, was king of Wessex.",685,688,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Justinian II (668-711), Byzantine Emperor.",685,695,null,"Abd al-Málik, Umayyad Caliph of Damascus.",685,705,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Empress Jitō, (645 - 703) - Asuka Period",686,697]
[null,688,null,null,null,688,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ine, was king of Wessex.",688,726,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alahis, Lombard King of Italy. ",688," 689"]
[null,692,null,null,null,692,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Clovis IV - (King of the Franks, 691-695)",691,695,null,"Clovis IV - (King of the Franks, 691-695)",691,695,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The definitive invasion of North Africa began in 692 and by 698 the Arabs had conquered most of North Africa from the Byzantines. Musa ibn Nusair, a successful Yemeni general in the campaign, built his own navy that managed to conquer the Christian islands of Ibiza, Mallorca and Menorca and advancing on the Maghreb, his forces took Algiers in 700. Towards the year 709 the entire north of Africa was under the control of the Arab Caliphate. Ceuta in the African Pillars of Hercules managed to submit to Musa on terms that allowed him to retain his title and command.",692,709]
[null,701,null,null,null,701,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ragimberto, Lombard King of Italy. ",701,702,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Some Germanic peoples such as the Franks and Visigoths merged with the demographically dominant Roman population in the areas they occupied in southwestern Europe (Gallo-Romans, Spanish-Romans); while others became the ethnographic basis of the present-day populations of central and northwestern Europe (Scandinavians or Nordics – most of the Nordic countries: Danes, Swedes, Norwegians, Icelanders, and the Faroe Islanders, with the exception of Baltics, Finns and Lapps, Germans in the sense of the German linguistic sphere, which includes the Austrians, two-thirds of the Swiss and other German-speaking groups of central and eastern Europe from France to the Caucasus, the populations of speaks Dutch – northwestern Germany, the Netherlands and northern Belgium – and Anglo-Saxon). In Eastern Europe, the Germanic peoples were displaced by others (especially the Slavic peoples and the Magyars), and later began a new expansion phase.",700,1300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Taihō Code, an administrative reorganization in Japan, is promulgated as a historical system of laws based on Confucianism. It was compiled under the direction of Prince Osakabe, Fujiwara no Fuhito, and Awata no Mahito at the request of Emperor Mommu, and like many other developments in the country at that time, it was largely an adaptation of the Chinese governmental system of the Tang dynasty.",701]
[null,708,null,null,null,708,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Wadōkaichin is the name of the oldest official issue of currency in Japan, issued on August 29, 708 by order of Empress Genmei.",708]
[null,712,null,null,null,712,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Muza ibn Nusair conquered Seville and reached Mérida, capital of the province of Lusitania.\r\nTáriq ibn Ziyad conquered Córdoba and joined with Musa to take Toledo and reached León.",712,null,null,"Muza ibn Nusair conquered Seville and reached Mérida, capital of the province of Lusitania.\r\nTáriq ibn Ziyad conquered Córdoba and joined with Musa to take Toledo and reached León.",712]
[null,717,null,null,null,717,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Leo III (c.685-741), Byzantine Emperor.",717,741,null,"Umar II ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz, Umayyad Caliph of Damascus.",717,720]
[null,718,106,"CALIPHATES","The border between the Byzantines and the Abbasid rulers was set in the Taurus Mountains, on the eastern edge of Asia Minor with powerful defenses of both States in the almost unpopulated area; There was an exchange of embassies and even some periods of truce, but both the Abbasid caliphate and the Byzantine lords organized raids and reprisals of enemy campaigns almost every year, until the appearance of a new people, the Seljuks, who began to influence the region from 1060.",718,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kingdom of Asturias: it was the first Christian political entity established in the Iberian Peninsula after the collapse of the Visigoth kingdom of Toledo.\n\nDon Pelayo, first king of Asturias, 718-737.\nHe stopped the expansion of the Muslims towards the north, began the Reconquista and has traditionally been considered the founder of the kingdom of Asturias.\"",718,924,null,"Kingdom of Asturias: it was the first Christian political entity established in the Iberian Peninsula after the collapse of the Visigoth kingdom of Toledo.\n\nDon Pelayo, first king of Asturias, 718-737.\nHe stopped the expansion of the Muslims towards the north, began the Reconquista and has traditionally been considered the founder of the kingdom of Asturias.\"",718,924,null,"The Muslims conquer Narbonne.",718,null,null,"The Muslims conquer Narbonne.",718,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The border between the Byzantines and the Muslim rulers was set in the Taurus Mountains, on the eastern edge of Asia Minor with powerful defenses of both States in the almost unpopulated area; There was an exchange of embassies and even some periods of truce, but both the Abbasid caliphate and the Byzantine lords organized raids and reprisals of enemy campaigns almost every year, until the appearance of a new people, the Seljuks, who began to influence the region from 1060.",718,1060,null,"The border between the Byzantines and the Muslim rulers was set in the Taurus Mountains, on the eastern edge of Asia Minor with powerful defenses of both States in the almost unpopulated area; There was an exchange of embassies and even some periods of truce, but both the Abbasid caliphate and the Byzantine lords organized raids and reprisals of enemy campaigns almost every year, until the appearance of a new people, the Seljuks, who began to influence the region from 1060.",718,1060,null,"The border between the Byzantines and the Muslim rulers was set in the Taurus Mountains, on the eastern edge of Asia Minor with powerful defenses of both States in the almost unpopulated area; There was an exchange of embassies and even some periods of truce, but both the Abbasid caliphate and the Byzantine lords organized raids and reprisals of enemy campaigns almost every year, until the appearance of a new people, the Seljuks, who began to influence the region from 1060.",718,718,1060]
[null,727,null,null,null,727,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Venetian Orso Ipato was chosen as Doge of Venice in 727, recognized by the Byzantine Emperor with the title of Hypatos (consul). With the Lombard conquest of the Exarchate of Ravenna, the province of Venice remained alone under the government of Doge Orso Ipato, as an autonomous ruler maintaining loyalty to the Byzantine Empire.",727]
[null,737,null,null,null,737,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Favila of Asturias",737,739,null,"Interregnum: Palace steward: Carlos Martel (715/719-741)",737,743,null,"Interregnum: Palace steward: Carlos Martel (715/719-741)",737,743]
[null,739,null,null,null,739,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alfonso I of Asturias",739,757]
[null,743,null,null,null,743,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Domnall Midi, was a High King of Ireland.",743,763,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Childeric III - (King of the Franks, Palace Steward: Pepin the Short",743,751,null,"Childeric III - (King of the Franks, Palace Steward: Pepin the Short",743,751,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yazid III, Umayyad Caliph of Damascus.",744,744]
[null,750,null,"CALIPHATES","CALIPHATES \"Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad (Sunni) (750-1259). \nFounded by Abu l-Abbas, descendant of Abbas, uncle of Muhammad, who after a decisive victory at the Great Zab River, crushed the Umayyad dynasty and was proclaimed caliph; moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad and was dominated by the Turkish military oligarchy who ordered the murder of the entire Umayyad family. \nAbu al-'Abbas as-Saffah, Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad. (1750-1754)\" 750",750,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad (Sunni) (750-1259)\r\nFounded by Abu l-Abbas, descendant of Abbas, uncle of Muhammad, who after a decisive victory at the Great Zab River, crushed the Umayyad dynasty and was proclaimed caliph; He moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad and was dominated by the Turkish military oligarchy who ordered the murder of the entire Umayyad family.\r\nAbu al-'Abbas as-Saffah, Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad. (1750-1754)",750,null,null,"Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad (Sunni) (750-1259)\r\nFounded by Abu l-Abbas, descendant of Abbas, uncle of Muhammad, who after a decisive victory at the Great Zab River, crushed the Umayyad dynasty and was proclaimed caliph; He moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad and was dominated by the Turkish military oligarchy who ordered the murder of the entire Umayyad family.\r\nAbu al-'Abbas as-Saffah, Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad. (1750-1754)",750,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gopala I, King of the Pala Empire.",750,770]
[null,756,null,null,null,756,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emirate of Córdoba\r\nAbd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad, better known as Abd al-Rahman III, created the Emirate of Córdoba, becoming politically and administratively independent from the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad that had ended the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus. ",756,null,null,"Emirate of Córdoba\r\nAbd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad, better known as Abd al-Rahman III, created the Emirate of Córdoba, becoming politically and administratively independent from the Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad that had ended the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus. ",756]
[null,757,null,null,null,757,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Cynewulf, was king of Wessex.",757,786,null,null,null,null,null,"Fruela I of Asturias",757,768]
[null,768,null,null,null,768,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Aurelio of Asturias",768,774,null,"Carloman I, King of the Franks, Carolingian.",768,814,null,"Carloman I, King of the Franks, Carolingian.",768,814,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Governorate of the Muslim Caliphate."]
[null,775,null,null,null,775,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Charlemagne, Roman Emperor, Carolingian and king of the Lombards.",null,null,null,"Charlemagne, Roman Emperor, Carolingian and king of the Lombards.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null," ",null,null,null,"Leo IV (750-780), Byzantine Emperor.",775,780,null,"Al-Mahdi, Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad.",775,785,null,"The Oguz, already constituted as one of the most important tribal federations in the Turkic empire, arrived in the valley of Sir Daria, in present-day Uzbekistan, during the time of the Caliphs Mohammed Al-Mansur Almahdi and Al-Mahdi, between the years 775 and 783, and founded a community composed of about twenty-five clans governed by a yabghu, autonomous from the now extinct Köktürk Empire.",775,null,783,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Oguz, already constituted as one of the most important tribal federations in the Turkic empire, arrived in the valley of Sir Daria, in present-day Uzbekistan, during the time of the Caliphs Mohammed Al-Mansur Almahdi and Al-Mahdi, between the years 775 and 783, and founded a community composed of about twenty-five clans governed by a yabghu, autonomous from the now extinct Köktürk Empire.",775,783,null,null,null,null,null,"Governorate of the Muslim Caliphate."]
[null,783,null,null,null,783,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mauregato of Asturias",783,789]
[null,786,null,null,null,786,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Beorhtric, was king of Wessex.",786,802,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Haroun al-Rashid, Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad.\r\nIdris ben Abd-Allah ben al-Hassan, a direct descendant of the prophet Muhammad as he was the great-grandson of Ali, the prophet's son-in-law, participated in an uprising in 786, in the Hejaz against the caliph Harun al-Rashid. When the uprising was quelled with the defeat of the rebel forces, Idris managed to escape to the Maghreb.",786,809]
[null,797,null,null,null,797,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Áed Oirdnide, was a High King of Ireland.",797,819,null,"Barcelona fell to the Franks when its Muslim governor rebelled against Córdoba and, after failing, handed it over to Charlemagne.",797,null,null,"Barcelona fell to the Franks when its Muslim governor rebelled against Córdoba and, after failing, handed it over to Charlemagne.",797,null,null,"Creation by Charlemagne of the Spanish March, a buffer zone between the Muslims and the Gauls.",797,null,null,"Creation by Charlemagne of the Spanish March, a buffer zone between the Muslims and the Gauls.",797,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Irene (c.752-803), Byzantine Emperor.\r\nIrene of Athens takes the throne after deposing and mutilating the eyes of her son Constantine VI.\"",797,802,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Governorate of the Muslim Caliphate."]
[null,802,null,null,null,802,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Egbert, was king of Wessex.",802,839,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Charlemagne, Roman Emperor, Carolingian.",null,null,null,"Charlemagne, Roman Emperor, Carolingian.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Phocid Dynasty (802-813)\r\nNicephorus (??-811), Byzantine Emperor.\r\nIrene is forced to abdicate and is replaced by Nicephorus.",802,811,null,"Al-Amin, Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad.",809,814,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Governorate of the Muslim Caliphate.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Maximum extension of the Silk Road."]
[null,811,null,null,null,811,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"To stop the expansionism of the Khanas Krum of Bulgaria and with the aim of destroying the Bulgarian kingdom, Emperor Nicephorus and his son Stauracio made another campaign in Bulgarian territory. After an initial victory the Byzantines were caught in an ambush where Nicephorus was defeated and killed and his son barely managed to be saved.",811]
[null,811,null,null,null,811,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Michael (c.770-844), Byzantine Emperor with Theophilus (811-813)\r\nAfter the complete defeat by Krum of Bulgaria in 813 who advanced on Constantinople and laid siege by land, discredited, Michael was forced to abdicate.",811,813,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Governorate of the Muslim Caliphate."]
[null,818,null,"IRAN","The Samanids or Samanids were one of the first dynasties of Iranian emirs to exercise their power in the eastern provinces of Iran after the Arab conquest; they are remembered mainly for their work of patronage, fundamental in the development of post-Islamic Persian literature ( neo-Persian\"). They established an Emirate dependent on the Abbasid Caliphate, (de facto, an independent State). The Qarakhanis in the eastern part and the Ghaznavis divided up the old Samanid emirate. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC\"",818,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lothair I, Frankish King of Italy.",818,839,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Samanids or Samanids were one of the first dynasties of Iranian emirs to exercise their power in the eastern provinces of Iran after the Arab conquest; they are remembered mainly for their work of patronage, fundamental in the development of post-Islamic Persian literature ( neo-Persian\"). They established an Emirate dependent on the Abbasid Caliphate, (de facto, an independent State). The Qarakhanis in the eastern part and the Ghaznavis divided up the old Samanid emirate. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC\"",819,999,null,null,null,null,null,"Governorate of the Muslim Caliphate."]
[null,831,null,null,null,831,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Thorgest was the first Viking to found a kingdom in Ireland. He went up the rivers Shannon and Bann; and there he created a province encompassing Ulster, Connacht and Meath, until he was assassinated in 848 by Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid (Malachy), who became the new king of the province.",831,845,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A civil war broke out in the Khazarian kaganate; The Magyars moved to a territory located between the Carpathian Mountains and the Dnieper River (present-day Ukraine) called by the Magyars \"Etelkóz\", where they met the Vikings and the Eastern Slavs."]
[null,839,null,null,null,839,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kingdom of Dublin, was a powerful commercial emporium that fundamentally controlled some portions of the Irish coast around Dublin, roughly coinciding with the current County of Dublin; The kingdom was governed by a monarchy of Scandinavian Norse Viking origin that began to adapt to Gaelic culture from 988 when the reign of Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill in Ireland began and survived as an independent State until the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1171.",839,1171,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Louis II the Younger, Frankish King of Italy.",839,875,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tahirid Emirate of Persia, (820-872), to its greatest extent"]
[null,840,null,null,null,840,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lothair I, Roman Emperor, Carolingian.","840 ","843      ",null,"Lothair I, Roman Emperor, Carolingian.","840 ","843      "]
[null,{"$f":"+F1368","v":843},null,null,null,843,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Charles the Bald, King of Western France, Carolingian.",843,877,null,"Eastern France: constitutes the first State in the formation of the monarchy in Germany, which existed between 843 and 962 when the German Kingdom and the German Roman Empire were formed. It continued to be ruled by the Franks until 919, the year in which Henry I of Saxony was crowned king of East France from 919 until his death in 936, father of Otto I, the Great, of Germany who was king of East France from 936 to 973 and first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 962 to 973.",843,962]
[null,854,null,null,null,854,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Vigrahapala, King of the Pala Empire.",854,855]
[null,860,null,null,null,860,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Æthelberht, was king of Wessex.",860,865,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks.\r\nIt was a medieval trade route linking Scandinavia, Kievan Rus' and the Eastern Roman Empire. The route allowed Varangian merchants to establish direct and prosperous trade along it with the Eastern Roman Empire, and for some of them to settle in those territories (currently Belarus, Russia and Ukraine).",860,1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In the military field, already around 860, most of the characteristics of future samurai warriors could be seen, horseback riders skilled in the use of the bow, in addition to the use of curved blade swords. These mounted soldiers enjoyed the complete trust of the Empire and were in charge of the security of the cities as well as fighting against any revolts that occurred.",860]
[null,861,null,"IRAN","The Saffarid Muslim dynasty established an Emirate dependent on the Abbasid Caliphate, (de facto, an independent state), which ruled in Sistan, in the southeast of present-day Iran and southwest of Afghanistan; it was the first dynasty to emerge in Iran after the Muslim conquest of Persia, which tried to maintain elements of local culture such as the courtly cultivation of the Persian language along with the Islamic religion, introduced by the Arabs, around 900, were confined to their center of Sistan, being reduced to the role of vassals of the Samanids and their successors. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",861,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Saffarid Muslim dynasty established an Emirate dependent on the Abbasid Caliphate, (de facto, an independent state), which ruled in Sistan, in the southeast of present-day Iran and southwest of Afghanistan; it was the first dynasty to emerge in Iran after the Muslim conquest of Persia, which tried to maintain elements of local culture such as the courtly cultivation of the Persian language along with the Islamic religion, introduced by the Arabs, around 900, were confined to their center of Sistan, being reduced to the role of vassals of the Samanids and their successors. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",861,1003]
[null,867,null,null,null,867,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Macedonian Dynasty ruled the Byzantine Empire between the 9th and 11th centuries, a period in which it reached its maximum extent since the Muslim conquests of the 7th century and began the so-called Macedonian Renaissance in art and literature, although in reality, they were of Armenian origin. possibly a minor branch of the noble Armenian family of the Mamikonians.",867,1071]
[null,871,null,null,null,871,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ælfred, Alfred the Great, was king of Wessex.\r\nHe made Winchester his capital and new towns were founded such as Wallingford, ",871,899]
[null,878,null,null,null,878,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Eochaid, King of the Picts or King of Fortriu, jointly with his brother\r\nGiric king of Scotland\r\nFlann Sinna, High King of Ireland.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nÆlfred, Alfred the Great, was crowned King of the Anglo-Saxons.\r\n\r\n\r\nDonald II, king of Scotland\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nEdward the Elder, King of Wessex. He was the second of the sons – six in total – of Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, and his wife Ethelswitha.\r\nConstantine II, king of Scotland\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nIn Ireland, an uneasy peace between the natives and the Norsemen culminated in extensive war. The descendants of the Viking Ivar Beinlaus established a dynasty based in Dublin, from where they were successful in the subsequent conquest of the rest of the island, until they were defeated and controlled by the King of Ireland Brian Boru\r\n\r\nNiall Glúndub mac Áedo, High King of Ireland.\r\nInvasion of Ireland by two Viking fleets led by the Scandinavian and Hiberno-Norse chieftains Ragnall and Sihtric, who fought against Niall Glúndub, supreme king of Ireland, defeating his local forces; Sihtric entered Dublin, and took possession of the square while Ragnall ua Ímair, after conquering Waterford, headed towards Scotland and later conquered Jórvik (now York) where he proclaimed himself king.",878,889,null,"The County of Coimbra was established within the kingdom of Asturias, which included the lands of Coimbra, Viseu, Lamego and Terra da Feira, after the reconquest of this region; It was reconquered by the Muslims in 987, but after the new conquest of Fernando I of León it was definitively left for the Christians in 1064 as the County of Galicia.",878]
[null,879,null,null,null,879,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Flann Sinna, High King of Ireland.",879,916,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Carloman II, King of Western France, Carolingian.",879,884]
[null,885,null,null,null,885,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Vikings besiege Paris, but it resists.",885,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Durante la dominación islámica, árabes procedentes de otras partes del califato se establecieron en Armenia y haciael final del siglo IX, existía una bien establecida clase de emires árabes, más o menos equivalente a la de los nakharars armenios; al final de este período, en el año 885, el país recuperó la independencia del debilitado imperio árabe y se estableció la dinastía Bagratuni que gobernó el reino armenio, con capital en la ciudad de Ani hasta 1045.",null,885,1045]
[null,889,null,null,null,889,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Donald II, king of Scotland",889,900,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Guido of Spoleto, Frankish King of Italy, rival king; - Roman Emperor, 891-894",889,894]
[null,896,null,null,null,896,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Arnulf of Carinthia, Roman Emperor, Carolingian.",896,898,null,"The invasions of the pagan Hungarians begin and spread throughout Europe.\"",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Arnulf of Carinthia, Frankish King of Italy.",896,899]
[null,898,null,null,null,898,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Charles III, King of Western France, Carolingian.",898,922,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Daigo, (885 - 930) - Heian Period",897,930]
[null,907,null,null,null,907,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zolta, Hungarian Prince, Marquis of Austria",907,947,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rajyapala, King of the Pala Empire.",908,940,null,null,null,null,null,"Five Dynasties: Later Liang\r\nAfter the end of the Tang dynasty, with the founding of the Liang dynasty in northern China, a period of instability began that would see five short dynasties succeed one another in northern China, permanently threatened by the invasions of people called barbarians (dynasty Later Liang Dynasty, Later Tang Dynasty, Later Jin Dynasty, Later Han Dynasty, and Later Zhou Dynasty); In the south, ten independent kingdoms appeared that existed more or less concurrently, each limiting themselves to a specific geographical area. ",907,923]
[null,913,null,null,null,913,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Constantine VII (905-959), Byzantine Emperor.\r\nAlexander died abruptly and on his deathbed named the 8-year-old Constantine VII as heir under the regency of Patriarch Nicholas the Mystic.",913,959,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Russians plundered the Arabs in the Caspian Sea, during expeditions in this town.",913,944]
[null,915,null,null,null,915,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Berengar of Friuli, Roman Emperor, Lombard.\r\nAfter his death in 924, 38 years passed without an emperor, until Pope John XII requested the help of Otto I of Eastern France, who in 961 marched to Rome to defend the rights of the pontiff against the interference of Berengar II. from Italy. ",915,924,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Battle of Achelous was one of the largest in medieval history and ended in a decisive Bulgarian victory over the Byzantines.",915]
[null,918,null,null,null,918,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Goryeo or Koryo was a dynasty founded in 918 by King Wang Geon (also known as King Taejo), a general who had served a rebellious prince of the kingdom of Silla. Expelling the prince, Wang Geon subsequently unified the Late Three Kingdoms in 936. Wang Geon's descendants reigned in Goryeo until 1392, when they were overthrown by the founder of the Joseon dynasty. Goryeo expanded its borders to present-day Wonsan to the northeast, towards the Amnok River, eventually covering almost the entire Korean Peninsula.",918,1392]
[null,923,null,null,null,923,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Raul I, King of Western France, bosonides.",923,936,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Five Dynasties: Later Tang",923,936]
[null,929,null,null,null,929,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba or Western Caliphate.\r\nAbd al-Rahman III proclaimed himself Caliph and founded the Muslim State or Andalusian Caliphate with its capital in Córdoba, including all the areas conquered by Arab-Muslim troops in territories currently belonging to Spain, Portugal, France, Andorra and Gibraltar; The Caliphate put an end to the independent emirate and lasted until the year 1031, when it was abolished, giving rise to the fragmentation of the Umayyad state into a multitude of Muslim kingdoms known as taifas.",929,1031,null,"The Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba or Western Caliphate.\r\nAbd al-Rahman III proclaimed himself Caliph and founded the Muslim State or Andalusian Caliphate with its capital in Córdoba, including all the areas conquered by Arab-Muslim troops in territories currently belonging to Spain, Portugal, France, Andorra and Gibraltar; The Caliphate put an end to the independent emirate and lasted until the year 1031, when it was abolished, giving rise to the fragmentation of the Umayyad state into a multitude of Muslim kingdoms known as taifas.",929,1031,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba or Western Caliphate.\r\nAbd al-Rahman III proclaimed himself Caliph and founded the Muslim State or Andalusian Caliphate with its capital in Córdoba, including all the areas conquered by Arab-Muslim troops in territories currently belonging to Spain, Portugal, France, Andorra and Gibraltar; The Caliphate put an end to the independent emirate and lasted until the year 1031, when it was abolished, giving rise to the fragmentation of the Umayyad state into a multitude of Muslim kingdoms known as taifas.",929,1031]
[null,934,null,"IRAN","The Buyids, also known as the Buyids, were an Iranian Shia dynasty originating from Daylam who founded an Emirate dependent on the Abbasid Caliphate with Baghdad as the seat of the caliphate, (de facto, an independent state), which controlled most of what is today es Iran and Iraq in the 10th and 11th centuries. The Buyid Emirates gradually fell to the Ghaznavids and the Seljuk Turks. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",934,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ar-Radi, Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad.",934,"940 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Buyids, also known as the Buyids, were an Iranian Shia dynasty originating from Daylam who founded an Emirate dependent on the Abbasid Caliphate with Baghdad as the seat of the caliphate, (de facto, an independent state), which controlled most of what is today es Iran and Iraq in the 10th and 11th centuries. The Buyid Emirates gradually fell to the Ghaznavids and the Seljuk Turks. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",934,1055,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Buyida Empire in 970"]
[null,939,null,null,null,939,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Edmond I, the Magnificent, King of England.\r\nThe eldest of the four sons of Edward the Elder, king of Wessex, and his third wife, Edgiva, daughter of Sigehelm, knight of Kent.\"",939,946,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emergence of the samurai class.\nTaira no Masakado, a samurai warrior rebelled against the imperial court in 939 and proclaimed himself emperor; A provincial army was then sent to quell his rebellion and after several months of fighting he was defeated and beheaded, his head was taken back to Kyoto and put on display as an exemplary punishment\". From this moment and due to their social origin, these warrior leaders began to group together as local aristocracy clans and founded the main warrior dynasties, highlighting the Taira clan and the Minamoto clan and, similarly, in the capital, the Fujiwara clan. \"",939]
[null,943,null,null,null,943,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Malcolm I, king of Scotland",943,954,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Al-Mustakfi, Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad.",943,"946 "]
[null,950,null,null,null,950,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Holy Roman Empire exchanged ambassadors with Córdoba.",950,null,null,"The Holy Roman Empire exchanged ambassadors with Córdoba.",950,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Berengar II with Adalbert II, Frankish Kings of Italy.",950,961]
[null,957,null,null,null,957,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Constantine received a visit from Olga, princess of Kievan Rus who was baptized with the name Elena, thus beginning the conversion of her people to Christianity.",957]
[null,958,null,null,null,958,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ordoño IV of León",958,960]
[null,966,null,null,null,966,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ramiro III of León",966,985,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Ghaznavid Empire of Persia, (962-1040), at its peak"]
[null,971,null,null,null,971,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kenneth II, King of Scotland",971,995,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Svatioslav after the destruction of the Khazarian Kaganate unified all the principalities of Rus under the throne of kyiv. He defeated the Bulgarian Emperor Boris II and occupied all of northern Bulgaria and refused to give his Balkan conquests to the Byzantine Empire, so he began an open conflict with them in which he was eventually killed by his allies, the semi-nomads. pechenegs; For Kievan Rus, Svyatoslav's campaign brought no tangible results, but he left Bulgaria at the mercy of Byzantine attacks.",971,972]
[null,976,null,null,null,976,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hisham II",976,1010,null,null,null,null,null,"Leopold I, Marquis of Austria\r\nBabenberg (Independent brand of the Duchy of Bavaria)",976,994,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Basil II (c.958-1025), Byzantine Emperor.",976,1025,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"al-Hakim, Fatimid caliph of Egypt.",996,1021]
[null,978,null,null,null,978,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Brian Boru or Boroimhe became king of Cashel, capital of the ancient Irish kingdom of Munster, in 978. By 984 he controlled the entire kingdom, defeating the Viking descendants, and in 1001 he was recognized as High King of Ireland.",978,1014]
[null,986,null,null,null,986,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Louis V, King of West France, Carolingian.",986,988,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Ichijō, (980 - 1011) - Heian Period",986,1011]
[null,988,null,null,null,988,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"After the Christianization of Kievan Rus by Prince Vladimir I of Kiev and the agreements reached with Basil II of Byzantium, the Varangian Guard was created, an elite unit of Nordic origin made up of the troops sent by Vladimir, which between the centuries X and XIV served as the personal guard of the Byzantine emperors.",988,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The beginning of Vladimir's government was characterized by firm pagan resistance, but in 988 he negotiated the hand of Emperor Basil II's sister, Anna Porfirogeneta, in exchange for helping him put down a rebellion, for which he sent 6,000 troops to the Byzantine Empire and put an end to it. to the revolt; he was baptized by Orthodoxy and successfully converted all of Rus' to Christianity.",988,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mahipala, King of the Pala Empire.\r\nAfter almost a century in eclipse, the Pala kingdom took advantage of the decline of the Pratihara and regained its dynamism during the reign of Mahipala, extending its dominion westward to Benares.",988,1038]
[null,1000,null,null,null,1000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gaelic (Celtic) Ireland\r\nFor most of this period, Ireland was a mosaic of clans and tribes organized around four historic provinces that continually competed for dominance of territory and resources: Leinster (Irish: Laighin), Connacht (Irish: Connachta) , Munster (Irish: An Mhumhain) and Ulster (Irish: Cúige Uladh).",1000,1166,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Kingdom of Hungary was founded by Stephen I the Holy, Hungarian Prince (997-1000) and First King of Hungary (1000-1038) who married Gisela of Bavaria, sister of Emperor Henry II of the Holy Roman Empire.",1000,1526,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mahmud of Ghazni led seventeen deadly raids and invasions in India, all victorious, initially without the intention of converting anyone to Islam, but limiting himself to ruining temples, such as that of Somnath in 1026, managing to extend his empire from Afghanistan to the greater part of Iran, as well as Pakistan and northwest India. He was a patron of art and turned his capital, Ghazni, into a cultural center capable of rivaling Baghdad, sponsoring numerous Persian-language poets such as Farrojí Sistani. However, his reputation has been overshadowed by his destruction of Hindu temples.",1000,1026]
[null,1005,null,null,null,1005,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Malcolm II, king of Scotland",1005,1034]
[null,1013,null,null,null,1013,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"House of Denmark\r\nEngland fell under the control of Svend Forkbeard\", a Danish king, after an invasion in 1013, during which Æthelred abandoned the throne and went into exile in Normandy.",1013,1014,null,"Sulaiman al-Mustain",1013,1017,null,"Sulaiman al-Mustain",1013,1017]
[null,1017,null,null,null,1017,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Muhammad, Sultan of Chorasmia, Mamunids. Province of the Ghaznavid Empire.",1017]
[null,1021,null,null,null,1021,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yahya al-Muhtal",1021,1024,null,"Yahya al-Muhtal",1021,1024,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Pala kingdom was attacked from the south by the Chola dynasty.",1020]
[null,1023,null,null,null,1023,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Abd al-Rahman V",1023,1025,null,"Abd al-Rahman V",1023,1025,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"First confrontation of the Byzantines against the Turks in the Caucasus.",1021]
[null,1030,null,null,null,1030,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ranulf Drengot, a Norman nobleman who arrived as a mercenary to the region, managed to take over the county of Aversa.",1030]
[null,1035,null,null,null,1035,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Haroldo, Pie de Liebre, Rey de Inglaterra-Casa de Dinamarca",1035,1040,null,"The Kingdom of Aragon is founded by the union of the counties of Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza, with Ramiro I as sovereign; It later expanded southward.",1035,1036,null,"The Kingdom of Aragon is founded by the union of the counties of Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza, with Ramiro I as sovereign; It later expanded southward.",1035,1707,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Go-Suzaku, (1009 - 1045) - Heian Period",1036,1045]
[null,1040,null,null,null,1040,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Macbeth, rey de Escocia",1040,1057]
[null,1041,null,null,null,1041,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ranulf Drengot, a Norman nobleman who arrived as a mercenary to the region, founded Aversa and was its first count; he was one of the leaders of the anti-Byzantine coalition that rebelled in southern Italy in 1040 and took part in the decisive victory at Olivento in March 1041; In 1042, after the victory of his ally William the Iron Arm, who became count of Apulia, he received control over Siponto and Monte Gargano from the former Byzantine territories.",1041,1042,null,"Ranulf Drengot, a Norman nobleman who arrived as a mercenary to the region, founded Aversa and was its first count; he was one of the leaders of the anti-Byzantine coalition that rebelled in southern Italy in 1040 and took part in the decisive victory at Olivento in March 1041; In 1042, after the victory of his ally William the Iron Arm, who became count of Apulia, he received control over Siponto and Monte Gargano from the former Byzantine territories.",1041,1042,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shah Malik, Sultan of Chorasmia, Non-dynastic. Province of the Ghaznavid Empire.",1041,1042]
[null,1042,null,null,null,1042,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Constantine IX (c.1000-1055), Byzantine Emperor.\r\nHe ascends the throne by marrying Zoe. ",1042,1055]
[null,1051,null,null,null,1051,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Battle of Civitate in 1053 in southern Italy pitted the Normans against a coalition of Pope Leo IX. The Norman victory over the Allied coalition marked the beginning of a conflict that would last until the recognition of the Norman conquest of Southern Italy.",1053,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Zenkunen War was a war in Mutsu Province, Japan that was a power struggle between two samurai clans; on the one hand the Abe clan that collected taxes and confiscated properties for itself and without paying any percentage to the governor and the Minamoto clan that was sent from the imperial court in the capital to control the natives and stop the Abe. The war lasted 12 years until 1062, when the Minamoto led an assault on the Abe fortress at Kuriyagawa which, after two days of fighting, surrendered.",1051,1062]
[null,1057,null,null,null,1057,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Isaac I Komnenos (c.1007-1060), Byzantine Emperor.\r\nHe abdicated due to illness in favor of Constantine died shortly after",1057,1059]
[null,1059,null,null,null,1059,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Malcolm III, rey de Escocia\nFue Malcolm III, no su padre Duncan, quien hizo más por crear la dinastía que gobernó Escocia durante los siguientes dos siglos, de forma exitosa en comparación con otros. Parte de este éxito fue el gran número de hijos que tuvo, como mucho, una docena, a través del matrimonio con la viuda o la hija de Thorfinn Sigurdsson, jarl de las Orcadas y después con la princesa anglo-húngara, Margarita, nieta de Edmundo II Brazo de Hierro. ",1058,1093,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ducas Dynasty (1059-1081)","-","-"]
[null,1067,null,null,null,1067]
[null,1071,null,null,null,1071,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Michael VII (c.1050-1090), Byzantine Emperor with Constantius (1068-1078) with Andronicus (1068-1078) with Constantine (1074-1078).\nSon of Constantine\n",1071,1078,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Sena were an Indian Hindu dynasty of Brahmakshatriya origin, that is, Brahmins by caste and Chatrias by profession, who ruled Bengal in the early medieval period of the Indian subcontinent; His empire extended at its peak to cover much of the northeastern region of the subcontinent.",null,null,null,"With Emperor Go-Sanjō the imperial family restored its political power, leaving the Fujiwara clan out of administrative decisions, regulating private property (the shōen), decided to apply economic reforms on the obsolete Law Codes, ritsuryō, and established a institution called insei (cloistered government), where the emperor at the time of abdicating would retire to a Buddhist temple but would maintain a position of regent over his successor, filling the power vacuum left by the Fujiwara clan due to internal disputes and factions.",1071]
[null,1077,null,null,null,1077,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Rum Sultanate was a Turkish sultanate ruled by the Seljuk dynasty located in Anatolia founded by Suleiman ibn Kutalmish, challenging his distant cousin Malik Shah I; It was the territory that maintained its identity and that would prevail for many decades.",1077,null,1307,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ramapala, King of the Pala Empire.",1077,1130]
[null,1077,null,"IRAN","The Khorezmites were a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkish Mamluk origin who under the Chorasmian Empire ruled Greater Iran, first as vassals of the Seljuks and later independent in the 11th century; the empire survived until the Mongol invasion of 1220. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH ",1077,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Suleiman ibn Kutalmish, Sultan of Rûm.\r\nHe takes the title of Sultan of Rûm (of Rome\") and chooses Nicaea as his capital.\"",1077,null,1086,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Anush Tigin Gharchai, Sultan of Chorasmia, Anushtiginidas.",1077,1097,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Chorasmian Khorasmian Empire, (1077-1231), at its greatest extent"]
[null,1082,null,null,null,1082,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alexius Comnenus signs a commercial and defensive pact with the Republic of Venice to obtain Venetian military aid in the Byzantine wars against the Normans in exchange for granting large commercial concessions to Venice; This pact allowed Venice to create a Mediterranean maritime empire at the expense of the Byzantine Empire, which was economically weakened, which in the long term contributed to its decline and disappearance.",1082]
[null,{"$f":"+F1555","v":1088},null,null,null,1088,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Urban II takes over as pope; he is confronted by antipope Clement III and Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire; Urban II manages to enter Rome with the help of Roger I of Sicily but it is impossible for him to reach the Vatican, so he withdraws. In 1089 Pope Urban sends emissaries to Constantinople requesting help and Alexius convenes a synod that approves closer ties with Rome, but condemns papal bureaucracy and lack of respect for imperial authority; In 1090 Alexius I asked Pope Urban II for help to acquire more Western troops for the first time.",1088,1090,null,"Urban II takes over as pope; he is confronted by antipope Clement III and Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire; Urban II manages to enter Rome with the help of Roger I of Sicily but it is impossible for him to reach the Vatican, so he withdraws. In 1089 Pope Urban sends emissaries to Constantinople requesting help and Alexius convenes a synod that approves closer ties with Rome, but condemns papal bureaucracy and lack of respect for imperial authority; In 1090 Alexius I asked Pope Urban II for help to acquire more Western troops for the first time.",1088,1090]
[null,1096,null,null,null,1096,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The first crusade began the military campaigns and armed pilgrimages that sought to recover the territories lost to the Muslim advance; The crusaders penetrated the so-called Sultanate of Rüm and advanced towards the south, until entering the territories of the Fatimid dynasty, they conquered Jerusalem, sacked the city and massacred its inhabitants, including Christians and Jews.",1096,1098,null,"First Crusade.\r\nNobles mainly from the kingdom of France and the Holy Roman Empire, who were nourished in their advance by knights, soldiers and a large population, the crusaders penetrated the Sultanate of Rüm and advancing towards the south, the Byzantine Empire recovered the territories of Western Anatolia and then entering the territories of the Fatimid dynasty, they conquered the city of Jerusalem in 1099, giving rise to the founding of the Crusader Kingdoms of Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli and Jerusalem.",1096,1099,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Crusades led to a change in European trade routes that accelerated the decline of Kievan Rus' which convened the Council of Liubech, the first known federal council held amid constant regional rivalries between princes. The territory was divided into several principalities ruled by the Rurikids, establishing a feudal system that allowed the principalities to consolidate their power and develop as powerful regional centers, the most notable cases being Galicia-Volhynia and Vladimir-Súzdal along with the Novgorod Republic.",1097]
[null,1097,null,null,null,1097,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Edgardo, rey de Escocia",1097,1107,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ekinchi, Sultan of Chorasmia, Non-dynastic. (1097)\r\nQutb ad-Din Muhammad I, Sultan of Chorasmia, Anushtiginidas.",1097,1127]
[null,1107,null,null,null,1107,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alejandro I, rey  de Escocia",1107,1124,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Toba, (1103 - 1156) - Heian Period.\r\nEmperor Toba also applied insei, ruling in retirement for more than three decades until his death in 1156 and maintaining his influence over three other emperors. In this period, however, there were disagreements between the reigning emperor and the retired one, causing the military power to impose the authority to govern the country over the civil authority.",1107,1123]
[null,1124,null,null,null,1124,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"David I, rey de Escocia",1124,1157]
[null,1126,null,null,null,1126,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alfonso VII of León",1126,1157]
[null,1132,null,null,null,1132,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Kingdom of Sicily was a state in the south of the Italian peninsula and the island of Sicily that was founded by Roger II as the successor to the County of Sicily, created in 1071 during the Norman conquest of the peninsula. With the recognition of the Pope in 1139, the Kingdom of Sicily was the embryo of the Italian state that existed in the south until the unification of Italy in 1861.",1130,1816,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Principality of Kiev was a principality within Kievan Rus' that later became one of its successors when the latter broke up in the 13th century. It was located in the region where the Ukrainian Kiev Oblast is today. Its capital was the city of Kiev.\r\n• Princes of kyiv during the disintegration of Kievan Rus (1132-1240)\r\n• Princes of kyiv under the lordship of the Golden Horde (1241-1362): The princes of kyiv were forced to accept Mongol lordship.\r\n• Princes of kyiv (in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) (1362-1471): in 1362 kyiv and the surrounding areas were incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.",1132,1471]
[null,1141,null,null,null,1141,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Geza II, King of Hungary.",1141,1162,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"az-Zafir, Fatimid caliph of Egypt.",1149,1154,null,"Gopala III, King of the Pala Empire.",1140,1144]
[null,1147,null,null,null,1147,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Second kingdoms of taifas",1146,1153,null,"Second kingdoms of taifas",1146,1153,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Byzantine troops of Manuel I Comnenus followed the two armies of the Second Crusade, under Emperor Conrad III and King Louis VII of France, trying to monitor and control their behavior during the passage through their domains and prevent serious damage and numerous acts of vandalism and theft that they had caused in the first crusade and that they had now repeated as they passed through the Kingdom of Hungary.",1147]
[null,1154,null,null,null,1154,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Enrique II, Curtmantle, Plantagenet, Rey de Inglaterra.",1154,1189,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Go-Shirakawa, (1127 - 1192) - Heian Period",1155,1158]
[null,1157,null,null,null,1157,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ferdinand II of Leon",1157,1188,null,null,null,null,null,"Frederick I (BARBAROSSA) - Hohenstaufen, Holy Roman Emperor Germanicus.\r\nHe began to use the adjective sacred\" (sanctioned in 1157), to legitimize his existence as the divine will in the Christian sense. \"",1157,1190,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"After the failed siege of the Crusaders in 1148, Nur al-Din besieged and conquered Damascus in 1154, politically uniting Syria, as a single family controlled the three main cities, being then Sultan of Syria.",1154,null,null,"After the failed siege of the Crusaders in 1148, Nur al-Din besieged and conquered Damascus in 1154, politically uniting Syria, as a single family controlled the three main cities, being then Sultan of Syria.",1154,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"After the failed siege of the Crusaders in 1148, Nur al-Din besieged and conquered Damascus in 1154, politically uniting Syria, as a single family controlled the three main cities, being then Sultan of Syria.",1154,null,null,"After the failed siege of the Crusaders in 1148, Nur al-Din besieged and conquered Damascus in 1154, politically uniting Syria, as a single family controlled the three main cities, being then Sultan of Syria.",null,null,null,"After the failed siege of the Crusaders in 1148, Nur al-Din besieged and conquered Damascus in 1154, politically uniting Syria, as a single family controlled the three main cities, being then Sultan of Syria.",1154,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In 1156, after the death of the cloistered governor, Emperor Toba, Emperor Go-Shirakawa and his brother, the retired Emperor Sutoku, disputed the royal succession triggering the Hōgen Rebellion, where both imperial factions clashed and Emperor Go-Shirakawa , wins with the support of the samurai class, in which the Fujiwara clan was banished from power that is monopolized exclusively by the Taira and Minamoto clans that are established with the greatest political power in Kyoto.",1156]
[null,1158,null,null,null,1158,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alfonso VIII of Castile",1158,1214]
[null,1165,null,null,null,1165,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Diarmuid Mac Murchadha Caomhánach fue un rey irlandés de Leinster que siendo el señor de Dublín, arrendó una flota a Enrique II para su campaña contra Gales en 1165 lo que provocó que otros reyes de la isla al tuvieron conocimiento de esto, lo empezaran a hostigar por colaborar con los anglonormandos en contra de los intereses de Gales y también de Irlanda.",1165]
[null,1169,null,null,null,1169,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Invasión cambro-normanda de Irlanda.\nLa invasión  fue confirmada plenamente cuando Enrique II de Inglaterra  desembarcó con una enorme flota en Waterford  el 18 de octubre de 1171, convirtiéndose en el primer rey de Inglaterra en poner los pies en suelo irlandés. Tanto Waterford como Dublín fueron proclamadas ciudades reales. El sucesor del papa Adriano, Alejandro III, ratificó la concesión de las tierras irlandesas a Enrique en 1172 lo que condujo finalmente al dominio total inglés de la isla.​ Su consecuencia inmediata fue el final de la Irlanda gaélica y la de la jerarquía irlandesa de «Reyes Supremos».​ Desde este momento, la isla se convirtió en el Señorío de Irlanda, estado nominativo que duró hasta 1541. Diarmuid Mac Murchadha Caomhánach ha pasado a la historia como el traidor más notorio de la historia de Irlanda.",1169,1171,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Al-Mustadí, Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad.",1170,"1180 ",null,"In 1169 Shirkuh died when he already controlled all of Egypt; Saladin, despite being a Sunni, was elected Vizier of Egypt by the Shiite Fatimid caliph, successfully facing from the first moment conspiracies by the Fatimid elites, rebellions by military units formed by mercenaries from the Maghreb, as well as several invasion attempts by the Byzantine navy. , so that by 1170, Saladin had secured a secure position in the country and was able to eradicate the Fatimid caliphate upon the death of Caliph al-Adid in 1171.",1169,null,1171,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In 1169 Shirkuh died when he already controlled all of Egypt; Saladin, despite being a Sunni, was elected Vizier of Egypt by the Shiite Fatimid caliph, successfully facing from the first moment conspiracies by the Fatimid elites, rebellions by military units formed by mercenaries from the Maghreb, as well as several invasion attempts by the Byzantine navy. , so that by 1170, Saladin had secured a secure position in the country and was able to eradicate the Fatimid caliphate upon the death of Caliph al-Adid in 1171.",1169,1171,null,null,null,null,null,"In 1169 Shirkuh died having defeated the crusaders and when he already controlled all of Egypt; Saladin, despite being a Sunni, was elected Vizier of Egypt by the Shiite Fatimid caliph, successfully facing from the first moment conspiracies by the Fatimid elites, rebellions by military units formed by mercenaries from the Maghreb, as well as several invasion attempts by the Byzantine navy. , so that by 1170, Saladin had secured a secure position in the country and was able to eradicate the Fatimid caliphate upon the death of Caliph al-Adid in 1171.",1169,1171,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Takakura, (1161 - 1181) - Heian Period.\r\nAt the age of five, Emperor Rokujō was forced by the Taira clan to abdicate in favor of his uncle, Takakura Tennō, who did not exercise any power that was divided between his father the Cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa and his stepfather Taira no Kiyomori. , who served as de facto regent.",1168,1180]
[null,1170,null,null,null,1170,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Louis VII confirms the commercial privileges of the Hanse Parisienne, (organized since 1121), by a royal charter of 1170, especially on the right of navigation on the Seine, from the Pont de Mantes to the bridges of Paris.",1170]
[null,1176,122,"\"Türkiye\r\nBYZANTIUM\"","The Battle of Myriocephalus between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks in Phrygia on September 17, 1176 ended with a defeat that the Byzantine Emperor Manuel himself compared to that of Manzikert and which, as in that case, became a legendary disaster and the Empire fell into chaos and apathy and would no longer be able to mount a major offensive in the east; Ultimately, the defeat meant that the Byzantines permanently lost control over the Anatolian plateau.",1176,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Battle of Myriocephalus between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks in Phrygia on September 17, 1176 ended with a defeat that the Byzantine Emperor Manuel himself compared to that of Manzikert and which, as in that case, became a legendary disaster and the Empire fell into chaos and apathy and would no longer be able to mount a major offensive in the east; Ultimately, the defeat meant that the Byzantines permanently lost control over the Anatolian plateau.",1176,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Battle of Myriocephalus between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks in Phrygia on September 17, 1176 ended with a defeat that the Byzantine Emperor Manuel himself compared to that of Manzikert and which, as in that case, became a legendary disaster and the Empire fell into chaos and apathy and would no longer be able to mount a major offensive in the east; Ultimately, the defeat meant that the Byzantines permanently lost control over the Anatolian plateau.",1176,null,null,null,"Vsevolod the Big Nest, Grand Prince of Vladimir, 11th son of Yuri Dolgoruki",1176,1212]
[null,1182,null,null,null,1182,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Andronicus Comnenus, took advantage of broad popular support that opposed favoritism towards Latins to overthrow the Latinophile Regent Maria, who was assassinated.",1182,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Genpei Wars were a series of civil conflicts that took place in ancient Japan between the Taira clan who had supported the infant Antoku as emperor and the Minamoto clan who supported a different candidate than the Taira for the imperial throne. The victory of the Minamoto clan and the subsequent fall of the Taira, put the samurai in political and military command of Japan and allowed the establishment of the first shogunate in Japanese history, the Kamakura, headed by Minamoto no Yoritomo in 1192.",1180,1185]
[null,1185,null,null,null,1185,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Señorío de Irlanda\nLa bula papal había concedido el título al rey inglés de Señor de Irlanda. Habiendo capturado una pequeña parte de la isla en la costa este, Enrique uso las tierras para resolver una disputa dividiendo a su familia. Por un tiempo había dividido sus territorios entre sus hijos; un hijo apodado Juan sin Tierra, fue dejado sin territorio, de ahí el apodo. Enrique le otorgó a Juan sus tierras irlandesas,  convirtiéndose éste en el primer  Señor de Irlanda (Dominus Hiberniae) en 1185 y llegando así el territorio irlandés a convertirse en Señorío de Irlanda como un área separada de Inglaterra gobernada por un príncipe menor inglés.",1185,null,null,"Sancho I, (1154-1211), King of Portugal",1185,1211,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Isaac II (1156-1204), Byzantine Emperor.",1185,1195,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yuri II, Grand Prince of Vladimir, third son of Vsevolod the Great Nest",1212,1216]
[null,1185,null,null,null,1185,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Los cambro-normandos controlaron inicialmente gran parte de la isla de Irlanda, pero con el correr del tiempo los irlandeses nativos recobraron parte del territorio, los señores cambro-normandos terminaron por adoptar el idioma y costumbres irlandesas y durante los siglos sucesivos se aliaron con los irlandeses indígenas en conflictos políticos y militares contra Inglaterra​ y permanecieron siendo en su gran mayoría católicos tras la reforma protestante inglesa hasta que hacia 1400 los ingleses construyeron La Empalizada, una región de autoridad inglesa que rodeaba Dublín.",1185,1400,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1396)\r\nFrom the rebellion against the Byzantines to the Fall of Bulgaria to the Ottoman Empire.",1185,1396,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"County palatine of Kefalonia and Zante\r\nMargaritone of Brindisi, admiral of Sicily, occupied in 1184 and took the Greek Ionian Islands from the Byzantines and for his services to William II, king of Sicily, in 1185, he established the Palatine County of Kefalonia and Zante.\r\n\r\nIn 1185 he occupied Kefalonia and proclaimed himself count palatine and lord of Kefalonia and Zante. ",1185,1479,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Constantine I, Grand Prince of Vladimir, eldest son of Vsevolod the Great Nest",1216,1218]
[null,1188,null,null,null,1188,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alfonso IX of León\r\nHis son, Ferdinand III the Saint, would end up uniting the kingdoms of Castile and León in 1230 through the Concordia of Benavente, which would mean the emergence of the Crown of Castile. ",1188,1230]
[null,1192,null,"\"JAPAN\r\nKOREA\"","Kamakura Shogunate Period.\r\nIn 1192, Emperor Go-Shirakawa died and Minamoto no Yoritomo proclaimed himself shōgun, a title that became a high-level military title. With this, the shogunate was established as a permanent figure, which would last about 700 years until the Meiji Restoration. With the new figure of the shogun, the emperor would become a mere spectator of the political and economic situation of the country, while the samurai would become the de facto rulers.",1192,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147-1199), First Kamakura Shōgun.",1192,1199]
[]
[null,{"$f":"+F1637","v":1197},null,"\"AMERICA\r\nPERU\"","The Inca civilization, also called Inca civilization or Quechua civilization, was the last of the great pre-Columbian civilizations that preserved its independent state during the conquest of America. The development of the Inca civilization was based on agriculture that they developed through advanced technologies, such as cultivation terraces called andenes to take advantage of the slopes of the hills, as well as irrigation systems inherited from pre-Inca cultures. The Incas grew corn, peanuts, cassava, potatoes, beans, cotton, tobacco and coca, among others. The lands were communal property and were worked collectively. They also developed a South American camelid ranch (llama and alpaca).",1197,null,null,null,"The Inca civilization, also called Inca civilization or Quechua civilization, was the last of the great pre-Columbian civilizations that preserved its independent state during the conquest of America. The development of the Inca civilization was based on agriculture that they developed through advanced technologies, such as cultivation terraces called andenes to take advantage of the slopes of the hills, as well as irrigation systems inherited from pre-Inca cultures. The Incas grew corn, peanuts, cassava, potatoes, beans, cotton, tobacco and coca, among others. The lands were communal property and were worked collectively. They also developed a South American camelid ranch (llama and alpaca).",1197,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Berenguela of Castile, daughter of King Alfonso VIII and his wife Queen Leonor of Plantagenet, queen consort of León by her marriage to King Alfonso IX.",1197,1204]
[null,1204,125,"\"BYZANTIUM\r\nROME\"","Capture of Constantinople - Latin Empire.\nAlexius V Ducas takes power, being crowned in Hagia Sophia and his predecessors Isaac II and Alexios IV Angelo are executed. In April, Constantinople was taken by the crusaders and the city was sacked and devastated by fires, riots and massacres. The Latin Empire was established with Baldwin I as Emperor and the partition of the Byzantine territory was arranged among the participants of the crusade, with the Republic of Venice being the great beneficiary.",1204,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Philip II Augustus, King of France, attacks and annexes the Duchy of Normandy, putting a definitive end to it. In this year, Philip made official the use of the title \"King of France\", which replaced that of \"King of the Franks\".",1204,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Capture of Constantinople - Latin Empire.\r\nAlexius V Ducas takes power, being crowned in Hagia Sophia and his predecessors Isaac II and Alexios IV Angelo are executed. In April, Constantinople was taken by the crusaders and the city was sacked and devastated by fires, riots and massacres. The Latin Empire was established with Baldwin I as Emperor and the partition of Byzantine territory was arranged among the participants of the crusade, with the Republic of Venice being the great beneficiary.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",1204,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Partition of the Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade (1204). The Latin territories are indicated in purple and the Venetian territories are indicated in green. Nicaea, Trebizond and Epirus make up the Byzantine successor states."]
[null,1205,null,null,null,1205,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Duchy of Athens was a state established by the Frankish leaders of the Fourth Crusade, in the Greek regions of Attica, Boeotia, Locris and Megaridas after the conquest of the Byzantine Empire.",1205]
[null,1211,null,null,null,1211,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alfonso II, (1185-1223), King of Portugal",1211,1223,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Within his expansion campaigns, Genghis Khan carried out the invasion of the Empire of the Jin Dynasty, the largest and most powerful Chinese state with 150,000 men, conquered northern China and sacked modern-day Beijing.",1211,1215]
[null,1216,null,null,null,1216,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Dinastía Plantagenet\nMuere Juan sin tierra y a  partir de su hijo Enrique III, tras la pérdida de las posesiones familiares en el continente los Plantagenet se convirtieron en verdaderos reyes de Inglaterra. Las casas de Lancaster y York son ramas menores de esta dinastía.\nEnrique III, de Winchestery, Rey de Inglaterra y señor de Irlanda",1216,1272]
[null,1218,null,null,null,1218,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In 1218, Genghis Khan sent his emissaries to the shah in Samarkand but the shah ordered the execution of the Mongol diplomats and sent their severed heads back to Genghis, defying the emerging great power.",1218,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Malik al-Kamil, Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt, Son of al-Adil.",1218,1238]
[null,1221,null,null,null,1221,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Go-Horikawa, (1212 - 1234) - Kamakura Period",1221,1232]
[null,1227,null,null,null,1227,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pre-Ottoman rulers Osmanli dynasty\r\nErtuğrul, Osmán's father, was the bey of the Kayı tribe of the Oghuz Turkish tribal confederation; Under the auspices of Kaikubad I, Sultan of Rûm, he founded a town known as Söğüt, in the northwestern area of ancient Phrygia and established the Beylicate of Söğüt. ",1227,null,1281,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Malik al-Kamil, Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt, Son of al-Adil.",1218,1238,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Conquest and annexation by the Mongols of the Western Xia Kingdom, the small Chinese state that served to learn siege tactics for large cities; The Mongols changed the name of the country to Ningxia.",1227]
[null,1227,129,"Türkiye","The Turkish beylicates of Anatolia were the small Turkish emirates governed by a bey that initially occupied the Anatolian peninsula as vassals of the Sultanate of Rum, but after the invasion of the Mongols they began to become independent and expand towards western Anatolia, fighting against the Byzantine Empire and among themselves. In addition to the Beylicate of Söğüt, (1227), which gave rise to the Ottoman Empire, the main ones were the Beylicate of Karaman, (1240-1487), Beylicate of Aydın, (1307-1402), Beylicate of Eretna, (1335-1381 ), Beylicate of Menteşe, (1260-1424), Beylicate of Saruhan, (1304-1410)\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH ",1227,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pope Honorius III had ordered Frederick to go to the Crusades as penance for his marriage to Yolanda of Jerusalem, to which the emperor had agreed, but he had been delaying his departure, which earned him excommunication. The new pope, Gregory IX, much less condescending than the weak Honorius III, came to describe Frederick as Antichrist and preached an unsuccessful crusade against him because it was completely rejected by the rest of the European monarchs.",1227,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Turkish beylicates of Anatolia were the small Turkish emirates ruled by a bey that initially occupied the Anatolian peninsula as vassals of the Sultanate of Rum, but after the invasion of the Mongols they began to become independent and expand towards western Anatolia, fighting against the Byzantine Empire and among themselves. In addition to the Beylicate of Kayı, (1227), which gave rise to the Ottoman Empire, the main ones were the Beylicate of Karaman, (1240-1487), Beylicate of Aydın, (1307-1402), Beylicate of Eretna, (1335-1381), Beylicate of Menteşe, (1260-1424), Beylicate of Saruhan, (1304-1410)\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",1227,null,1487]
[null,1232,null,null,null,1232,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Daniel of Galicia, Prince of Galicia-Volhynia.",1232,1235,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Shijō, (1231 - 1242) - Kamakura Period",1232,1242]
[null,1236,null,null,null,1236,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mindaugas, Grand Duke of Lithuania",1236,1263]
[null,1241,null,null,null,1241,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Battle of Liegnitz (or Battle of Legnica), present-day Poland, was fought as an attempt to stop the advance of the Mongol hordes through Europe by an alliance between the Polish States, the Holy Roman Empire, the Knights Hospitaller, the Knights Templar and the Teutonic Knights. Although the Mongols won, their internal instability prevented them from advancing further and this was the westernmost point they reached on the continent.",1241,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Bayju Noyan or Baichu was a Mongol commander in Persia, Anatolia and Georgia, appointed by Ögedei Khan to further expand Mongol power in that area. He was the last Viceroy of the Mongol Empire in the Middle East for after his death, Hulagu's descendants inherited the domains that he once commanded.",1241,1247]
[null,1242,null,null,null,1242,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In the Battle of Mohi, or Battle of the Sakh River, the Tatar-Mongols and the Kingdom of Hungary clashed during the Mongol invasion of Europe. The result was a decisive Mongol victory and after the battle there was no major organized force capable of stopping the Mongol advance and defeating them was completely unthinkable. However, in December 1241, Ogodei's death caused Batu Khan, although he wanted to continue the war, to lift the siege of Vienna the following spring and return to the east, in order to participate in the Kurultai's deliberations on the succession. . Europe was disunited and ill-prepared to resist the Golden Horde and if Ogodei had not died that year, Batú and Subotai would have gone ahead with the invasion first of Austria, destroying Vienna, the German principalities and then Italy.",1241,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"During the Mongol invasion of Europe, Mongol tumens led by Batú Khan and Kadan invaded Serbia and then Bulgaria after defeating the Hungarians at the Battle of Mohi and ravaging the Hungarian regions of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Bosnia.",1242,null,null,"Al-Musta'sim, Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad.",1242,1258,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Golden Horde or Golden Horde was a Mongol state that encompassed part of present-day Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan after the breakup of the Mongol Empire in the 1240s.\r\nEstablished after the Mongol invasion of Russia, in 1466 it began to disintegrate into the Great Horde until 1502 when the last remnants were subjugated by the Crimean Khanate. Reigning Kanes\r\n• 1226-1280 Orda Khan (White Horde)\r\n• 1242-1255 Batu Khan (Blue Horde)\r\n• 1379-1395 Toqtamish\r\n• 1435-1459 Küchük Muhammad (Great Horde)\r\n• 1481-1498, 1499-1502 Sayid Ahmad I",1242,1502,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Go-Saga, (1220 - 1272) - Kamakura Period",1242,1246,null,"Division of the Mongol Empire\r\nBefore he died, Genghis Khan divided the Mongol Empire between his sons and grandsons: Jochi, the eldest, had died, so his share (southern present-day Russia) was divided among his sons Batu, chief of the Blue Horde. (east), and Orda, chief of the White Horde (west). Batú managed to control the territory of Orda and formed the Golden Horde self-proclaimed 'Great State', originally a Mongol khanate and later Turkicized from the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire; He ruled part of present-day Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan and dominated the south of present-day Russia until the end of the 15th century. ",1242,1502]
[null,1246,null,null,null,1246,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Llywelyn ap Gruffydd  fue el Último Rey nativo de Gales como país independiente antes de que ocurriera la Conquista de Gales por Eduardo I de Inglaterra.",1246,1282,null,"Pact of Jaén between the king of Castile, Fernando III, and the first Nasrid king of Granada, Alhamar, by which the border between both kingdoms was established.",1246,null,null,"Pact of Jaén between the king of Castile, Fernando III, and the first Nasrid king of Granada, Alhamar, by which the border between both kingdoms was established.",1246,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Svyatoslav III, Grand Prince of Vladimir, sixth son of Vsevolod the Great Nest",1246,1249,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Go-Fukakusa, (1243 - 1305) - Kamakura Period",1246,1260,null,"Güyük Khan or Kuyuk; March 19, 1206 – April 20, 1248, was the third khan, emperor of the Mongol Empire, the eldest son of Ögedei Khan and grandson of Genghis Khan.",1246,1248]
[null,1250,131,"\"Türkiye\r\nEGYPT\"","Mamluke Sultanate of Egypt (1250-1517)\nThe Mamluks, a military caste of knights, which emerged from the ranks of slave soldiers of Caucasian, Mongoloid and Slavic, Circassian and mainly Turkish races, founded a medieval kingdom that extended over Egypt, the Mediterranean Levant and Heyaz with capital in Cairo, installed from the fall of the Ayyubid dynasty until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt. ",1250,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Frederick I of Baden, Duke of Austria, Babenberg",1250,1251,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mamluke Sultanate of Egypt.\nThe Mamluks, a military caste of knights, which emerged from the ranks of slave soldiers of Caucasian, Mongoloid and Slavic, Circassian and mainly Turkish races, founded a medieval kingdom that extended over Egypt, the Mediterranean Levant and Heyaz with capital in Cairo, installed from the fall of the Ayyubid dynasty until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt. ",1250,null,null,"Mamluke Sultanate of Egypt.\nThe Mamluks, a military caste of knights, which emerged from the ranks of slave soldiers of Caucasian, Mongoloid and Slavic, Circassian and mainly Turkish races, founded a medieval kingdom that extended over Egypt, the Mediterranean Levant and Heyaz with capital in Cairo, installed from the fall of the Ayyubid dynasty until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt. ",1250,1517]
[null,1256,null,"\"IRAN\r\nTürkiye\r\nCENTRAL ASIA\"","The Persian Ilkhanate was one of the four divisions of the Mongol house of Hulagu, focused primarily on Persia and neighboring territories, such as modern-day Azerbaijan, and the central and eastern parts of modern-day Turkey. At its peak, the state expanded to territories that today make up most of Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, western Afghanistan and southwestern Pakistan; it ended up disintegrating into many regional states that were established. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",1256,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hulagu Khan, son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, was in charge of conquering the Abbasid caliphate in the Middle East; Taking over from Baiju in 1255, Hulagu established Mongol rule from Transoxiana to Syria, destroying the Nizari Ismaili state in 1256 and the Abbasid caliphate in 1258; In 1258, Hulagu proclaimed himself Ilkhan (subordinate khan) and then advanced to Gaza, briefly conquering Ayyubid Syria and Aleppo in 1260.",1256,1260,null,"Hulagu Khan, son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, was in charge of conquering the Abbasid caliphate in the Middle East; Taking over from Baiju in 1255, Hulagu established Mongol rule from Transoxiana to Syria, destroying the Nizari Ismaili state in 1256 and the Abbasid caliphate in 1258; In 1258, Hulagu proclaimed himself Ilkhan (subordinate khan) and then advanced to Gaza, briefly conquering Ayyubid Syria and Aleppo in 1260.",1256,null,1260,null,null,null,null,null,"The Persian Ilkhanate was one of the four divisions of the Mongol house of Hulagu, focused primarily on Persia and neighboring territories, such as modern-day Azerbaijan, and the central and eastern parts of modern-day Turkey. At its peak, the state expanded to territories that today make up most of Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, western Afghanistan and southwestern Pakistan; it ended up disintegrating into many regional states that were established. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",1256,1335,null,null,null,null,null,"The Persian Ilkhanate was one of the four divisions of the Mongol house of Hulagu, focused primarily on Persia and neighboring territories, such as modern-day Azerbaijan, and the central and eastern parts of modern-day Turkey. At its peak, the state expanded to territories that today make up most of Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, western Afghanistan and southwestern Pakistan; it ended up disintegrating into many regional states that were established.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",1256,1335,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hulagu Khan, son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, was in charge of conquering the Abbasid caliphate in the Middle East; Taking over from Baiju in 1255, Hulagu established Mongol rule from Transoxiana to Syria, destroying the Nizari Ismaili state in 1256 and the Abbasid caliphate in 1258; In 1258, Hulagu proclaimed himself Ilkhan (subordinate khan) and then advanced to Gaza, briefly conquering Ayyubid Syria and Aleppo in 1260.",1256,1260]
[null,1256,null,null,null,1256,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hulagu, King of the Persian Mongol Ilkhanate.",1256,1265]
[null,1260,134,"TURKEY\r\nI RAISED","Triumph of the Mamluk Muslims at the Battle of Ain Jalut, in the Jezreel Valley, Galilee, which stopped the Mongol advance in the Middle East and destroyed the myth of Mongol invincibility. With Baibars as commander, the Mamluk forces took Damascus and most of Syria, pursued the remnants of the Mongol hosts and drove them from the region; The Ilkhanate lost Syria and Palestine forever and its limit was fixed at the Tigris River.",1260,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Triumph of the Egyptian Mamluk Muslims at the Battle of Ain Jalut, in the Jezreel Valley, Galilee, which halted the Mongol advance in the Middle East and destroyed the myth of Mongol invincibility. With Baibars as commander, the Mamluk forces took Damascus and most of Syria, pursued the remnants of the Mongol hosts and drove them from the region; The Ilkhanate lost Syria and Palestine forever and its limit was fixed at the Tigris River.",1260,null,null,"Triumph of the Egyptian Mamluk Muslims at the Battle of Ain Jalut, in the Jezreel Valley, Galilee, which halted the Mongol advance in the Middle East and destroyed the myth of Mongol invincibility. With Baibars as commander, the Mamluk forces took Damascus and most of Syria, pursued the remnants of the Mongol hosts and drove them from the region; The Ilkhanate lost Syria and Palestine forever and its limit was fixed at the Tigris River.",1260,null,null,"Triumph of the Egyptian Mamluk Muslims at the Battle of Ain Jalut, in the Jezreel Valley, Galilee, which halted the Mongol advance in the Middle East and destroyed the myth of Mongol invincibility. With Baibars as commander, the Mamluk forces took Damascus and most of Syria, pursued the remnants of the Mongol hosts and drove them from the region; The Ilkhanate lost Syria and Palestine forever and its limit was fixed at the Tigris River.",1260,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1260,null,null,null,1260,null,null,"Triumph of the Egyptian Mamluk Muslims at the Battle of Ain Jalut, in the Jezreel Valley, Galilee, which halted the Mongol advance in the Middle East and destroyed the myth of Mongol invincibility. With Baibars as commander, the Mamluk forces took Damascus and most of Syria, pursued the remnants of the Mongol hosts and drove them from the region; The Ilkhanate lost Syria and Palestine forever and its limit was fixed at the Tigris River.",1260,null,null,"Triumph of the Mamluk Muslims at the Battle of Ain Jalut, in the Jezreel Valley, Galilee, which stopped the Mongol advance in the Middle East and destroyed the myth of Mongol invincibility. With Baibars as commander, Mamluk forces took Damascus and most of Syria, pursued the remnants of the Mongol hosts and drove them from the region.",1260,null,null,"Triumph of the Egyptian Mamluk Muslims at the Battle of Ain Jalut, in the Jezreel Valley, Galilee, which halted the Mongol advance in the Middle East and destroyed the myth of Mongol invincibility. With Baibars as commander, the Mamluk forces took Damascus and most of Syria, pursued the remnants of the Mongol hosts and drove them from the region; The Ilkhanate lost Syria and Palestine forever and its limit was fixed at the Tigris River.",1260,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Kameyama, (1249 - 1305) - Kamakura Period",1260,1274,null,"Triumph of the Egyptian Mamluk Muslims at the Battle of Ain Jalut, in the Jezreel Valley, Galilee, which halted the Mongol advance in the Middle East and destroyed the myth of Mongol invincibility. With Baibars as commander, the Mamluk forces took Damascus and most of Syria, pursued the remnants of the Mongol hosts and drove them from the region; The Ilkhanate lost Syria and Palestine forever and its limit was fixed at the Tigris River.",1260]
[null,1263,null,null,null,1263,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"When Hulagu gathered his armies to attack the Mamluks and take revenge for the defeat at Ain Yalut, Berke, who had converted to Islam and promised to avenge the sack of Baghdad, allied with the Mamluks of Sultan Baibars, began a series of raids through means of an army commanded by Nogai Khan, forcing Hulagu to move his forces north to confront him. Hulagu suffered a serious defeat during an attempted invasion of the North Caucasus in what was the first open Mongol war, sealing the end of the unified Mongol Empire.",1263,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"When Hulagu gathered his armies to attack the Mamluks and take revenge for the defeat at Ain Yalut, Berke, who had converted to Islam and promised to avenge the sack of Baghdad, allied with the Mamluks of Sultan Baibars, began a series of raids through means of an army commanded by Nogai Khan, forcing Hulagu to move his forces north to confront him. Hulagu suffered a serious defeat during an attempted invasion of the North Caucasus in what was the first open Mongol war, sealing the end of the unified Mongol Empire.",1263,null,null,null,null,null,null,"When Hulagu gathered his armies to attack the Mamluks and take revenge for the defeat at Ain Yalut, Berke, who had converted to Islam and promised to avenge the sack of Baghdad, allied with the Mamluks of Sultan Baibars, began a series of raids through means of an army commanded by Nogai Khan, forcing Hulagu to move his forces north to confront him. Hulagu suffered a serious defeat during an attempted invasion of the North Caucasus in what was the first open Mongol war, sealing the end of the unified Mongol Empire.",1263,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"When Hulagu gathered his armies to attack the Mamluks and take revenge for the defeat at Ain Yalut, Berke, who had converted to Islam and promised to avenge the sack of Baghdad, allied with the Mamluks of Sultan Baibars, began a series of raids through means of an army commanded by Nogai Khan, forcing Hulagu to move his forces north to confront him. Hulagu suffered a serious defeat during an attempted invasion of the North Caucasus in what was the first open Mongol war, sealing the end of the unified Mongol Empire.",1263]
[null,1268,null,null,null,1268,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The army of Sultan Baibars arrived before Antioch and one column took San Simeon and another blocked the Syrian Gates to prevent the city from receiving reinforcements; The meager garrison defended itself bravely, but could not prevent a breach in the wall and the city from falling. The sultan obtained enormous loot from it, which benefited both the sovereign and his troops. The city was left devastated and its population was sold into slavery, which led it to decline, from which it never recovered.",1268,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The army of Sultan Baibars arrived before Antioch and one column took San Simeon and another blocked the Syrian Gates to prevent the city from receiving reinforcements; The meager garrison defended itself bravely, but could not prevent a breach in the wall and the city from falling. The sultan obtained enormous loot from it, which benefited both the sovereign and his troops. The city was left devastated and its population was sold into slavery, which led it to decline, from which it never recovered.",1268,null,null,"El ejercito del sultán Baibars, llegó ante Antioquía y una columna tomó San Simeón y otra bloquó las Puertas Sirias para evitar que la ciudad recibiese refuerzos; la exigua guarnición se defendió con denuedo, pero no pudo impedir que se abriese una brecha en la muralla y la ciudad cayese.​ El sultán obtuvo un enorme botín en ella,​ que benefició tanto al soberano como a sus tropas.​ La ciudad quedó arrasada y su población fue vendida como esclava lo que la llevó a la decadencia, de la que nunca se recuperó.",1268]
[null,1270,null,null,null,1270,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Philip III the Bold, King of France, Capet.",1270,1285,null,"Stephen V, King of Hungary",1270,1272,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The eighth crusade of the French king Louis IX with the aim of converting the emir of Tunisia to Christianity and the spread of this religion throughout the bordering territory; The military expedition failed and the French monarch died during it.",1270]
[null,1274,null,null,null,1274,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Yuan Sino-Mongols tried to conquer Japan under the pretext of having made an alliance with the Goryeo kingdom; Two Mongol attempts to invade the Japanese archipelago were made first in 1274 when they easily captured the islands of Tsushima and Iki but were later repulsed, and then in 1281 when they captured Iki-shima and managed to position themselves in various points of Kyushu but then the enormous naval fleet It was broken up naturally by typhoons.",1274,1281]
[null,1280,null,null,null,1280,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Ottomans capture almost all Byzantine possessions in Asia Minor.",1280,1337,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sultan Qalawun suppressed a rebellion in Syria in 1280, he also defeated another Mongol invasion in 1281 led by the Ilkan Abaqa out of Homs and after the Mongol threat passed he recaptured Tripoli from the Crusaders in 1289.",1280,1289,null,"Sultan Qalawun suppressed a rebellion in Syria in 1280, he also defeated another Mongol invasion in 1281 led by the Ilkan Abaqa out of Homs and after the Mongol threat passed he recaptured Tripoli from the Crusaders in 1289.",1280,1289]
[null,1285,null,null,null,1285,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mesud II (Second reign), Sultan of Rûm.",1285,null,1294,null,"Daniel of Moscow, Prince of Muscovy (Saint Daniel)\r\nDaniil Alexandrovich, youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, was the first prince of a truly independent Moscow and for the Russian Orthodox Church he was Saint Daniel of Moscow from 1652, the year he was canonized.",1283," 1303",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jalîl ben Qala'ûn, Bahri Mamluk Sultan.",1290,1293]
[null,1289,null,null,null,1289,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Prince Hisaaki (1276-1328), Shōgun Kamakura.",1289,1308]
[null,1294,null,null,null,1294,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kaikubad III (Second reign), Sultan of Rûm.",1294,null,1295,null,"Andrei of Gorodets, Grand Prince of Vladimir, son of Alexander Nevsky",1294,1304,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Baydu, King of the Persian Mongol Ilkhanate.",1295,1295,null,null,null,null,null,"Al-Nasir Muhammad, Bahri Mamluk Sultan.",1293,1294,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Timur Khan, Emperor Yuan.",1294,1307]
[null,1302,null,null,null,1302,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Great Catalan Company was a company of mercenaries led by Roger de Flor hired by the Byzantine emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos to combat the growing power of the Ottoman Turks in Anatolia. It was made up of Aragonese Almogávars, Catalans and Valencians, mainly veterans of the Sicilian War; Since 1306 they rebelled against Byzantine authority and controlled territories and duchies until they were conquered by the Ottoman Empire.",1302,1456,null,null,null,null,null,"Following the Battle of Baphea in which the Byzantine army of Emperor Andronicus II was defeated on the outskirts of Nicomedia (present-day Izmit in Turkey) and Nicaea (present-day Iznik), on the plain of Baphea by the Ottoman army under the command of Osman I capturing a series of small forts, devastating the entire territory around Nicomedia, Nicaea and Brusa; As a result of this devastation, thousands of refugees marched towards Constantinople, in the West.",1302,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Al-Mustakfi I, third Abbasid caliph of Cairo\r\nThe Cairo dynasty of caliphs then continued until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517, but without having any effective political power.",1302,1340]
[null,1308,null,null,null,1308,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Frederick I, Duke of Austria, Habsburg (1308-1330) (King of Romans, 1314-1325 / 1326-1330) alongside his brother Leopold I (1308-1326).",1308,1330,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The hieromonk Peter was consecrated by the Patriarch of Constantinople as Metropolitan of Russia and then went to the seat of the Chair in the Principality of Vladimir.",1308,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Hanazono, (1297 - 1348) - Kamakura Period",1308,1318]
[null,1310,null,null,null,1310,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"• Principality of Wallachia (1310-1859)\r\nIt was a Romanian principality in Eastern Europe from the late Middle Ages until the mid-19th century. Its capital changed over time, from Curtea de Argeș to Târgoviște and finally to Bucharest.",1310,1859,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Al-Nasir Muhammad, Bahri Mamluk Sultan.\nThe long reign of an-Nàssir Muhàmmad marked the height of Mamluk power and the highest mark of culture in Egypt since Egypt's Hellenistic period; Public works were also set in motion on a pharaonic scale.",1310,null,null,"Al-Nasir Muhammad, Bahri Mamluk Sultan.\nThe long reign of an-Nàssir Muhàmmad marked the height of Mamluk power and the highest mark of culture in Egypt since Egypt's Hellenistic period; Public works were also set in motion on a pharaonic scale.",1310,1341]
[null,1316,null,null,null,1316,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"John I of France the Posthumous, King of France, Capet.",1316,1316,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gediminas, Grand Duke of Lithuania",1316,1341]
[null,1323,null,null,null,1323,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yuri Boleslav, King of Galicia-Volhynia.",1323,1340,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yesün Temür Khan, Emperor Yuan.",1323,1328,null,"Map of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt during the third reign of al-Nasir Muhammad, 1317, with its political subdivisions and cities."]
[null,1328,null,null,null,1328,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Eduardo III , Rey de Inglaterra y señor de Irlanda",1327,1377,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Philip VI of Valois, King of France, Capet.",1328,1350,null,"Louis IV - Wittelsbach",1328,1347,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Andronicus III Palaiologos (1297-1341), Byzantine Emperor.\r\nCo-emperor of his father Michael IX since 1316.",1328,1341,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ivan I of Moscow (Iván Kalitá), Grand Prince of Vladimir, Muscovy and Novgorod; united the principalities.",1328,1340,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jayaatu Khan, Emperor Yuan.",1328,1329]
[null,1329,null,null,null,1329,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"At the Battle of Pelecano, the Byzantine expeditionary force led by Andronicus III was defeated by the Ottoman army led by Orhan I and there were no further imperial attempts to relieve the Anatolian cities besieged by the Ottomans.",1329,null,null,null,null,null,null,"At the Battle of Pelecano, the Byzantine expeditionary force led by Andronicus III was defeated by the Ottoman army led by Orhan I and there were no further imperial attempts to relieve the Anatolian cities besieged by the Ottomans.",1329,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Khutughtu Khan, Emperor Yuan.",1329,1329]
[null,1333,null,null,null,1333,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Kōgon, (1313 - 1364) - Nanboku-chō Era - Northern Court.",1333,1336]
[null,1337,null,null,null,1337,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Guerra de los Cien Años: conflicto armado contra el  reino de Francia por el control de las tierras adicionales que los monarcas ingleses habían acumulado desde 1154 en territorios franceses.\nFelipe VI confiscó el ducado de Aquitania y esto acabó por desencadenar la guerra abierta entre Inglaterra y Francia, que se saldaría finalmente con la derrota de Inglaterra y la consecuente retirada de las tropas inglesas de tierras francesas (salvo de la ciudad de Calais).",1337,1453,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hundred Years' War: armed conflict against the kingdom of France for control of the additional lands that the English monarchs had accumulated since 1154 in French territories; The war finally ended with the defeat of England and the consequent withdrawal of English troops from French lands (except from the city of Calais).",1337,1453,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Harihara Raya I, First Vijayanagara-Sangama Sultan"]
[null,1344,null,null,null,1344,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"John Cantacucenus, after seizing the Byzantine throne at the head of a League of Western Christian powers, organized by Pope Clement VI, seized Izmir (Izmir), capital of the Aydın beleikate led by Umur Bey.",1344]
[null,1345,null,null,null,1345,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"• Principality of Moldavia (1346-1859)\r\nToday the western part of historical Moldova belongs to Romania, the eastern part (most of Bessarabia) to the Republic of Moldova, and the northern (northern Bukovina) and southeastern (southern Bessarabia) parts to Ukraine. ",1346,1859,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Orhan took advantage of the internal struggles of the Turkmen emirate of Karası to annex it, thus gaining entire control of the area between the Gulf of Edremit and Kapı Dağ (Zyzicus) and placing himself in a position over the Sea of Marmara from which he can intervene in the monopoly that until then the Emirate of Aydın had had in the supply of Turkish mercenary troops to the opposing Byzantine factions of Thrace and Constantinople.",1345,null,null,null,"Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania",1345,1377]
[null,1350,null,null,null,1350,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pedro I of Castile, king of Castile",1350,1366,null,"John II the Good of Valois, King of France, Capet.",1350,1364,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1356,null,"The Goryeo dynasty survived under Yuan rule until King Gongmin of Goryeo began expelling the Mongol military in 1350, achieving territorial restoration in northern Korea.",1350]
[null,1355,null,null,null,1355,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"El hijo de Eduardo III de Inglaterra, del mismo nombre que su padre, pero que la historia conoce por el Príncipe Negro, asoló Armañac en 1355. Fue hasta el Mediterráneo y volvió arrasando todo cuanto encontró en su paso. En 1356 obtuvo una gran victoria ante los franceses en Poitiers, haciendo prisionero a Juan II de Francia.",1355,1356,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The son of Edward III of England, of the same name as his father, but known to history as the Black Prince, devastated Armagnac in 1355. He went to the Mediterranean and returned, destroying everything he found in his path. In 1356 he won a great victory against the French at Poitiers, taking John II of France prisoner.",1355,1356,null,"Charles IV - Luxembourg, Holy Roman Emperor Germanicus","1355\n\n\n\n",1378]
[null,1358,null,null,null,1358]
[null,1360,null,null,null,1360,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Eduardo III firmó la Paz de Brétigny, por la cual se reducía el rescate por Juan, los ingleses pasaban a dominar desde los Pirineos al Loira y Eduardo renunciaba a sus derechos sobre la corona francesa.",1360]
[null,1366,null,null,null,1366,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Ottoman-Hungarian Wars begin over the Balkan Peninsula.",1366,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Faced with the difficult situation in which the Byzantine Empire found itself, the pope organized a crusade against Murad I and at the head of a fleet captured Gallipoli and helped John V to consolidate his position in the Bulgarian region of Zagora, a coastal strip on the shores of of the Black Sea north of Constantinople. These political successes returned the initiative to the Byzantine Empire but in 1368, Murad I personally led a campaign along the Black Sea coast, which was completed with the capture of Burgaz, which meant cutting off Byzantine communications with Europe in that direction, leaving only the western route through the Dardanelles, which placed it under the threat of Turkish piracy.",1366,null,1368]
[null,1370,null,null,null,1370,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"La ocupación inglesa de Gales fue desafiada con varias rebeliones, entre las que destacaron la de Madog ap Llywelyn en 1294-1295​ y la de Llywelyn Bren, 1316-1318. En la década de 1370 Owain Lawgoch, planeó en dos ocasiones la invasión de Gales con apoyo de Francia pero fue asesinado en1378. En el año 1400 Owain Glyndwr, un noble gales, se rebeló contra el rey Enrique IV de Inglaterra. Owain consiguió derrotar a los ingleses en varias ocasiones y durante unos pocos años consiguió controlar la mayor parte de Gales. Como respuesta a la rebelión, el parlamento inglés emitió las leyes penales represivas de 1402, que permanecieron en vigor después de la rebelión.  En 1404 Owain fue coronado príncipe de Gales ante representantes de Francia, Castilla y Escocia, tras lo cual celebró el primer parlamento galés en Machynlleth y proyectó dos universidades. Sin embargo, finalmente los ejércitos ingleses consiguieron recuperar el control y aplastar la rebelión en 1412, pero Owain nunca fue capturado. La situación se normalizó a favor de los ingleses hacia 1415. Su rebelión produjo un rebrote de la identidad galesa como reino y fue apoyada por todo el país por gran parte del pueblo.",1370,1415,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tamerlane, born in Kesh, Transoxiana, (1336-1405), was a Turko-Mongol conqueror, military leader and politician, the last of the great nomadic conquerors of Central Asia; In just over two decades this noble Muslim conquered eight million square kilometers of Eurasia.",1370,1405,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tamerlane, born in Kesh, Transoxiana, (1336-1405), was a Turko-Mongol conqueror, military leader and politician, the last of the great nomadic conquerors of Central Asia; In just over two decades this noble Muslim conquered eight million square kilometers of Eurasia.",1370,1405]
[null,1374,null,null,null,1374,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Kara Koyunlu or Qara Qoyunlu, also called the Black Sheep Turks, were a Shiite Turkmen tribal confederation that emerged from Turkmen elements of the Oguz clan pushed east by Mongol invasions and ruled over the territory comprised in what is now en Armenia, Republic of Azerbaijan, South Azerbaijan, Western Iran, Eastern Turkey and Iraq. In 1468, the Ak Koyunlu Turkmen—then at their peak during the reign of Uzun Hasan (1452-1467)—debeled and extinguished the Kara Koyunlu and conquered Iraq, Azerbaijan, and western Iran, ending the dynasty.",1374,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Kara Koyunlu or Qara Qoyunlu, also called the Black Sheep Turks, were a Shiite Turkmen tribal confederation that arose from the Turkmen elements of the Oguz Ivä clan, pushed east by the Mongol invasions, and ruled over the territory included in which today is Armenia, the Republic of Azerbaijan, South Azerbaijan, Western Iran, Eastern Turkey and Iraq.",1374,1468,null,"The Kara Koyunlu or Qara Qoyunlu, also called the Black Sheep Turks, were a Shiite Turkmen tribal confederation that arose from the Turkmen elements of the Oguz Ivä clan, pushed east by the Mongol invasions, and ruled over the territory included in which today is Armenia, the Republic of Azerbaijan, South Azerbaijan, Western Iran, Eastern Turkey and Iraq.",1374,null,null,"The Kara Koyunlu or Qara Qoyunlu, also called the Black Sheep Turks, were a Shiite Turkmen tribal confederation that arose from the Turkmen elements of the Oguz Ivä clan, pushed east by the Mongol invasions, and ruled over the territory included in which today is Armenia, the Republic of Azerbaijan, South Azerbaijan, Western Iran, Eastern Turkey and Iraq.",1374,1468]
[null,1374,null,null,null,1374,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Bairam Khoja, Bey Kara Koyunlu.",1374,1378,null,null,null,null,null,"Tamburlaine undertakes a campaign against the Sufi dynasty of Chorasmia. Until 1380 he was mainly concerned with consolidating his power in Chorasmia (in 1380 he destroyed the city of Urgench for the first time) and Mogulistan. These campaigns are interspersed with almost permanent conflicts with the White and Blue Horde whose territory extended north of the Sir Daria River.",1374,1380]
[null,1380,null,null,null,1380,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Vizcaya would be the last of the three provinces of the Basque country to be incorporated into Castile.",null,null,null,"\r\nVizcaya would be the last of the three provinces of the Basque country to be incorporated into Castile.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Battle of Kulikovo took place between the Tatars and the Mongols of the Golden Horde and the Russians on the Kulikovo Polie Plain (charadrii field), near the Don River (now belonging to the Tula Oblast) and ended in victory Russian. In the battle, the Russians allied with Lithuanian rebels under the command of the Grand Prince of Moscow, Dmitri Donskoi, defeated the Tatars, Mongols and Lithuanians under the command of Khan Mamai.",1380]
[null,1383,null,null,null,1383,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"John I of Castile, (1358-1390), King of Portugal\r\nJuan de Avis, Master of the Order of Avis - Regent",1383,1385]
[null,1388,null,null,null,1388,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Abu Nasr Qara Yusuf Nuyan bin Qara Muhammad Barani, Bey Kara Koyunlu. Son of the previous one.",1388,1399,null,null,null,null,null,"Tamburlaine ends a three-year campaign in Iran in which he recovers Tabriz which had been raided and sacked in the spring of 1386 by his former ally and protectee Toqtamish.",1388,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King U of Goryeo sent his minister General Yi Seonggye along with the other soldiers to prepare the invasion of Liaonying and taking advantage of the occasion, Yi Seonggye provoked a rebellion, so that the kingdom of Goryeo finally fell and its last kings were killed. Yi founded the kingdom of Joseon in 1392.",1388,1392]
[null,1389,null,null,null,1389,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Battle of Kosovo between the Serbian Principality ruled by Lazar Hrebeljanović and the army of the Ottoman Empire, under the leadership of Sultan Murad I for control of the Kosovo region, although it ended with the death of Sultan Murad and the Serbian Lazar, was strategically a decisive Turkish victory; Serbia was turned into a vassal state whose nobles had to pay tribute and supply soldiers to the Ottomans. The Ottoman victory allowed them to make new conquests south of the Danube, ending the last organized defense in the Balkan area and leaving Hungary as the only serious opponent in southeastern Europe.",1389,null,null,null,"Basil I, Grand Prince of Vladimir, Muscovy and Novgorod"," 1389"," 1425",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"al-Salih Salah Zein-al-Din Hajji II second reign (with the honorific title al-Muzaffar or al-Mansur), temporary Bahri reign, expelled Barquk.",1389,1390]
[null,1394,null,null,null,1394,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Albert IV, Duke of Austria (1395-1404).",1395,1404,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The siege of Constantinople by the Ottoman sultan Beyazid I isolated it from the world, at least by land, for eight years. The weakness of the Ottoman navy allowed the Byzantines to receive aid by sea. This blockade led the Christian princes to mobilize against the increasingly hegemonic Turkish power.",1394,1402]
[null,{"$f":"+F1829","v":1399},null,null,null,1399,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tamerlane reassured control over Georgia, several times invaded by his empire, and recaptured Baghdad, destroying it and massacring its inhabitants. He continued his offensive westward, campaigning in Syria against the Mamluks and in Anatolia against the Ottomans who had given refuge to the Qara Yusuf, of the Kara Koyunl; Timurid troops capture several large cities, such as Aleppo, Damascus, and Himş (present-day Homs). Aleppo submits without a fight and is forgiven, but Damascus resists and is sacked and its inhabitants massacred.",1399,1401,null,null,null,null,null,"An-Nasir An-Nasir Faraj, Burji Mamluk Sultan. (son of Sultan Barquq)",1399,1405]
[null,1404,null,null,null,1404,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Albert V, Duke of Austria (1404-1439), King of Hungary (1437-1439), (King of Romans, 1438-1439)",1404,1339,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tamburlaine begins preparations for the greatest feat: a campaign against China. He gathers a huge army and large quantities of supplies, and in the late autumn of 1404 he heads to Utrar, where he planned to winter, there he would die on January 19, 1405 from illness.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Al-Mansur Al-Mansur Abd Al-Azíz, Burji Mamluk Sultan.",1405,1405]
[null,1406,null,null,null,1406,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"John II of Castile, king of Castile.",1406,1454]
[null,1413,null,null,null,1413,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Enrique V, Rey de Inglaterra y señor de Irlanda",1413,1422,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mehmed I Çelebi, Ottoman Sultan.",1413,null,1422]
[null,1415,147,"PORTUGAL","Battle of Ceuta, one of the main trading centers in the north of the Islamic world came under the dominion of Portugal. This conquest in Africa was part of the first phase of the great European expansion that would reach all the continents of the planet.",1415,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Battle of Ceuta, one of the main trading centers in the north of the Islamic world came under the dominion of Portugal. This conquest in Africa was part of the first phase of the great European expansion that would reach all the continents of the planet.",1415,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Battle of Ceuta, one of the main trading centers in the north of the Islamic world came under the dominion of Portugal. This conquest in Africa was part of the first phase of the great European expansion that would reach all the continents of the planet.",1415,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Uváis II, Yalayérida Ruler.",1415,1421]
[null,1421,null,null,null,1421,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Murad II, Ottoman Sultan.",1421,null,1445,null,null,null,null,null,"Mohammed, Yalayérid Ruler.",1421,1422,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Al-Muzaffar Ahmad, Burji Mamluk Sultan. (1421)\r\nAz-Zahir Sayf Ad-Din Tatar, Burji Mamluk Sultan. (1421)\r\nAs-Salih An-Nasir Ad-Din Muhammad, Burji Mamluk Sultan.",1421,1422,null,"Vira Vijaya Bukka Raya, Raja Vijayanagara-Sangama",1422,1424]
[null,1422,null,null,null,1422,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Enrique VI, Rey de Inglaterra y señor de Irlanda, (derrocado)",1422,1461,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Charles VII the Victorious of Valois, King of France, Capet.",1422,1461,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The 1422 siege of Constantinople was the first large-scale Ottoman siege to be affected by Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos' attempts to interfere with the succession of Ottoman sultans, after the death of Mehmed I in 1421; Murad was forced to lift the siege due to the rebellion of his younger brother, Küçük Mustafa, in Anatolia supported by the Anatolian Beylicates of Germiyan and Karaman, who feared a resurgence of Ottoman power.",1422,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mahmud II, Yalayérid Ruler.",1422,1424,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Al-Ashraf Barsbay, Burji Mamluk Sultan.",1422,1438]
[null,1428,null,null,null,1428,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Ottomans recover Thessaloniki; The Empire is permanently reduced to Morea and Constantinople.",1430,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Siberian Khanate was a Turkic khanate in later Russian Siberia founded after the collapse of the Golden Horde Empire. The Khanate had a population of diverse ethnicities (Siberian Tatars, Khanty, Mansi, Nenets and Selkup). In 1587 the definitive conquest of the region began, which lasted until 1598 when the Khanate troops were definitively defeated, passing the lands under the control of the Russian Tsardom.",1428,1598,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Go-Hanazono, (1419 - 1471) - Legitimate succession",1428,1464]
[null,1435,null,null,null,1435,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zhen, Emperor Ming.",1435,1449]
[null,1440,null,null,null,1440,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Władysław I Jagiellon, King of Hungary",1440,1444,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Casimir IV, Grand Duke of Lithuania",1440,1492]
[null,1440,null,null,null,1440,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Władysław I, Habsburg, Duke of Austria, (1440-1457), as Władysław V the Posthumous, King of Hungary, (1444-1457)",1440,1457,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Nogai Horde was a confederation of nomadic Nogai Turks who occupied lands abandoned by the Great Horde in the Pontic Steppe around 1500, until the Russians drove them south.",1440,1634]
[null,1447,null,null,null,1447,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Thomas Palaiologos and Constantine XI, Despots of the Morea, became vassals of the Ottomans after being defeated in the Morea.",1447]
[null,1453,150,"\"Türkiye\r\nBYZANTIUM\"","Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453,null,null,null,null,1453,null,null,"Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453,null,null,"Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453,null,null,"Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453,null,null,"Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453,null,null,"Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453,null,null,"Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453,null,null,"Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453,null,null,"Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453,null,null,"Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453,null,null,"Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453,null,null,null,"Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453,null,null,"Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453,null,null,"Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453,null,null,"Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453,null,null,"Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453,null,null,"Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453,null,null,"Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453]
[null,1458,null,null,null,1458,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Matthias Corvino, King of Hungary",1458,1490,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tianshun, Emperor Ming.",1457,1464]
[null,1462,null,null,null,1462,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1462,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1462,null,null,null,"Ivan III, the Great, Grand Prince of Vladimir, Muscovy and Novgorod"," 1462"," 1505",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Az-Zahir Yalbay, Burji Mamluk Sultan. (1467)\r\nAz-Zahir Timurbugha, Burji Mamluk Sultan.",1467,1468,null,"Virupaksha Raya II, Raja Vijayanagara-Sangama",1465,1485]
[null,1467,null,null,null,1467,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hasan 'Ali bin Jahān Shāh, Bey Kara Koyunlu.",1467,1468,null,null,null,null,null,"Hasan 'Ali bin Jahān Shāh, Bey Kara Koyunlu.",1467,1468,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Sengoku period or ‘Warring States period’ is a very long period in the civil war of Japanese history in which all the daimyō or clan chief feudal lords fought for control and political power. It began towards the end of the Muromachi period in 1467 with the Ōnin War (the war lasted from 1467 to 1478) until the beginning of the Azuchi-Momoyama period in 1568. Final peace and order would only come until 1615, in the Edo period.",1467,1568]
[null,1478,null,null,null,1478,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Spanish Inquisition or Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition was an institution founded in 1478 by the Catholic Monarchs to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms, having precedents in similar institutions existing in France and the Kingdom of Aragon. Its abolition was approved in the Cortes of Cádiz in 1812 by an absolute majority, but it was not definitively abolished until July 15, 1834, during the Regency of María Cristina de Borbón, framed at the beginning of the reign of Isabel II.",1478,1834]
[null,1483,null,null,null,1483,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Edward IV, King of England and Lord of Ireland, House of York (restoration). (1483)\r\nEdward V, King of England and Lord of Ireland, House of York (murdered in the Tower of London)",1483,1483,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Charles VIII the Affable of Valois, King of France, Capet.",1483,1498,null,"Martin Luther, (Eisleben, Germany, November 10, 1483-ibidem, February 18, 1546), was an Augustinian Catholic theologian and friar who began and promoted the religious reform in Germany and whose teachings were inspired by the Protestant Reformation and the theological and cultural doctrine called Lutheranism.",1483,1546]
[null,1485,null,null,null,1485,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Richard III, King of England and Lord of Ireland, (killed in battle)",1485,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Praudha Raya, Raja Vijayanagara-Sangama",1485]
[null,1490,null,null,null,1490,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Władysław II Jagiellon, King of Hungary",1490,1516,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ashikaga Yoshitane (1466–1523), Shogun Ashikaga.",1490,1493]
[null,1494,null,null,null,1494,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Project for the Discovery of the sea route to India, devised by John II of Portugal as a measure to reduce the costs of trade with Asia, in an attempt to monopolize the spice trade (cinnamon, ginger and pepper always considered as the gold from the Indies).",1494,1499,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Las Grandes Guerras Italianas \nFueron una serie de conflictos que implicaron a los principales Estados de la Europa Occidental: Francia, Corona de Castilla, Corona de Aragón, Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico, Inglaterra, la República de Venecia, los Estados Pontificios y la mayoría de las ciudades-estado italianas, así como también el Imperio otomano, que se convirtieron en luchas territoriales y de poder entre los distintos participantes marcadas por juegos de alianzas, contra-alianzas y frecuentes traiciones.",1494,1559]
[null,1498,null,null,null,1498,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Vasco de Gama, the Portuguese navigator, arrived in Calicut (now Kozhikode, Kerala) specifically in Calcutta and Goa, on the western coast of present-day India; In search of spices and converts to Christianity, the Portuguese challenged Arab supremacy in the Arabian Sea and the Persian Gulf.",1498,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Louis XII, the Father of the People of Valois-Angoulême, King of France, Capet.",1498,1515,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Az-Zahir Abu Sa'id Qansuh, Burji Mamluk Sultan.",1498,1500]
[null,1500,null,null,null,1500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"After incessant invasions, Armenia weakened and in the year 1500, the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire divided the territory of Armenia.",null,1500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1500,null,null,null,null,null,null,"After the decline of the Timurid Empire, Iran fragmented politically, giving rise to a series of religious movements and communities, particularly the Shiites that rose to prominence and gained prominence with a series of Sufi brotherhoods, the Hurufis, Nuqtavis and Musha'sha'iyyah, of which the Safavid Qizilbash movement, of the Turkmen tribes of Azerbaijan and eastern Anatolia, was the most politically resistant and its Shah Isma'il gained political prominence around 1501, when he managed to unify the many local territories ruled some by Timurids and Ak Koyunlu and form the great Safavid empire.",1500,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Al-Ashraf Abu Al-Nasir Janbalat, Burji Mamluk Sultan.",1500,1501,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Go-Kashiwabara, (1464 - 1526) - Legitimate succession",1500,1526]
[null,1507,null,null,null,1507,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ferdinand II of Aragon, regent of the Castilian Crown between 1507 and 1516, due to the disqualification of his daughter Juana I, after the death of Philip the Fair.",1507,1516]
[null,1512,null,null,null,1512,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Selim I the Severe or the Brave, Ottoman Sultan.\r\nHe was caliph since 1517. He was the sultan who conquered the Mediterranean Levant and Egypt.",1512,null,1521]
[null,1516,158,"Türkiye","Selim I the Severe immediately attacked and destroyed the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the battles of Marj Dabiq and Al-Raydaniyya, which allowed the annexation of Egypt as an Eyalate; He likewise captured Hijaz and extended Ottoman power to the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, thereby claiming the title of Caliph, guardian of the holy places of Islam.",1516,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Charles I of Spain, (Grandson of Isabel I) receives the Crown of Castile, Aragon, the Holy Empire and America as heir of the House of Habsburg of Austria",1516,1556,null,"Charles I of Spain, (Grandson of Isabel I) receives the Crown of Castile, Aragon, the Holy Empire and America as heir of the House of Habsburg of Austria",1516,1556,null,null,null,null,null,"Louis II, King of Hungary",1516,1526,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Selim I the Severe immediately attacked and destroyed the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the battles of Marj Dabiq and Al-Raydaniyya, which allowed the annexation of Egypt as an Eyalate; He likewise captured Hijaz and extended Ottoman power to the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, for which he claimed the title of Caliph, guardian of the holy places of Islam.",1516,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Selim I the Severe immediately attacked and destroyed the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the battles of Marj Dabiq and Al-Raydaniyya, which allowed the annexation of Egypt as an Eyalate; He likewise captured Hijaz and extended Ottoman power to the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, for which he claimed the title of Caliph, guardian of the holy places of Islam.",1516,null,null,"Selim I the Severe immediately attacked and destroyed the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the battles of Marj Dabiq and Al-Raydaniyya, which allowed the annexation of Egypt as an Eyalate; He likewise captured Hijaz and extended Ottoman power to the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, for which he claimed the title of Caliph, guardian of the holy places of Islam.",1516,1517]
[null,1516,null,null,null,1516,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ottoman Syria was a former eyalet of the Ottoman Empire located in the Mediterranean Levant, which included the present-day countries of Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, and parts of Turkey and Iraq.",1516,1918]
[null,1522,null,null,null,1522,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ashikaga Yoshiharu (1510–1550), Shōgun Ashikaga.",1522,1547]
[null,1526,null,null,null,1526,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria, Habsburg, (1521-1564), King of Hungary, Rival of the Ottomans",1526,1564,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Babur, Mughal Emperor",1526,1530]
[null,1532,null,"\"AMERICA\r\nPERU\"","With the last actions of the civil war on November 16, 1532, the victor and new Inca, Atahualpa, met in Cajamarca with the Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro. In said meeting, November 16, 1532, Atahualpa, his entourage and his army were ambushed and he was taken prisoner by the Spanish and executed months later, on July 26, 1533; They then proclaimed Manco Inca as the new Inca, with the intention of turning him into a puppet king, which was not possible because he wanted to restore the Inca rule.",1532,null,null,null,"With the last actions of the civil war on November 16, 1532, the victor and new Inca, Atahualpa, met in Cajamarca with the Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro. In said meeting, November 16, 1532, Atahualpa, his entourage and his army were ambushed and he was taken prisoner by the Spanish and executed months later, on July 26, 1533; They then proclaimed Manco Inca as the new Inca, with the intention of turning him into a puppet king, which was not possible because he wanted to restore the Inca rule.",1532,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Spanish conquest of Peru",1532,1537,null,"Conquest of Peru",1532,1537,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Territorial disputes lead to an Ottoman-Safávid War between the Ottoman Empire of Suleiman the Magnificent and the Safavid Persian Empire during the reign of Tahmasp I.",1532,null,1555,null,null,null,null,null,"Territorial disputes lead to an Ottoman-Safávid War between the Ottoman Empire of Suleiman the Magnificent and the Safavid Persian Empire during the reign of Tahmasp I.",1532,1555,null,null,null,null,null,"Territorial disputes lead to an Ottoman-Safávid War between the Ottoman Empire of Suleiman the Magnificent and the Safavid Persian Empire during the reign of Tahmasp I.",1532,1555]
[null,1534,162,"Türkiye","In the first campaign the Ottomans led by Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha and later by Suleiman I himself, successfully attacked Safavid Iraq, recaptured Bitlis, and proceeded to capture Tabriz and Baghdad in 1534.",1534,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In the first campaign the Ottomans led by Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha and later by Suleiman I himself, successfully attacked Safavid Iraq, recaptured Bitlis, and proceeded to capture Tabriz and Baghdad in 1534.",1534,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In the first campaign the Ottomans led by Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha and later by Suleiman I himself, successfully attacked Safavid Iraq, recaptured Bitlis, and proceeded to capture Tabriz and Baghdad in 1534.",1534,null,null,"En la primera campaña los otomanos liderados por el gran visir Ibrahim Pasha y posteriormente por Solimán I en persona, atacaron con éxito la Irak safávida, recapturaron Bitlis, y procedieron a capturar Tabriz y Bagdad en 1534.",1534,null,null,"In the first campaign the Ottomans led by Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha and later by Suleiman I himself, successfully attacked Safavid Iraq, recaptured Bitlis, and proceeded to capture Tabriz and Baghdad in 1534.",1534]
[null,1538,null,null,null,1538,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Eyalate of Basra.\r\nWhen the Ottomans captured Baghdad, Rashid al-Mughamis, the Bedouin emir who then controlled Basra, submitted to the Ottomans and Basra became an Ottoman Eyalet. ",1538,1862]
[null,1543,null,null,null,1543,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"• Principality of Transylvania (1543-1711)\r\nVassal state of the Ottoman Empire (1543-1692) and independent Principality (1570-1711), it was an independent state in the territories of the current region of Transylvania that lies within the borders of modern Romania, which kept alive the language and Hungarian culture during the period of crisis and decline that followed the defeat at the Battle of Mohács in 1526 against the Turks.",1543,1692]
[null,1553,null,null,null,1553,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Joan Grey, (Parliament considered her a usurper), (executed in the Tower of London) (1553).\r\nMary I, the Bloodthirsty, Queen of England and Lady of Ireland, Consort Philip II of Spain.\r\nDuring her five-year reign, more than 280 religious dissidents were burned at the stake in their attempt to repeal the Anglican Reformation, deposing Joan Gray, installed for a few days as Queen Joan I, who was later beheaded. ",1553,1558,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In the third campaign the Ottomans first lost and then recaptured Erzurum; The territories the Ottomans gained were secured by the Peace of Amasya in 1555 in which Suleiman I returned Tabriz but kept Baghdad, lower Mesopotamia, the mouths of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and part of the Persian Gulf coast.",1553,null,1555,null,"One of the greatest military campaigns of Ivan IV Grozny (Ivan the Terrible) was the conquest of the Tatar khanates (inhabited by Tatars, Chuvashes, Maris, Mordvins and Udmurts) of Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556) to control the entire of the course of the Volga River and end the Tatar domination of more than 300 years.",1552,1556,null,"In the third campaign the Ottomans first lost and then recaptured Erzurum; The territories the Ottomans gained were secured by the Peace of Amasya in 1555 in which Suleiman I returned Tabriz but kept Baghdad, lower Mesopotamia, the mouths of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and part of the Persian Gulf coast.",1553,1555,null,null,null,null,null,"In the third campaign the Ottomans first lost and then recaptured Erzurum; The territories the Ottomans gained were secured by the Peace of Amasya in 1555 in which Suleiman I returned Tabriz but kept Baghdad, lower Mesopotamia, the mouths of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, and part of the Persian Gulf coast.",1553,1555]
[null,{"$f":"+F1957","v":1554},null,null,null,1554,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Philip II of Spain, King of England and lord of Ireland, (iure uxoris) By his consort Mary I of England",1554,1558,null,"Philip II of Spain, (as Philip I in Portugal), (1527-1598), King of Castile and Spain",1556,1598,null,"Philip II of Spain, (1527-1598) (as Philip I in Portugal) (r. 1580-1598)",1556,1598]
[null,1557,null,null,null,1557,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sebastian I, (1554-1578), King of Portugal",1557,1578,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Ōgimachi, (1517 - 1593) - Legitimate succession",1557,1586]
[null,1564,null,null,null,1564,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Maximilian II, Archduke of Austria, Habsburg, (1564-1576) (King of Romans, 1562-1564; King of Hungary, (1563-1576) and Holy Roman Emperor, 1564-1576).",1564,1576]
[null,1568,null,null,null,1568,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Eighty Years' War (1568-1648)\r\nIt began with the rebellion of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands against their sovereign Philip II of Spain. The final result of the war was the actual independence of the Netherlands after the Peace of Westphalia; The nominal sovereignty of the King of Spain continued to be recognized, but the provinces would be governed in practice by a Stadtholder (Dutch lieutenant).\r\nThe United Provinces emerged from the war as a world power thanks to its powerful navy and merchant fleet, and experienced a significant economic and cultural boom. For the Spanish Crown, the independence of the United Provinces represented a great loss of prestige and the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Crown throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, and the collapse of Spain's economy.",1568,1648,null,null,null,null,null,"Eighty Years' War (1568-1648)\r\nIt began with the rebellion of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands against their sovereign Philip II of Spain. The final result of the war was the actual independence of the Netherlands after the Peace of Westphalia; The nominal sovereignty of the King of Spain continued to be recognized, but the provinces would be governed in practice by a Stadtholder (Dutch lieutenant).\r\nThe United Provinces emerged from the war as a world power thanks to its powerful navy and merchant fleet, and experienced a significant economic and cultural boom. For the Spanish Crown, the independence of the United Provinces represented a great loss of prestige and the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Crown throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, and the collapse of Spain's economy.",1568,1648,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Union of Lublin created a single state, the Two-Nation Republic, governed by a single elected monarch who fulfilled the duties of King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.",1569,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Eyalate of the Ottoman Empire administered by the Mamluks",null,null,null,"Akbar carries out the Siege of Chittorgarh, the fortress city of the \"Rajputs\", who were fierce warriors and faithful Hindus who rejected the idea of being ruled by a Muslim such as the Mughal emperor; was a military engagement ended in 1568 with Akbar's decisive victory ending the last serious resistance to Mughal rule in northern India.",1568,null,null,"Ashikaga Yoshihide (1540–1568), Shōgun Ashikaga. (1568). He was deposed without having entered the country.\r\nAshikaga Yoshiaki (1537–1597), Shogun Ashikaga.\r\nOda Nobunaga helped Ashikaga Yoshiaki be appointed shogun by the emperor, entering the capital, Kyoto, with his army and taking control of the city and limiting the shogun's activity practically to ceremonial matters only.\"",1568,1573]
[null,1569,null,null,null,1569,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, known as the Two-Nation Republic and from the 18th century also officially called the Republic of Poland or the First Polish Republic, was a federal aristocratic monarchy formed in 1569 by the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. through the Union of Lublin and lasted until the partitions of Poland in 1795.",1569,1795]
[null,1578,null,null,null,1578,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Henry I, (1512-1580), King of Portugal",1578,1580,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Murad III, Ottoman Sultan.",1574,null,1595,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mohammed Khodabanda, Safavid Shah of Persia.",1578,1588]
[null,1580,164,"\"SPAIN\r\nPORTUGAL\"","Union of Spain with Portugal under the House of Austria\nThe historical period between 1580 and 1640 in which the Hispanic Monarchy constituted a dynastic union \"aeque principaliter\" together with the other domains that made up the Portuguese Empire under the same sovereign of the House of Austria, which were:\nPhilip II of Spain, (1527-1598) (as Philip I in Portugal) (r. 1580-1598)\nPhilip III of Spain, (1578-1621) (as Philip II in Portugal) (r. 1598-1621)\nPhilip IV of Spain, (1605-1665) (as Philip III in Portugal) (r. 1621-1640)",1580,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Union with Spain under the House of Austria\nThe historical period between 1580 and 1640 in which Portugal constituted a dynastic union \"aeque principaliter\" together with the other domains that made up the Hispanic Monarchy under the same sovereign of the House of Austria, who were: \nPhilip II of Spain, ( 1527-1598) (as Philip I in Portugal) (r. 1580-1598) \nPhilip III of Spain, (1578-1621) (as Philip II in Portugal) (r. 1598-1621) \nPhilip IV of Spain, (1605- 1665) (as Philip III in Portugal) (r. 1621-1640)",1580,1640,null,"Union with Portugal under the House of Austria\r\nThe historical period between 1580 and 1640 in which the Hispanic Monarchy constituted a dynastic union \"aeque principaliter\" together with the other domains that made up the Portuguese Empire under the same sovereign of the House of Austria, which were:\r\nPhilip II of Spain, (1527-1598) (as Philip I in Portugal) (r. 1580-1598)\r\nPhilip III of Spain, (1578-1621) (as Philip II in Portugal) (r. 1598-1621)\r\nPhilip IV of Spain, (1605-1665) (as Philip III in Portugal) (r. 1621-1640)",1580,1640,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Under Ivan the Terrible, the Russian conquest of Siberia began, which finally ended in August 1598 when Khan Kuchum was defeated at the Battle of Irmen near the Obi River.",1580,1584,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sriranga I, Raja Vijayanagara-Aravidu",1572,1586]
[null,1585,null,null,null,1585,null,null,null,"British colonization of North America\r\nIn the context of the Anglo-Spanish War, Queen Elizabeth I granted Walter Raleigh a royal charter to colonize the area of North America, intending that the expedition would provide riches from the New World and a base from which to send privateer expeditions against the Fleet of Indies of Spain. There were then unsuccessful attempts first to colonize St. John's, Newfoundland and then on Roanoke Island in Dare County, present-day North Carolina, United States.",1585,1604,null,"British colonization of North America\r\nIn the context of the Anglo-Spanish War, Queen Elizabeth I granted Walter Raleigh a royal charter to colonize the area of North America, intending that the expedition would provide riches from the New World and a base from which to send privateer expeditions against the Fleet of Indies of Spain. There were then unsuccessful attempts first to colonize St. John's, Newfoundland and then on Roanoke Island in Dare County, present-day North Carolina, United States.",1585,1604,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hashiba Hideyoshi, another of Nobunaga's closest generals, took it upon himself to avenge his death by defeating and killing Akechi Mitsuhide; In the following years in an open confrontation against all pretending clans, including that of Tokugawa Ieyasu, whom he subjected to his vassalage, Hideyoshi ended up obtaining full control of Kyoto and became the undisputed ruler of the Oda domains. Hideyoshi established himself as the most influential military man in Japan upon the death of Nobunaga, inheriting his dominions, his power, and controlling the entire country.",1585]
[null,1586,null,null,null,1586,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Go-Yōzei, (1572 - 1617) - Legitimate succession",1586,1611]
[null,1598,null,null,null,1598,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Philip III of Spain, (1578-1621) (as Philip II in Portugal) (r. 1598-1621)",1598,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Through the Edict of Nantes, Henry IV guaranteed religious tolerance to the Calvinist Huguenots.",1598,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Tumultuous Period or the Time of Instability, also called the Time of Revolts, the Age of Disorders, or Troubled Times, was a period in the history of Russia that includes the interregnum between the death of the Russian Tsar Theodore I Ivannovich of the dynasty Ruríkida in 1598 and the establishment of the Romanov dynasty in 1613. It is one of the darkest periods in Russian history, but at the same time one of the most important.",1598,1613]
[null,1602,null,null,null,1602,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie, VOC), was established in 1602, when the Estates General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly to carry out commercial activities in Asia, being the first multinational corporation in the world and the first company to publish its profits. In addition, the VOC possessed powers close to those of a government, including the power to declare war, negotiate treaties, mint currency, and establish colonies, for almost two centuries, until it was dissolved in 1799. .",1602,1799]
[null,1606,null,null,null,1606,null,null,null,"Faced with the possibility of exploiting tobacco crops, the Virginia Company was created with two privileged companies guaranteed by King James I, with the purpose of establishing settlements on the coast of North America. The two companies, the Virginia Company of London and Plymouth's Virginia Company operated identical charters but different territories. In 1624, the king dissolved the Company and made Virginia a royal colony.",1606,1624,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Basil IV, Vasily Shuisky, Tsar of Russia\r\nMember of the Rurikovichs (by Andrei II of Vladimir); deposed by the Seven Boyars.",1606," 1610",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ieyasu continued to maintain political power in the country. He ordered the transfer of the country's capital from Kyoto to Edo, in addition to supervising the reconstruction of Edo Castle, which would turn out to be the largest castle in all of Japan, a construction in which daimyō from all over the country were forced to participate. .",1606]
[null,1607,null,null,null,1607,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Flight of the Earls, or Flight of the Earls, refers to the march from Ireland of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, and Rory O'Donnell, on September 14, 1607. This moment marked the end of the medieval era. of Ireland and its ancestral clan system, since through the colonization of important areas of the island an English cultural element was introduced.",1607]
[null,1612,null,null,null,1612,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Matthias, Archduke of Austria, Habsburg, (1608-1619), King of Hungary, (1608-1619), Holy Roman Emperor, 1612-1619).",1612,1619,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The constant expansion of Christianity was considered by the shogunate as a \"problem\" and the perception that the presence of the Spanish and Portuguese in Japan would trigger a process of conquest similar to that which occurred in the New World, especially the conquest of the Philippines by the Spaniards led to the vassals and residents of Tokugawa clan estates being forced to abandon Christianity in 1612.",1612]
[null,1618,null,null,null,1618,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Defenestration of Prague.\r\nUncomfortable after the election of Ferdinand II, a Catholic activist, as king of Bohemia, whose population was predominantly Protestant, the Bohemian aristocrats chose Frederick V of the Palatinate as their leader; When Ferdinand II sent two Catholic counselors (Martinitz and Slavata) and his scribes to Prague, to prepare the way for his arrival, the Bohemian Calvinists kidnapped them and threw them out of a palace window; The two dignitaries and the scribe who were thrown fell on a pile of manure and although they did not suffer significant injuries, this act was the trigger for the Thirty Years' War. ",1618,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Defenestration of Prague.\r\nUncomfortable after the election of Ferdinand II, a Catholic activist, as king of Bohemia, whose population was predominantly Protestant, the Bohemian aristocrats chose Frederick V of the Palatinate as their leader; When Ferdinand II sent two Catholic counselors (Martinitz and Slavata) and his scribes to Prague, to prepare the way for his arrival, the Bohemian Calvinists kidnapped them and threw them out of a palace window; The two dignitaries and the scribe who were thrown fell on a pile of manure and although they did not suffer significant injuries, this act was the trigger for the Thirty Years' War. ",1618]
[null,1619,null,null,null,1619,null,null,null,"Plymouth Colony was an English colony in North America; The first settlement was established in New Plymouth and the settlement that served as the capital of the colony is the current city of Plymouth, Massachusetts. Mayflower is the name of the ship that traveled from Plymouth in the United Kingdom from September 6, arriving on November 11 on the coast of Massachusetts with the first 102 Anglo-Saxon Puritan settlers, later called the Pilgrims, who settled and formed the colony of Plymouth.",1620,1691,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria, Habsburg, (1619-1637), King of Hungary (1618-1637), Holy Roman Emperor.",1619,1637,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mustafa I, Ottoman Sultan.",1622,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"European exploration and colonization\r\nThe British arrived later and in 1619 obtained permission to trade in the territories of Surat (in Gujarat) on the western coast and Hughli (in Bengal) on the eastern coast which became trading centers for spices, cotton, sugar, pepper. and indigo; It was in 1639 that they settled in Madras.",1619]
[null,1623,null,null,null,1623,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Beginning the reign of Murad IV, the conqueror of Baghdad or the cruel Ottoman Sultan, attacks by the Persians began another Ottoman-Safavid war, the last in a series of conflicts fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire, then the two major powers of the Near East, over control of Mesopotamia.\"",1623,null,1640,null,null,null,null,null,"The Persian attacks started another Ottoman-Safavid War, the last in a series of conflicts fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire, then the two major powers in the Near East, over control of Mesopotamia.",1623,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Persian attacks started another Ottoman-Safavid War, the last in a series of conflicts fought between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire, then the two major powers in the Near East, over control of Mesopotamia.",1623,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tokugawa Iemitsu, Tokugawa shogun.",1623,1651]
[null,1635,null,null,null,1635,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Anglo-French-Spanish War (1635-1659)\r\nThe Kingdom of France, although Catholic, entered in 1635 to confront Spain in the Thirty Years' War; After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War, the Spanish Monarchy remained in the conflict with France, having a favorable stage until approximately 1654 when England, after its unexpected victory against the United Provinces, joined France in 1656, while Spain, facing many open conflicts (the end of the Thirty Years' War, the uprising in Catalonia and the revolts in Portugal, Sicily and Naples), could not sustain its defenses in Flanders and was forced to sign the Peace of the Pyrenees in 1659.",1635,1659,null,null,null,null,null,"Anglo-French-Spanish War (1635-1659)\r\nThe Kingdom of France, although Catholic, entered in 1635 to confront Spain in the Thirty Years' War; After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War, the Spanish Monarchy remained in the conflict with France, having a favorable stage until approximately 1654 when England, after its unexpected victory against the United Provinces, joined France in 1656, while Spain, facing many open conflicts (the end of the Thirty Years' War, the uprising in Catalonia and the revolts in Portugal, Sicily and Naples), could not sustain its defenses in Flanders and was forced to sign the Peace of the Pyrenees in 1659.",1635,1659,null,"Anglo-French-Spanish War (1635-1659)\r\nThe Kingdom of France, although Catholic, entered in 1635 to confront Spain in the Thirty Years' War; After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War, the Spanish Monarchy remained in the conflict with France, having a favorable stage until approximately 1654 when England, after its unexpected victory against the United Provinces, joined France in 1656, while Spain, facing many open conflicts (the end of the Thirty Years' War, the uprising in Catalonia and the revolts in Portugal, Sicily and Naples), could not sustain its defenses in Flanders and was forced to sign the Peace of the Pyrenees in 1659.",1635,1659,null,"Anglo-French-Spanish War (1635-1659)\r\nThe Kingdom of France, although Catholic, entered in 1635 to confront Spain in the Thirty Years' War; After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War, the Spanish Monarchy remained in the conflict with France, having a favorable stage until approximately 1654 when England, after its unexpected victory against the United Provinces, joined France in 1656, while Spain, facing many open conflicts (the end of the Thirty Years' War, the uprising in Catalonia and the revolts in Portugal, Sicily and Naples), could not sustain its defenses in Flanders and was forced to sign the Peace of the Pyrenees in 1659.",1635,1659,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Eyalate of the Ottoman Empire administered by the Mamluks",null,null,null,"Shah Jahan, Mughal Emperor",1627,1658,null,null,null,null,null,"Hung Taiji, Qing Emperor.",1636,1643]
[null,1642,null,null,null,1642,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The First English Civil War between royalists and parliamentarians with the defeat of Charles I who ended up imprisoned by parliamentary forces and a great victory by Oliver Cromwell that turned England into a republic called the Commonwealth of England.",1642,1646,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Abbas II, Safavid Shah of Persia.",1642,1667,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"European exploration and colonization\r\nBetween 1635 and 1700 the agents of the British companies became familiar with Indian customs and languages, including Persian (which was the official language under the Mughal kingdom) so that the knowledge that the British acquired about India and the agreements The fact that they arrived with Indian traders gave the British a competitive advantage over other Europeans.\"",1635,1700,null,null,null,null,null,"Qianlong, Qing Emperor.",1735,1796]
[null,1649,null,null,null,1649,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"England was governed by the Rump Parliament or Residual Parliament, during a period known as the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.",1649,1653]
[null,1650,null,null,null,1650,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Dutch East India Company and later the English/British used their superior means of sea power to control trade routes in the western Indian Ocean, thereby cutting off Iran from overseas links to East Africa, the peninsula Arabia and South Asia. However, land trade grew notably, as Iran was able to further develop its land trade with Northern and Central Europe during the second half of the 17th century.",1650]
[null,1658,null,"\"VALLEY\r\nOF THE INDUS\"","The Mughal Empire under the governments of Jahangir and Shah Jahan was characterized by political stability and strong economic activity that fostered the emergence of great centers of trade and crafts such as Agra, Lahore, Delhi and Ahmadabad, all of which were connected by roads. and river roads to other ports or more distant places and produced beautiful paintings and monumental buildings such as the world famous Taj Mahal that was built between 1631 and 1654 in the city of Agra, by Emperor Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, his beloved fourth (!!) wife, who died giving birth to her fourteenth child!!\n SEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",1658,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Mughal Empire under the governments of Jahangir and Shah Jahan was characterized by political stability and strong economic activity that fostered the emergence of great centers of trade and crafts such as Agra, Lahore, Delhi and Ahmadabad, all of which were connected by roads. and river roads to other ports or more distant places and produced beautiful paintings and monumental buildings such as the world famous Taj Mahal that was built between 1631 and 1654 in the city of Agra, by Emperor Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, his beloved fourth (!!) wife, who died giving birth to her fourteenth child!!\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",1658,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Taj Mahal"]
[null,1664,null,null,null,1664,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"European exploration and colonization\r\nThe French, for their part, entered India in 1664, founding the Compagnie des Indes Orientales, founding an enclave in Pondicherry on the Coromandel Coast.",1664,null,null,"Emperor Reigen, Satohito, (1654 - 1732) - Edo Period",1663,1687]
[null,1672,null,null,null,1672,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Third Anglo-Dutch War and Franco-Dutch War: war that took place between France, Münster, Cologne and England against the United Provinces of the Netherlands, which was later joined by Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and the Elector of Brandenburg to form the Quadruple Alliance. The war ended with the Treaties of Nijmegen (1678), by which France obtained the Franche-Comté of Spain and definitively became the leading military, maritime and commercial power in Europe.",1672,1678,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Polish-Turkish War pitted the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth against the Ottoman Empire, which was allied with the Crimean Tatars and the Zaporozhye Cossacks led by Petro Doroshenko. The war could be divided into two phases. The initial phase that begins with the Ottoman invasion and ends with the Treaty of Buczacz and a second phase that begins with the refusal of the Polish Parliament to ratify the treaty and ends with the Treaty of Zorawno.",1672,null,1676]
[null,1674,168,"\"VALLEY\r\nOF THE INDUS\"","Maratha Empire (1674-1818)\nShivaji, First Maratha Emperor: leader of the clan of Maratha Indian warriors who established an independent zone around Pune from the Deccan sultanate of Bijapur and promoted guerrilla wars against the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. In the course of his lifetime, Shivaji became involved in alliances and hostilities with the Mughal Empire, the Golconda Sultanate and the Bijapur Sultanate, as well as the English, Portuguese and French colonial powers.\"",1674,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Treaty of Westminster concluded the Third Anglo-Dutch War. Given that England was unsuccessful in its attempts to blockade the Dutch coast and its attempt to convert the province of Holland into an English protectorate failed, Parliament, fearful of That the alliance with France was part of a plot to convert England to Catholicism following the secret Treaty of Dover, forced the king to abandon the costly and fruitless war.\r\nNew Amsterdam, the largest Dutch settlement in North America founded in 1625, passed into the hands of England in 1664. The Dutch briefly recovered it in 1673 and ceded it back to England in 1674 under the terms of the Treaty of Westminster, with the English renaming the settlement as NY\".\"",1674,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Maratha Empire (1674-1818)\r\nShivaji, First Maratha Emperor: leader of the clan of Maratha Indian warriors who established an independent zone around Pune from the Deccan sultanate of Bijapur and promoted guerrilla wars against the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. In the course of his lifetime, Shivaji became involved in alliances and hostilities with the Mughal Empire, the Golconda Sultanate and the Bijapur Sultanate, as well as the English, Portuguese and French colonial powers.\"",1674,1818]
[null,1685,null,null,null,1685,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"James II, King of England, Scotland and Ireland (overthrown)",1685,1688,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Siege of Buda: The forces of the Holy League advanced towards the Hungarian capital and one by one the cities fell into Ottoman power and finally the city of Buda, (present-day Budapest), was retaken after having been occupied for more than a century. and a half by the Ottoman Empire.",1686]
[null,1694,null,null,null,1694,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hussein I, Safavid Shah of Persia.",1694,1722]
[null,1701,null,null,null,1701,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Act of Establishment or Law of Establishment is an English law enacted in 1701 by the Parliament of Westminster that guaranteed succession to the Crown of England to members of the Protestant family of the House of Hanover and all Catholics were separated from any succession. future.",1701,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Duke of Anjou left Versailles on December 4, 1700, made his triumphal entry into Madrid and was anointed and proclaimed as King Philip V, on May 8, 1701; the French established themselves in high positions in Madrid and decided on the new way of guiding Spanish policy. Shortly afterwards, Louis XIV defended the proclamation of his second-born grandson as the new king of Spain, but recognized that the succession rights to the Crown of France remained intact.\r\nPhilip V, (1683-1746), King of Spain-House of Bourbon",1701,1724,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Great Northern War: It originated from the rivalry between Sweden, then dominant in northern Europe, and its neighbors Russia, Denmark-Norway and the Republic of the Two Nations for supremacy in the Baltic Sea, with a long series of conflicts in northern and eastern Europe.",1700,1721,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Maharani Tarabai, Empress Regent of the Maratha Empire. Her husband was Chhatrapati (emperor) Rajaram, son of Shivaji."]
[null,1701,null,"\"VALLEY\r\nOF THE INDUS\"","During Aurangzeb's reign, the Mughal Empire was the largest economy in the world, worth more than 25% of the world's GDP. It controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent, stretching from Chittagong in the east to Kabul and the Balochistan region. in the west; and from Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri River basin in the south. Its population at that time has been estimated between 110 and 150 million people (a quarter of the world's population), in a territory of more than of 4 million square kilometers. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",1701,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"War of Spanish succession, its fundamental cause was the death without issue of Charles II of Spain, the last representative of the House of Habsburg, and which left as its main consequence the establishment of the House of Bourbon on the throne of Spain. The Great Alliance was renewed in 1701 as the Second Great Alliance to form the Austrian side of supporters of the reign of descendants of the House of Habsburg in the Hispanic Crown. It ended with the Peace Treaty of Utrecht-Rastatt.",1701,1715,null,null,null,null,null,"War of Spanish succession (1701 - 1713)\r\nEmperor Leopold I of the Holy Roman Empire, claiming the much more legitimate rights of Charles Francis of Habsburg to the Spanish succession, organized an agreement by which the kingdoms of Portugal, England, Scotland and Ireland, the Holy Roman Empire and the Provinces United Kingdom of the Netherlands united in the Second Great Military Alliance to confront the coalition formed by France and Spain in the imminent war of Spanish succession; They committed to maintaining a joint policy to avoid the union of France and Spain under a single government.\r\nCharles Francis of Habsburg landed in Spain as Charles III in 1705 and remained there for six years, only being able to exercise his government in Catalonia, until in 1711 the death of his brother, Joseph I, made him return to Vienna to assume the imperial crown. .\r\nIn 1711 Archduke Charles was elected Holy Roman Emperor and the European powers, now fearful of the excessive power of the Habsburgs, withdrew their troops and signed the Treaty of Utrecht that same year.",1701,1711,null,null,null,null,null,"The Duchy of Prussia became the Kingdom of Prussia, Ruled throughout its existence by the Franconian branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty, it was originally centered in Brandenburg-Prussia and had Königsberg as its capital.\r\nKings of Prussia:\r\nFrederick I, King of Prussia.\r\nFrederick William I, King of Prussia.\r\nFrederick II, King of Prussia.\r\nFrederick William II, King of Prussia.\r\nFrederick William III, King of Prussia.\r\nFrederick William IV, King of Prussia.\r\nWilliam I, King of Prussia.\r\nFrederick III, King of Prussia.\r\nWilliam II, King of Prussia.","\n\n\n1701\n\n1701\n1713 \n1740\n1786\n1797\n1840\n1861\n1888 \n1888","\n\n\n1918\n\n1713\n1740\n1786\n1797\n1840\n1861\n1888\n\n1918",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Mughal Empire around 1700 towards the end of Aurangzeb's reign.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Mughal Empire around 1700 towards the end of Aurangzeb's reign."]
[null,1706,null,null,null,1706,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"United Kingdom of Great Britain\r\nIn 1706 an English Union Bill was prepared for Scotland and the following year the Acts of Union were passed into law by the parliaments of the Kingdom of England (which includes Wales) and the Kingdom of Scotland; The Treaty of Union between both kingdoms came into force on May 1, 1707 and formalized the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain with a unified Parliament based in Westminster and a free trade area between both countries; Certain Scottish and English institutions did not merge into the British system: the laws remained separate, as did the currency and the churches, on the one hand the Scottish Presbyterian and on the other the Anglican, as they continue today.",1706,1707,null,"John V, (1689-1750), King of Portugal",1706,1750,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"On June 28, in the Battle of Poltava, Russian soldiers achieved an unprecedented victory and Sweden lost seven thousand soldiers in combat and three thousand were captured, which marked the breaking point of Swedish military prestige and significantly changed the course of the war.",1709]
[null,1711,null,null,null,1711,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The house of Habsburg with the new Emperor Charles VI of the Holy Roman Empire, was responsible for firmly holding all of Hungary with its power, which underwent a process of Christianization promoted by the Habsburgs.",1711,1918]
[null,1713,null,null,null,1713,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Frederick William I, King of Prussia.",1713,1740]
[null,1716,null,null,null,1716,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tokugawa Yoshimune, Tokugawa shogun.",1716,1745]
[null,1721,171,"RUSSIA","Russian empire.\r\nIt is the political system that was implemented in Russia between 1721 as a successor to the Russian Tsardom and that lasted until 1917 to govern large areas of the European, Asian and American continents.",1721,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Russian empire.\r\nIt is the political system that was implemented in Russia between 1721 as a successor to the Russian Tsardom and that lasted until 1917 to govern large areas of the European, Asian and American continents.",1721,1917]
[null,1725,null,null,null,1725,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Louis I, (1707-1724), House of Bourbon, (1724)\r\nPhilip V, (1683-1746), House of Bourbon",1724,1746,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Catherine I, Empress of Russia"," 1725"," 1727",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mir Mahmud Hotaki died in 1725 after a palace revolution that brought Ashraf Khan, the last Hotaki king of Afghanistan and Persia, to the throne.",1725]
[null,1736,null,null,null,1736,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Afsharid dynasty was an Iranian dynasty of Khorasan, which ruled Persia when Nader Shah proclaimed himself shah in 1736, overthrowing Abbas III.",1736,1796,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Sakuramachi, Teruhito, (1720 - 1750) - Edo Period",1735,1747]
[null,1741,null,null,null,1741,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria, Habsburg, (1740-1780), Queen of Hungary (1740-1780).",1740,1786,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Elizabeth Petrovna, Empress of Russia. Daughter of Peter the Great"," 1741",1762,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Vasai in the north of Mumbai or Bombay was a Portuguese territory since 1535. The Portuguese built the Bassein fort to strengthen their presence in the Arabian Sea. In 1739 the fort was captured by the Maratha army.",1739]
[null,1744,null,null,null,1744,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"King George's War is the name given to the military operations in North America that were part of the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748). It was the third of the four French and Indian Wars. It took place primarily in the British provinces of New York, Massachusetts Bay (which at the time included Maine and Massachusetts), New Hampshire (which at the time included Vermont), and Nova Scotia. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war in 1748 and restored Louisbourg to France in exchange for the city of Madras that had been captured by the French from the British, but did not resolve the outstanding territorial issue.",1744,1748,null,null,null,null,null,"Ferdinand VI, (1713-1759), House of Bourbon",1746,1759,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Eyalate of the Ottoman Empire administered by the Mamluks"]
[null,1750,null,null,null,1750,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Zand dynasty from northwest Persia was founded by Karim Khan Zand and ruled southern and central Iran in the regions of Shirvan, Fars, Aran, Armenia and Georgia, installing its capital in Shiraz in 1766 where it ruled until its conquest by the Qajar Dynasty in 1794.",1750,1794]
[null,1760,null,null,null,1760,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"George III, King of Great Britain",1760,1820,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Marathas under Peshwa Sadashivrao Bhau recaptured the former Mughal capital, Delhi, expelling the Afghan garrison in August 1760 and with the defeat of the Nizam in the Deccan, Maratha power had reached its zenith with a territory of more of 2,500,000 square miles (6,500,000 km 2).",1760,null,null,"Tokugawa Ieharu, Tokugawa shogun.",1760,1786]
[null,1760,null,null,null,1760,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Industrial Revolution (1760-1840)\r\nIn the United Kingdom, a process of economic, social and technological transformation began in the second half of the 18th century that spread a few decades later to a large part of Western Europe and Anglo-Saxon America, and which concluded between 1820 and 1840; The first manual and then hydraulic spinning machines were produced and fundamentally the first steam machines for the textile industry and for locomotion and it became the first industrialized country since it was able to obtain raw materials and a market in most of the accessible world. with a government system that provided sufficient guarantees for the private entrepreneur and a very well developed industrial patent system.",1760,1840]
[null,1763,null,null,null,1763,null,null,null,"Great Britain divided Spanish Florida and took control of West Florida, with capital in Pensacola, leaving the Spanish with East Florida, which forms the current US state of Florida with capital in St. Augustine; At the end of the following Anglo-Spanish war with the Treaty of Paris (1783), the entire territory passed back into Spanish hands.",1763,1783,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Abd-ul-Hamid I, Ottoman Sultan.",1774,null,1789]
[null,1773,null,null,null,1773,null,null,null,"The approval by Great Britain of the Tea Act, which taxed the import from the metropolis of different products, including tea, to benefit the British East India Company, whom the colonists boycotted by purchasing tea from the Netherlands produced The Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773, in which a group of colonists disguised as Native Americans threw three British ships' cargo of tea into the sea.",1773,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"First partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; Although the idea of the partition of Poland came from the Prussian king Frederick II, Catherine took a leading role in the execution of this pact. Russia seized Livonia and Belarus up to the Dvina and the Dnieper.",1772,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Era of the Maratha confederacy.\r\nAfter the death of Peshwa Madhavrao I, several chiefs and statesmen became de facto rulers and regents for the infant Peshwa Madhavrao II. Thus, semi-autonomous Maratha states emerged in many remote regions of the empire and Even in the original kingdom of Shivaji, many lords were given semi-autonomous charges of small districts, leading to the princely states Sangli, Aundh, Bhor, Bawda, Phaltan, Miraj and others.",1773]
[null,1778,null,null,null,1778,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Some foreign countries began to pressure the shogunate to abandon the sakoku. Several Russian explorers reached the Kuril Islands and Hokkaido (Pavel Lebedev-Lastochkin in 1778 and Adam Laxman in 1792) with the goal of eventually opening trade with Japan.",1778,1792,null,null,null,null,null,"Location of the Thirteen English Colonies in North America."]
[null,1780,null,null,null,1780,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Fourth Anglo-Dutch War was a conflict between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic tangentially related to the American War of Independence and broke out over disagreements between the British and the Dutch over the legality and conduct of Dutch trade with the Britain's enemies in that war. The war ended disastrously for the Dutch and exposed the weakness of the Republic's political and economic foundations.",1780,1784,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Kōkaku, Tomohito, (1771 - 1840) - Edo period",1780,1817]
[null,1787,null,null,null,1787,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Charles III, (1716-1788), House of Bourbon",1759,1788,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A new Russo-Turkish war due to the Ottoman Empire's attempt to reconquer territories ceded to Russia in the course of the previous war. It ended with the Treaty of Iași of 1792, by which the Ottoman Empire recognized the annexation of Crimea and ceded Yedisan. The Dniester River became a new international border between both countries.",1787,1792,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Marathas came into conflict with Tipu Sultan of the Mysore Kingdom, leading to the Maratha-Mysore War in 1785 which ended in 1787 with the Marathas being defeated by Tipu Sultan.",1787]
[null,1791,null,null,null,1791,null,null,null,"The Whiskey Rebellion was a popular uprising that culminated in an uprising in 1794 in the town of Washington, Pennsylvania, in the Monongahela River Valley; This rebellion was undermined by an army of 12,000 men sent by George Washington against them.",1791,1794,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Leopold VII, Archduke of Austria, Habsburg, (1790-1792), Leopold II, King of Hungary (1790-1792), (Holy Roman Emperor as Leopold II, 1790-1792).",1790,1792]
[null,1794,null,null,null,1794,null,null,null,"The Treaty of St. Lawrence signed to define the borders between the United States and Spanish territories in North America and regulate navigation rights on the Mississippi River.",1795,null,null,"Under the protection of the Napoleonic Wars, the United Kingdom occupied the territory of the Cape Colony, a region of South Africa that had been under Dutch control since its founding in 1652.",1795,1910,null,null,null,null,null,"Charles IV, (1748-1819), House of Bourbon",1788,1808,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mustafa IV, Ottoman Sultan.",1807,null,1808,null,"Third Polish Partition was the last of the successive territorial dismemberments that the kingdom of Poland-Lithuania suffered at the hands of its neighbors the Russian Empire, Austria, and Prussia. With this partition Poland disappeared as an independent state in Europe until 1807, when the Grand Duchy of Warsaw was briefly established, but when this Duchy became extinct in 1815, an independent Polish state would not exist until 1918.",1795,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Qajar dynasty is a royal family of Iran, of Turkish origin, which took full control of Iran in 1794, by deposing Lutf Ali Khan Zand, the last Shah (emperor or king) of the Zand dynasty and Shahrokh Mirza Afshar, last Shah of Persia of the Afsarid dynasty. In 1796 Aga Muhammad Khan was formally crowned shah; They reaffirmed Persian sovereignty over the former Iranian territories of Georgia and the Caucasus.",1794,1925]
[null,1794,null,null,null,1794,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Aga Muhammad, Shah Qajar of Persia.",1794,1797]
[null,1799,null,null,null,1799,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"November 9: Coup d'état that ended the Directory, the last form of government of the French Revolution, and initiated the Consulate with Napoleon Bonaparte as leader.",1799,null,null,"The Dutch East India Company (VOC) was a company of great importance and turnover for almost two centuries, paying an annual dividend of 18%, until it became bankrupt and was dissolved on December 31, 1799. .​ The possessions and debt became assumed by the government of the Netherlands; The VOC territories became the Dutch East Indies, which expanded over the course of the 19th century to include almost the entire Indonesian archipelago, which in the 20th century would form Indonesia.",1799,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Maratha Empire allied with the British East India Company (based in the Bengal Presidency) against the kingdom of Mysore; After the British suffered defeat against Mysore in the first two Anglo-Mysore Wars, the Maratha cavalry assisted the British in the last two wars from 1790 onwards and finally helped the British conquer Mysore in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. mysore in 1799.",1799]
[null,{"$f":"+F2149","v":1805},null,null,null,1805,null,null,null,"The Viceroyalty of New Spain divides the Californias into the Province of Alta California with the territories of the current American federal states of California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, western Colorado, and southwestern Wyoming and the Province of Baja California with the territories of the current Mexican federal states of Baja California and Baja California Sur.",1804,1824,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"December 2: Napoleon wins the Battle of Austerlitz against the combined Russian-Austrian forces.",1805,null,null,"December 2: Napoleon wins the Battle of Austerlitz against the combined Russian-Austrian forces.\r\nTreaty of Pressburg: Austrian possessions in Italy and Bavaria were ceded to France. Certain Austrian possessions in Germany passed into the hands of France's allies: the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Kingdom of Württemberg, and the Grand Duchy of Baden, among others.",1805,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Napoleon I, King of Italy.\r\nNapoleon Bonaparte transforms the Republic of Italy into the Kingdom of Italy, proclaiming himself king and is crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy in the Duomo Cathedral of Milan, on May 26, 1805.",1805,"1814 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The combined Russian-Austrian forces of Russian Tsar Alexander I and Austrian Emperor Francis I were defeated at the Battle of Austerlitz, by the French army commanded by Emperor Napoleon I in the context of the Napoleonic Wars; the Treaty of Pressburg allowed the fleeing Russian army free passage through hostile territory on the way to their homeland.",1805,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mehmet Ali\r\nOttoman military man named Ottoman Governor, (Wāli), of Egypt. Self-proclaimed Khedive. ",1805,1848]
[null,1808,null,null,null,1808,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ferdinand VII, (1784-1833), House of Bourbon",1808,1808]
[null,1810,null,null,null,1810,null,null,null,"The United States provoked a rebellion by the colonists and proclaimed the annexation of West Florida to the newly formed English-controlled territory of Orleans, on the grounds that it was part of the Louisiana Purchase. In 1818, the United States intervened in East Florida both in the attempts at independence declared by the insurgents against Spanish rule and in the conflicts with the group of aboriginal Amerindians known as the Seminoles.",1810,1817,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Spanish American wars of independence: The country lost almost all of its American territories and with them its role as the main power.",1810,"1833       "]
[null,1814,181,"SPAIN","Fernando VII, (1784-1833), House of Bourbon First Restoration\r\nLouis XVIII - Reestablishment of the Bourbon Monarchy",1814,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ferdinand VII, (1784-1833), House of Bourbon First Restoration",1814,1833,null,"Louis XVIII - Reestablishment of the Bourbon monarchy",1814,1824]
[null,1819,null,null,null,1819,null,null,null,"Through the Treaty of Adams-Onís, Spain renounced the territory of Oregon, and was also forced to definitively sell the Floridas, Louisiana and navigation on the Mississippi River for five million dollars to the United States in exchange for remaining the sole sovereign. of Texas, territory that the United States claimed as part of Louisiana, which was purchased from the French in 1803. The treaty was ratified in 1832 by Mexico and the United States.",1819,1821]
[null,1822,184,"PORTUGAL","The end of the Portuguese Empire.\nThe Empire gradually lost power with the process of decline that began in the 17th century, this process being marked by the independence of Brazil, the most important of its colonies, and ending with the decolonization process carried out between 1960 and 1975.",1822,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The end of the Portuguese Empire.\r\nThe Empire gradually lost power with the process of decline that began in the 17th century, this process being marked by the independence of Brazil, the most important of its colonies, and ending with the decolonization process carried out between 1960 and 1975.",1822]
[null,1822,185,"BRAZIL","Empire of Brazil\nProclamation of the Independence of Brazil on September 7, 1822 and acclamation of the Empire of Brazil on October 12, 1822.\nPedro I, Emperor of Brazil, 1822-1831.",1822,null,null,null,"First Federal Republic of Mexico: the empire was dissolved and the federal regime was established as the form of government of the Mexican State; The Republic was proclaimed by the Constituent Congress and on October 4, 1824, the Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States was promulgated.",1823,1835,null,null,null,null,null,"Empire of Brazil\r\nProclamation of the Independence of Brazil on September 7, 1822 and acclamation of the Empire of Brazil on October 12, 1822.\r\nPedro I, Emperor of Brazil, 1822-1831.",1822]
[null,1826,null,null,null,1826,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pedro IV, (1798-1834), King of Portugal",1826,1826]
[null,1828,186,"\"RUSSIA\r\nTürkiye\"","The Russo-Turkish War was a military conflict between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire based on the Greek struggle for independence; The war broke out when the sultan, angered by Russian participation in the Battle of Navarino, closed the Dardanelles to Russian shipping traffic and revoked the Akkerman Convention (1826). The war ended with the Treaty of Adrianople and marked an important victory for Russia and another step in the decline of the Ottoman Empire. Russia gained most of the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the mouth of the Danube. Turkey recognized Russian sovereignty over Georgia and the eastern part of the territory of present-day Armenia was ceded to the Russian Empire. Russia was allowed to occupy Moldavia and Wallachia until Turkey paid a large indemnity. Serbia also achieved autonomy.",1828,null,null,null,"Andrew Jackson, Democrat of North Carolina, President of the USA. Vice President: John C. Calhoun and Martin Van Buren",1829,1837,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Within the Greek struggle for independence there was a Russo-Turkish war that broke out when the sultan, angered by Russian participation in the Battle of Navarino, closed the Dardanelles to Russian ship traffic and revoked the Akkerman Convention (1826); The war ended with the Treaty of Adrianople and marked an important victory for Russia and another step in the decline of the Ottoman Empire. Russia gained most of the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the mouth of the Danube. Türkiye recognized Russian sovereignty over Georgia and part of modern-day Armenia. Russia was allowed to occupy Moldova and Wallachia until Turkey paid a large indemnity and Serbia also achieved autonomy.",1827,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Russo-Turkish War was a military conflict between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire based on the Greek struggle for independence; The war broke out when the sultan, angered by Russian participation in the Battle of Navarino, closed the Dardanelles to Russian shipping traffic and revoked the Akkerman Convention (1826). The war ended with the Treaty of Adrianople and marked an important victory for Russia and another step in the decline of the Ottoman Empire. Russia gained most of the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the mouth of the Danube. Turkey recognized Russian sovereignty over Georgia and the eastern part of the territory of present-day Armenia was ceded to the Russian Empire. Russia was allowed to occupy Moldavia and Wallachia until Turkey paid a large indemnity. Serbia also achieved autonomy.",1828,1828,null,null,"The Russo-Turkish War was a military conflict between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire based on the Greek struggle for independence; The war broke out when the sultan, angered by Russian participation in the Battle of Navarino, closed the Dardanelles to Russian shipping traffic and revoked the Akkerman Convention (1826). The war ended with the Treaty of Adrianople and marked an important victory for Russia and another step in the decline of the Ottoman Empire. Russia gained most of the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the mouth of the Danube. Türkiye recognized Russian sovereignty over Georgia and part of modern-day Armenia. Russia was allowed to occupy Moldavia and Wallachia until Turkey paid a large indemnity. Serbia also achieved autonomy.",1828]
[null,1832,189,"GREECE","The Kingdom of Greece. (1832-1924)\nIt was established by the great powers United Kingdom, France and Russia, due to the inability of the Greeks to form a stable Government; It was internationally recognized that same year, in the Treaty of Constantinople, which ensured its complete independence from the Ottoman Empire. It was the three powers, and not the Hellenic representatives, who decided the system of government of the new nation, its character as an independent kingdom and the borders; Likewise, they finally managed to get one of the youngest sons of the king of Bavaria, Otto, to accept the crown of the new kingdom in May 1832.\nOtto of Wittelsbach, King of the Hellenes. (1932-1862)",1832,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Kingdom of Greece. (1832-1924)\r\nIt was established by the great powers United Kingdom, France and Russia, due to the inability of the Greeks to form a stable Government; It was internationally recognized that same year, in the Treaty of Constantinople, which ensured its complete independence from the Ottoman Empire. It was the three powers, and not the Hellenic representatives, who decided the system of government of the new nation, its character as an independent kingdom and the borders; Likewise, they finally managed to get one of the youngest sons of the king of Bavaria, Otto, to accept the crown of the new kingdom in May 1832.\r\nOtto of Wittelsbach, King of the Hellenes. (1932-1862)",1832,1924]
[null,1833,190,"\"EGYPT\r\nI RAISED\r\nTURKEY\r\nRUSSIA\"","Faced with the threat of advance, the Turks accepted the help offered by Russia to mediate the conflict and thus the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi was signed in Kütahya in 1833, the conditions of which were the withdrawal of Egyptian troops from Anatolia, Egypt would annex Acre, Damascus. , Aleppo and Adana and would receive Candia (Crete) and the Hijaz as war compensation and Mehmet Ali's son, Ibrahim Pasha, would become governor (valid) of Syria. This peace was humiliating for the Ottoman Turks, since they lost a large amount of ground to whoever was their vassal.",1833,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Faced with the threat of advance, the Turks accepted the help offered by Russia to mediate the conflict and thus the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi was signed in Kütahya in 1833, the conditions of which were the withdrawal of Egyptian troops from Anatolia, Egypt would annex Acre, Damascus. , Aleppo and Adana and would receive Candia (Crete) and the Hijaz as war compensation and Mehmet Ali's son, Ibrahim Pasha, would become governor (valid) of Syria.",1833,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ante la amenaza del avance los turcos aceptaron la ayuda que les ofrecía Rusia para mediar en el conflicto y así se firmó el Tratado de Unkiar Skelessi en Kütahya en 1833 cuyas condiciones fueron la retirada de las tropas egipcias de Anatolia, Egipto se anexionaría Acre, Damasco, Alepo y Adana y recibiría Candía (Creta) y el Hiyaz como compensación de guerra y el hjo de Mehmet Ali, Ibrahim Bajá, se convertía en gobernador (valí) de Siria.",1833,null,null,"Faced with the threat of advance, the Turks accepted the help offered by Russia to mediate the conflict and thus the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi was signed in Kütahya in 1833, the conditions of which were the withdrawal of Egyptian troops from Anatolia, Egypt would annex Acre, Damascus. , Aleppo and Adana and would receive Candia (Crete) and the Hijaz as war compensation and Mehmet Ali's son, Ibrahim Pasha, would become governor (valid) of Syria. This peace was humiliating for the Ottoman Turks, since they lost a large amount of ground to whoever was their vassal.",1833]
[null,1838,192,"EGYPT","Independence of Egypt\nIn 1838, Mehmet Ali announced his desire to achieve independence from the Ottoman Empire and turn Egypt into a hereditary kingdom; That same year, Egypt refused to accept the Ottoman-British Treaty of Balta Liman, which required the abolition of monopolies in all provinces of the Empire and imposed new, very high customs tariffs that would greatly affect the Egyptian economy and empty its coffers, which caused a new Turkish-Egyptian war.",1838,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"First Opium War pitted the United Kingdom and the Chinese Empire against the illegal opium trade that British drug traffickers, with the tacit consent of the British authorities, practiced with relative impunity in China in order to balance their balance of payments. It ended with the Treaty of Nanking which forced China to open five ports, Canton, Amoy, Foochow, Ningbo and Shanghai, where the British could trade freely and to cede Hong Kong Island in perpetuity to provide a port close to British maritime trade. .",1839,1842,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Abd-ul-Mejid, Ottoman Sultan.",1839,null,1861,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Independence of Egypt\r\nIn 1838, Mehmet Ali announced his desire to achieve independence from the Ottoman Empire and turn Egypt into a hereditary kingdom; That same year, Egypt refused to accept the Ottoman-British Treaty of Balta Liman, which required the abolition of monopolies in all provinces of the Empire and imposed new, very high customs tariffs that would greatly affect the Egyptian economy and empty its coffers, which caused a new Turkish-Egyptian war.",1838,null,null,"In 1839, the Sikh empire was severely weakened by internal divisions and political mismanagement. This opportunity was used by the British East India Company to attack and weaken the empire, starting the Anglo-Sikh Wars.",1839,1849,null,null,null,null,null,"Opium Wars\r\nTrade disputes with Western powers gave rise to the First Opium War, which pitted China against the United Kingdom between 1839 and 1842, and the Second Opium War, between 1856 and 1860, in which a Franco-British alliance took the city of Canton. The result of these wars was the signing of the Treaties of Nanjing and Tianjin, by which the United Kingdom gained sovereignty over part of the current territory of Hong Kong, as well as commercial and navigation rights for the Western powers.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nXianfeng, Qing Emperor.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nHong Xiuquan, Qing Emperor.",1839,1860]
[null,1841,null,null,null,1841,null,null,null,"John Tyler, Whig de Virginia, Presidente de USA. Vicepresidente: John Tyler",1841,1845,null,"Ceylon (present-day Sri Lanka) and Burma joined the list of British territories in Asia, which extended east to Malaysia and, from 1841, to Hong Kong.",1841]
[null,1848,null,null,null,1848,null,null,null,"The gold rush sparked a period of hurried and massive migration of workers to more rustic areas, with the discovery of large deposits of gold. It usually refers especially to that which occurred in California, Nevada, Montana, Oregon.",1848,1870,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Second French Republic was proclaimed.\r\n- The provisional government, between February and November 1848 called the Social and Democratic Republic, produced major reforms, which would lead to the implementation of male suffrage, the definitive abolition of slavery in the colonies and the right to work, installing national workshops whose objective It was to give work to the workers.\r\n- Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, (Napoleon III), is elected by universal suffrage as the first and only President of the French Republic.",1848,1852,null,"Frederick William IV - Habsburg Lorraine, King of Prussia.\r\n- German March Revolution with the objective of achieving a [German] national State, based on popular sovereignty and human rights, that integrated all German territories. It ended with the refusal of the Prussian King Frederick William IV to assume leadership of the German Reich and the promulgation of a reformist constitution towards democratic representative assemblies.\r\n-Ferdinand I, after the Revolution, abdicates the throne of Austria to his nephew Francis Joseph.\r\n- As a consequence of the Revolutions of 1848, the principalities of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Hohenzollern-Hechingen were annexed by Prussia.\r\n- Hungarian Revolution of 1848: nationalism and start of war for Hungarian independence from the Austrian Empire.",1848,1850,null,null,null,null,null,"After several attempts at unification since 1821 that were crushed mainly by the Austrian government and its allies, the Italian peninsula remained divided into several states such as the Loombardo-Veneto Kingdom, the Papal States, the Kingdom of Sardinia Piedmont and the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, among others, for the most part under the rule of dynasties considered “non-Italian”, such as the Austrian Habsburgs or the Bourbons; In 1844 the process of Italian Unification began for the union of the various states into a single Kingdom.",1848,1861,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Abbas I (1848 –1854) Self-proclaimed Khedive.",1848,1854]
[null,1848,null,null,null,1848,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Francis Joseph I, Archduke of Austria-Habsburg Lorraine-King of Hungary (1848-1916), Emperor of Austria with John of Austria Regent appointed by the Parliament of Frankfort (1848-1849)",1848,1866]
[null,1853,null,null,null,1853,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"American Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in Tokyo Bay with a fleet of ships and gave Japan a year to break its isolation, with the threat that if they denied his request Edo would be besieged by the ships' sophisticated Paixhans cannons. .",1853]
[null,1857,null,null,null,1857,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Indian independence movement: revolutions that began in 1857 and came to an end under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi between 1942 and 1947, as well as with the invasion of British India by the Indian National Army commanded by Subbash Chandra Bose during the Second World War. Independence was finally achieved on August 15, 1947.",1857,1947]
[null,1861,196,"ROME","The Kingdom of Italy was the successor state to the Kingdom of Sardinia and other kingdoms, which emerged following the Italian national unification led by Victor Emmanuel II who crowned himself King of Italy in 1861, as a result of the concerted efforts of Italian nationalists and loyal monarchists. to the House of Savoy to establish a united kingdom that would encompass the entire Italian peninsula.",1861,null,null,null,"The Confederate States of America was an unrecognized country in North America that existed from 1861 to 1865. The Confederacy was formed when the southern states where it was legal to own slaves and whose economy depended heavily on agriculture, particularly cotton and of a plantation system that required the labor of black slaves, they progressively declared their willingness to separate from the Union from South Carolina in December 1860, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas in February 1861.",1861,1865,null,null,null,null,null,"Luis I, (1838-1889), King of Portugal",1861,1889,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"William I - Hohenzollern, King of Prussia.",1861,1888,null,null,null,null,null,"The Kingdom of Italy was the successor state to the Kingdom of Sardinia and other kingdoms, which emerged following the Italian national unification led by Victor Emmanuel II who crowned himself King of Italy in 1861, as a result of the concerted efforts of Italian nationalists and loyal monarchists. to the House of Savoy to establish a united kingdom that would encompass the entire Italian peninsula.",1861,1946,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Abd-ul-Aziz, Ottoman Sultan.",1861,null,1876,null,"The Emancipatory Reform of 1861 in Russia was the first and most important of the liberal reforms carried out during the government of Tsar Alexander II of Russia; It meant the liquidation of the serfdom system established in Russia authorized in 1497 by Ivan III and regulated in 1649 by Tsar Alexius I of Russia, in order to guarantee the economic value of agrarian properties in the Russian countryside and was intended primarily instead of legally preventing peasants from being able to move freely through Russian territory or emigrate, with which serfdom in Russia implied the existence of a massive regime of effective slavery.",1861,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hong Xiuquan, Emperador Qing.",1851,1864]
[null,1861,null,null,null,1861,null,null,null,"THE CIVIL WAR\r\nThe Battle of Fort Sumter was a bombardment carried out between April 12 and 13, 1861 by the army of the Confederate States of America with the intention of expelling federal troops occupying the fortification of Fort Sumter in South Carolina. The battle, which caused no casualties, was the trigger that triggered the Civil War (1861-1865), the bloodiest conflict that occurred on American soil.",1861,null,null,null,null,null,null,"• War of the Triple Alliance, 1864-1870: Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay against Paraguay in a hegemonic dispute for supremacy in the Plata basin.\r\n→ Brazil definitively won the disputed territories north of the Apa River, now part of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.\r\n→ Argentina definitively won the disputed Province of Misiones and all the disputed lands south of the Pilcomayo River, which now constitute the Province of Formosa.\r\n→ Paraguay was transformed into a satellite state of Brazil and permanently lost its claims to lands that represent almost 40% of its claimed territories before the war.",1864,1870,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"George I of Greece, King of the Hellenes.",1863,1913,null,"Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy, House of Savoy.",1861,1878,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The January Uprising was an uprising in the former Two-Nation Republic (present-day Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, parts of Ukraine, and western Russia) against the Russian Empire. It began on January 22, 1863 as a spontaneous protest by young Poles against conscription into the Imperial Russian Army and lasted until the last insurgents were captured in 1864.",1863,1864,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ismai'l I (1863 –1867) Self-proclaimed Khedive.",1863,1867]
[null,1863,null,null,null,1863,null,null,null,"The Second Mexican Empire was the name of the State governed by Maximilian of Habsburg as emperor of Mexico established by France and some conservative Mexican leaders. Faced with the imminence of a war between France and Prussia and the confirmation of the defeat of the Confederates in the American Civil War in 1865, the French troops began to withdraw from 1866 and the emperor was left alone, isolated and was defeated and captured by the Republican army, later prosecuted and finally shot in 1867.",1863,1867,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In March 1863, Emperor Kōmei broke the ceremonial role that emperors had for several centuries and entered the political scene by issuing the order to expel the barbarians. The Chōshū domain followed the order and decided to attack foreign ships in the Shimonoseki Strait. Other domains such as Satsuma and Tosa, who were against the shogunate, decided to ally and follow the edict.",1863]
[null,1865,null,null,null,1865,null,null,null,"The Ku Klux Klan is founded, a white supremacist terrorist organization that will carry out violent attacks against the black community, politicians favorable to reconstruction and immigrants who came to the south from the northern states. This first Ku Klux Klan was dissolved by Ulysses S. Grant, through the Civil Rights Act of 1871, but the Klan reappeared at the beginning of the 20th century.",1865]
[null,1866,null,null,null,1866,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Austro-Prussian War: military conflict within the German Confederation, which occurred between June 14 and August 23, 1866, between the Austrian Empire and Prussia by which the latter, which was the winner, became the State hegemonic of Germany.",1866,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Tokugawa shogun.",1866,1867]
[null,1867,null,null,null,1867,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Austro-Hungarian Empire: Francis Joseph I establishes it, ruling as Emperor of Austria over the west and north, the so-called Cisleitania, and as King of Hungary over Transleitania.",1867,1918]
[null,1870,null,null,null,1870,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Breach of the British Peace\n1870: Industrialization progressed rapidly in the German Empire and the United States, allowing these countries to overcome the British and French model of old\" capitalism.\nUnited Kingdom and the New Imperialism\nBetween 1870 and the beginning of the First World War, there was aggressive competition between the powers to obtain overseas territories and the appearance in the conquering countries of doctrines that justified racial superiority and that denied the ability of subjugated peoples to govern themselves. themselves.\nAfrica became the main target of the \"new\" imperialist expansion.\"",1870,1914,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Between July 1870 and May 10, 1871: Franco-Prussian War that ended with the complete victory of Prussia and its allies in the Battle of Sedan and Napoleon III a prisoner of war!!.",1870,1871,null,"Franco-Prussian War: It ended with the complete victory of Prussia and her allies and Napoleon III prisoner of war (!!), the creation of the Empire in Germany and in France the beginning of the Third French Republic.",1870,1871,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"With the end of the Boshin War, the Imperial Government gained control of all of Japan and no internal rival forces remained. With the war won, the privileges of the samurai class were abolished, so the nationalists, who had initially supported the figure of the emperor as well as the philosophy of sonnō jōi, felt betrayed.",1870]
[null,1872,null,null,null,1872,null,null,null,"The first transcontinental railroad in the United States, begun in 1862, is completed. In 1868 it joined the city of Omaha (Nebraska) with Sacramento, thus connecting the railroad network of the Eastern United States with California, on the Pacific coast. The Central Pacific built 1,110 kilometers of railroad, beginning in Sacramento while the Union Pacific built 1,749 km of track, from Omaha in Iowa to the West. In November 1869 the Central Pacific finally connected Sacramento to San Francisco Bay in Oakland, California, and the Union Pacific connected Omaha to Council Bluffs with the completion of the Union Pacific Missouri River Bridge in 1872.",1872,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The League of the Three Emperors was an alliance formed by the emperors of the German, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires, the three largest powers in eastern and central Europe at that time. This League sought to create a common front of opposition to the liberal forms of government prevailing in the countries of Western Europe, and was created after the unification of Germany by Prussia after the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. The interests Opposing Austrian and Russian rivals in the Balkans began to undermine the league in 1878, and Bismarck's departure from the Chancellery ended it.",1872,1891,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The League of the Three Emperors was an alliance formed by the emperors of the German, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Empires, the three largest powers in eastern and central Europe at that time. This League sought to create a common front of opposition to the liberal forms of government prevailing in the countries of Western Europe, and was created after the unification of Germany by Prussia after the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. The interests Opposing Austrian and Russian rivals in the Balkans began to undermine the league in 1878, and Bismarck's departure from the Chancellery ended it.",1872,1891]
[null,1878,null,null,null,1878,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jules Grevy",1879,1887,null,"The Treaty of San Stefano (March 3, 1878): recognition of a new Greater Bulgaria; The independence of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania was recognized. Modified by the Treaty of Berlin (1878) to limit Russian aspirations for a new Greater Bulgaria allied to them, which was finally divided between the Principality of Bulgaria and the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia.",1878,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Russia agreed to reach an agreement with the Ottomans that was reflected in the Treaty of San Stefano by which the Ottoman Empire recognized the independence of a great Bulgaria but which was modified by the powers at the Congress of Berlin by virtue of which the territories that had been granted to Greater Bulgaria were divided into three units, none of them independent of the Ottomans; The independence of Serbia, Romania and Montenegro was recognized, Austria-Hungary obtained dominion over Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Sanjacado of Novi Pazar, the United Kingdom obtained Cyprus and Russia obtained Bessarabia.",1878,null,null,null,"Russia agreed to reach an agreement with the Ottomans that was reflected in the Treaty of San Stefano by which the Ottoman Empire recognized the independence of a great Bulgaria but which was modified by the powers at the Congress of Berlin by virtue of which the territories that had been granted to Greater Bulgaria were divided into three units, none of them independent of the Ottomans; The independence of Serbia, Romania and Montenegro was recognized, Austria-Hungary obtained dominion over Bosnia-Herzegovina and the Sanjacado of Novi Pazar, the United Kingdom obtained Cyprus and Russia obtained Bessarabia.",1878]
[null,1881,null,null,null,1881,null,null,null,"Grover Cleveland, Democrat of New Jersey, President of the USA. Vice President: Thomas A. Hendricks(1885) and Vacancy",1885,1889,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The independent State of Romania is proclaimed the Kingdom of Romania.\r\nIt was a constitutional monarchy begun in 1881 under the First King Charles I, in the current territory of Romania, including neighboring Moldova until after the Second World War in 1947 when the People's Republic of Romania was established.",1881,1947,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alexander III, Emperor of Russia"," 1881"," 1894",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"A rebellion led by his war minister, Ahmed Orabi, took advantage of violent unrest in Alexandria to seize control of the government and temporarily depose Tewfik; The Franco-British response was to declare that the Khedive is the only guarantee of order and stability for Egypt.",1881]
[null,1885,null,null,null,1885,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alfonso XIII, (1886-1941), House of Borbón (second restoration)","1886\n1902","1902\n1923",null,null,null,null,null,"The autonomous Principality of Bulgaria annexes Eastern Rumelia.",1885,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"At the end of the 19th century, India, then a British colony, took the first steps towards independence with the appointment of native advisors to the Viceroy of India and the creation of provincial councils whose members were Indians.",1885,1890,null,"Itō Hirobumi, Prime Minister of Japan.",1885,1888]
[null,1889,201,"BRAZIL","The First Republic of Brazil (República Velha)\nThe First Republic, or República Velha (Old Republic), is the period from the promulgation of the Republic, in 1889, until the Brazilian Revolution of 1930.\nThe Portuguese Empire continues to administer its colonies facing deep movements of social discontent.\"",1889,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The First Republic of Brazil (República Velha)\r\nThe First Republic, or República Velha (Old Republic), is the period from the promulgation of the Republic, in 1889, until the Brazilian Revolution of 1930.\r\nThe Portuguese Empire continues to administer its colonies facing deep movements of social discontent.\"",1889,1930,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 or the Thirty Days War was initiated by the Greece of George I against the Ottoman Empire of Sultan Abdul Hamid II for the sovereignty of Crete; The war ended with victory for the Ottomans, which determined the strengthening of relations with the German Empire, the indirect architect of the modernization of the Army that allowed them to defeat the Greeks. The empire began to buy ammunition and order warships from Germany, to the detriment of France and the United Kingdom since the sultan considered that the German Empire was the only great power favorable to the Ottoman State.",1897,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 or the Thirty Days War was initiated by the Greece of George I against the Ottoman Empire of Sultan Abdul Hamid II for the sovereignty of Crete; The war ended with victory for the Ottomans, which determined the strengthening of relations with the German Empire, the indirect architect of the modernization of the Army that allowed them to defeat the Greeks. The empire began to buy ammunition and order warships from Germany, to the detriment of France and the United Kingdom since the sultan considered that the German Empire was the only great power favorable to the Ottoman State.",1897]
[null,1895,null,null,null,1895,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Felix Faure",1895,1899,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mozaffar al-Din, Shah Qajar of Persia.",1896,1907,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The conflict ended with the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which recognized the independence of Korea, which was no longer considered a tributary state, 200 million taels of compensation from China to Korea, the opening of the Yangtze River to the Japanese for trade, the right for Japanese investors to bring business to China, as well as the cession of Taiwan, the Pescadores Islands and the Liaodong Peninsula to Japan, although pressure from Russia, Germany and France forced Japan to return Port Arthur and the Liaodong Peninsula from Manchuria to China.",1895]
[null,1896,null,null,null,1896,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Matsukata Masayoshi, Prime Minister of Japan. - Second term",1896,1898]
[null,1901,null,null,null,1901,null,null,null,"Theodore Roosevelt, Republican of New York, President of the USA. Vice President: Vacant and Charles W. Fairbanks",1901,1909,null,"House of Windsor (Saxony-Coburg and Gotha)\r\nSince his father, Prince Albert, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, King Edward VII became the first British monarch of such lineage after the death in 1901 of his mother, Queen Victoria. .\r\nEdward VII, King of Great Britain",1901,1910,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Line 1 of the Paris Metro opens (July 19). Paris Olympic Games: The second Olympic games are held in this city.",1900,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy, House of Savoy.",1900,1946,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Katsura Tarō, Prime Minister of Japan. - (Retired General)",1901,1906,null,null,null,null,null,"The Ottoman Empire around 1900."]
[null,1907,null,null,null,1907,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Anglo-Russian Entente was a 1907 agreement, in which Great Britain and the Russian Empire appeased their colonial disputes over Persia, Afghanistan and Tibet. He outlined the spheres of influence in Persia, stipulating that no country should interfere in the internal affairs of Tibet and recognizing British control over Afghanistan. This agreement led to the formation of the Triple Entente.",1907,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Armand Fallières",1906,1913,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Anglo-Russian Entente was a 1907 agreement, in which Great Britain and the Russian Empire appeased their colonial disputes over Persia, Afghanistan and Tibet. He outlined the spheres of influence in Persia, stipulating that no country should interfere in the internal affairs of Tibet and recognizing British control over Afghanistan. This agreement led to the formation of the Triple Entente.",1907,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Muhammad Ali, Shah Qajar of Persia.",1907,1909]
[null,1910,null,null,null,1910,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea was a partially recognized government-in-exile, established in Shanghai, China, and later in Chongqing during the Japanese occupation of Korea.",1910,1948]
[null,1911,null,null,null,1911,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Saionji Kinmochi, Prime Minister of Japan. - Second term",1911,1912]
[null,1914,null,null,null,1914,null,null,null,"World War I: After remaining neutral due to its large immigrant colonies, both British and German, in April 1917 the United States declared war on the Central Powers. American soldiers brought the virus that caused the devastating 1918 flu pandemic to Europe; They stood out during the Spring Offensive and the Hundred Days Offensive and there were also American troops in the Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, who remained in Russian territory from September 1918 to July 1919. The United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles. nor did it become part of the League of Nations.",1914,1918,null,"The Triple Entente (or \"Triple Understanding\") is formed, a pact signed in 1914 bringing together militarily the Franco-Russian alliance of 1892, the Franco-British Entente Cordiale of 1904 and the Russian-British agreement of 1907.",1914,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Triple Entente (or \"Triple Understanding\") is formed, a pact signed in 1914 bringing together militarily the Franco-Russian alliance of 1892, the Franco-British Entente Cordiale of 1904 and the Russian-British agreement of 1907.",1914,null,null,"The Central Powers (or Central Empires) are formed, a military coalition formed by the German and Austro-Hungarian empires during the beginning of the First World War, to which the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria were later added.",1914,1915,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Triple Entente (or \"Triple Understanding\") is formed, a pact signed in 1914 bringing together militarily the Franco-Russian alliance of 1892, the Franco-British Entente Cordiale of 1904 and the Russian-British agreement of 1907.",1914,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"End of Ottoman rule over Egypt",1914,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Beiyang Government or Warlord Government or also First Republic of China, collectively includes a series of regimes that ruled from Beijing between 1912 and 1928 in the Zhongnanhai.",1912,1928]
[null,1915,null,"ENGLAND\r\n","At the beginning of the 20th century, the British Empire covered a fifth of the surface of the Earth's map (35,000,000 km²) and was home to a quarter of its population (about 450-500 million inhabitants). Its greatest extension was took place between 1884 and 1922, between the Berlin Conference and the division of Africa and the independence of Ireland. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",1915,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Diachronic map of all the territories that at some point were part of the British Empire.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Battle of Gallipoli or Battle of the Dardanelles was fought on the Turkish Gallipoli Peninsula during the First World War. Control of the Straits would allow France and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to revitalize the Russian Empire and enclose the central empires. The Russians urgently needed weapons to confront the central empires that bordered them: the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. It began in February 1915 and ended in January 1916 with a decisive Ottoman victory that prevented the link through the straits between the Western Allies and Russia.",1915,null,1916,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence was a series of letters exchanged between July 14, 1915 and January 30, 1916 between the Sherif of Mecca, Husayn ibn Ali, and the British High Commissioner in Cairo, Henry McMahon. The correspondence, made up of ten letters, was intended to prepare the Arab rebellion against the Ottoman Empire, within the framework of the operations of the First World War, in exchange for the allied recognition of an Arab State in the territories of present-day Iraq, Jordan , Syria, Lebanon and historic Palestine, plus the entire Arabian Peninsula, except for Aden, which since 1839 was under British rule that Husayn recognized. .",1915,1916,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Japan forced China to sign a treaty of thirteen demands, among which it was contemplated that China would not grant islands or coasts to third parties.",1915]
[null,1917,205,"ENGLAND Türkiye","The British, under the command of General Edmund Allenby, defeated the Turkish army and occupied Syria and Palestine; This territory was administered by the British until the war ended. The British military administration ended starvation with the help of Egypt, eradicated typhus and cholera, and improved the water supply to Jerusalem.",1917,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, commonly known as Soviet Russia, Bolshevik Russia or simply Russia, was the largest, most populous and economically developed constituent republic of the former Soviet Union. The first Soviet Constitution, which governed the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), was approved on July 10, 1918, at the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets and described the regime that assumed power in the October Revolution of 1917.",1917,1991,null,"The League of Nations began planning several mandates in the region: to the French, the Syrian mandate and the Lebanon mandate, and to the British, the Mesopotamia mandate (Iraq) and the Palestine mandate, which was later divided into two regions. autonomous: Palestine and Transjordan. On November 11, 1920, Iraq came under the British mandate granted by the League of Nations and the country was officially renamed the \"State of Iraq.\"",1917,null,null,"The League of Nations began planning several mandates in the region: to the French, the Syrian mandate and the Lebanon mandate, and to the British, the Mesopotamia mandate (Iraq) and the Palestine mandate, which was later divided into two regions. autonomous: Palestine and Transjordan. On November 11, 1920, Iraq came under the British mandate granted by the League of Nations and the country was officially renamed the \"State of Iraq.\"",1917,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The British, under the command of General Edmund Allenby, defeated the Turkish army and occupied Syria and Palestine; This territory was administered by the British until the war ended. The British military administration ended starvation with the help of Egypt, eradicated typhus and cholera, and improved the water supply to Jerusalem.",1917]
[null,1918,null,null,null,1918,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"March 3, 1918: Peace Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Bolshevik Russia withdrawing from the war and the Central Powers.",1918,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Peace of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918 in the Belarusian city of Brest-Litovsk between the German Empire, Bulgaria, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and Soviet Russia. In the treaty, Russia renounced Finland, Poland, Estonia, Livonia, Courland, Lithuania, Ukraine and Bessarabia, which from then on remained under the rule and economic exploitation of the Central Empires. Likewise, he handed over Ardahan, Kars and Batumi to the Ottoman Empire. With this treaty, Germany reinforced the Western Front with Eastern troops.",1918,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hara Takashi, Prime Minister of Japan.",1918,1921]
[null,1918,209,"Türkiye EUROPE","The Armistice of Mudros, Lemnos Island, was reached between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies at the end of the First World War for the partition of the Ottoman Empire. The suspension of hostilities ended the war in the Middle East and forced the Ottomans to abandon the entire Empire except Anatolia and order the surrender of all their garrisons in Hejaz, Yemen, Syria, Mesopotamia, Tripolitania, and Cyrenaica.",1918,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918-1929)\r\nFaced with the imminent defeat of the Central Empires in the war, on December 1, 1918, a delegation from Zagreb traveled to Belgrade and offered the head of state to the prince regent of Serbia, Alexander, who proclaimed the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, who united the former Serbian and Montenegrin monarchies with territories of the dissolved Austro-Hungarian Empire. It roughly comprised the area of the provinces of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia and most of the territories of Croatia and Slovenia.",1918,1947,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Armistice of Mudros, Lemnos Island, was reached between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies at the end of the First World War for the partition of the Ottoman Empire. The suspension of hostilities ended the war in the Middle East and forced the Ottomans to abandon the entire Empire except Anatolia and order the surrender of all their garrisons in Hejaz, Yemen, Syria, Mesopotamia, Tripolitania, and Cyrenaica.",1918,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Armistice of Mudros, Lemnos Island, was reached between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies at the end of the First World War for the partition of the Ottoman Empire. The suspension of hostilities ended the war in the Middle East and forced the Ottomans to abandon the entire Empire except Anatolia and order the surrender of all their garrisons in Hejaz, Yemen, Syria, Mesopotamia, Tripolitania, and Cyrenaica.",1918,null,null,"El Armisticio de Mudros, Isla de Lemnos, fue alcanzado entre el Imperio otomano y los Aliados a finales de la Primera Guerra Mundial para la partición del Imperio otomano. La suspensión de las hostilidades puso fin a la guerra en el Oriente Próximo y obligó a los otomanos a abandonar todo el Imperio salvo Anatolia y a ordenar la rendición de todas sus guarniciones en Hiyaz, Yemen, Siria, Mesopotamia, Tripolitania y Cirenaica. ",1918,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Armistice of Mudros, Lemnos Island, was reached between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies at the end of the First World War for the partition of the Ottoman Empire. The suspension of hostilities ended the war in the Middle East and forced the Ottomans to abandon the entire Empire except Anatolia and order the surrender of all their garrisons in Hejaz, Yemen, Syria, Mesopotamia, Tripolitania, and Cyrenaica.",1918]
[null,1919,null,null,null,1919,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"By the Treaty of Versailles (1919) the Central Powers (Germany and its allies) accept all moral and material responsibility for having caused the war and must disarm, make important territorial concessions to the victors and pay exorbitant economic compensation to the victorious States.",1919,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tratado de Versalles firmado entre los Aliados y su oponentes el Imperio alemán derrotado:\n- Ocupación aliada de Renania y las cabezas de puente al este.\n- Obligación de desarmarse.\n- Realizar importantes concesiones territoriales a los vencedores\n- Pagar exorbitantes indemnizaciones económicas a los Estados victoriosos.",1919,null,null,"Treaty of Versailles signed between the Allies and their opponents the defeated German Empire:\r\n- Allied occupation of the Rhineland and the bridgeheads to the east.\r\n- Obligation to disarm.\r\n- Make important territorial concessions to the winners\r\n- Pay exorbitant economic compensation to the victorious States.",1919]
[null,1920,null,null,null,1920,null,null,null,"The Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution comes into force, which prohibited the manufacture, sale or transportation of intoxicating liquors within the United States as well as their importation. Prohibition began, which failed to reduce alcohol consumption in the United States, flourishing a gigantic black market in the hands of gangsters like Al Capone or Lucky Luciano.",1920,null,null,"Government of Ireland Act 1920, was the second act made by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to provide autonomy to Ireland, (the only Home Rule to come into force). It is the act that partitioned Ireland and created Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, and which led to the later creation of the Republic of Ireland; It was eliminated by the Belfast Agreement in 1998.",1920,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Alexandre Millerand","1920-1924",null,null,"The Hungarian parliament annulled the Compromise of 1867 and restored the Hungarian monarchy with regent.\r\nThe Kingdom of Hungary is established with Miklós Horthy as regent of Hungary from March 1, 1920.",1920,1946,null,null,1920,1922,null,null,1922,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kemal signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviets that eliminated the Armenian threat and provided weapons and stability on the Turkish eastern border as well as the surrender of the provinces of Kars and Ardahan, which the Russians had taken from the Ottomans in 1878; Armenia was divided into Eastern Armenia, which became one of the Republics of the USSR, and Western Armenia, which passed to Turkey (Peace of Gümrü). Following the collapse of the new independent Armenian state, the Red Army invaded and incorporated the Democratic Republic of Armenia into the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.",1920,null,1921,null,null,null,null,null,"With the British Mandate of Mesopotamia, the League of Nations entrusted the United Kingdom with the administration of Mesopotamia within the partition of the Ottoman Empire. The Iraqi nationalists began an uprising against the British occupation, which led to the permanence of 65,000 British soldiers, who named Faysal ibn Husayn, a member of a Sunni family that collaborated with them during the war, King; The nationalists continued to push for more independence until they obtained it in 1932.",1920,1932,null,"Con el Mandato británico de Mesopotamia la Sociedad de Naciones confió al Reino Unido la administración de Mesopotamia dentro de la partición del Imperio otomano. Los nacionalistas iraquíes iniciaron un levantamiento contra la ocupación británica, que motivó la permanencia de 65.000 soldados británicos, quienes nombran Rey a Faysal ibn Husayn, miembro de una familia sunita que colaboró con ellos durante la guerra; los nacionalistas siguieron presionando por obtener más independencia hasta obtenerla en 1932.",1920,1932,null,null,null,null,null,"In 1920, the League of Nations established the French Mandate of Syria under which the French controlled the northern part of Syria, excluding Palestine, as well as Lebanon, Alexandria, and other parts of southeastern Turkey. The French mandate of Syria lasted until 1943, when two countries emerged, modern-day Syria and Lebanon and also the Hatay Province, which Turkey had joined in 1939. French troops withdrew from Syria in 1946.",1920,1946,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The political situation in Japan began to change and although the political parties continued to be led by the elite, politicians were forced to work in coordination with the court, the bureaucracy and the military; Due to a more democratic consciousness, the masses began to group together and the students became politically active and consequently, the parties played a leading role in national politics.",1920,1932]
[null,1920,null,null,null,1920,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"On September 1, 1920, General Gouraud proclaimed the establishment of the State of Greater Lebanon with its current borders and with Beirut as its capital, which would form a federation with the rest of the States created by France, these being: Damascus, Aleppo , Alawite State and Jabal al-Druze.",1920]
[null,1923,null,null,null,1923,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yamamoto Gonbee, Prime Minister of Japan. - Second term - (Retired Admiral)",1923,1924]
[null,1926,null,null,null,1926,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Shōwa, Hirohito, (1901 - 1989) - Modern era (Kindai/Gendai). Last Emperor with political power.",1926,1989]
[null,1930,null,null,null,1930,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Brazilian revolution of 1930\r\nA military coup that deposed the constitutional president Washington Luis and formed a Provisional Military Junta, which passed power to Getúlio Dorneles Vargas, on November 3, 1930, thus closing the Old Republic.\r\nMilitary Junta (October 1930-November 1930): Augusto Fragoso, Isaías de Noronha, Mena Barreto",1930,1930]
[null,1930,null,null,null,1930,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"With the Statute of Westminster the British Empire began its transformation into what would become the Commonwealth; An act of Parliament in 1931 established legislative equality between the United Kingdom and the self-governing dominions of Newfoundland (1855), Canada (1867), Australia (1901), New Zealand (1907) and the Union of South Africa (1910). ) that marked the independence of said countries, immediately or after its ratification. In matters of defense, the dominions were an integral part of the military and naval structure of a single Empire but when war loomed in Europe, in 1909 it had been decided that the dominions would have their own navies.",1931,null,null,"Getúlio Vargas, President of Brazil in the Provisional Government.",1930,1934,null,"First Provisional Government chaired by Niceto Alcalá Zamora of the Liberal Republican Right: 04-14-1931 to 10-14-1939.",1931,1939,null,"Paul Doumer",1931,1932,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Syrian Republic was formed within the French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon, succeeding the Syrian Federation (1922-24) and the State of Syria (1924-1930).",1930,1958]
[null,1933,null,null,null,1933,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fourth Government - Reformist Manuel Azaña Díaz: 06-12-1933 to 09-12-1933",1933,1933,null,null,null,null,null,"Nazi Germany (1933-1945)\r\n- Hitler assumes the chancellorship, January 30, 1933\r\n- Reichstag Fire Decree, February 28, 1933\r\n- Enabling Law on the Dissolution of the Democracy of the Weimar Republic and its Constitution, March 23, 1933  ",1933,1938]
[null,1937,null,null,null,1937,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Republic of Ireland (1937-Present)\r\nIn 1937, a new constitution and the name of Ireland were adopted, an independent State based on a system of representative democracy, one of the twenty-seven sovereign states that make up the European Union; In 1949 the remaining duties of the King of Ireland were removed and the country declared itself the Republic of Ireland.",1937,"Actual",null,"Getúlio Vargas, President of Brazil in the Estado Novo.",1937,1945,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"• April 26, 1937: Bombing of Guernica by the German Condor Legion and the Italian Legionary Aviation.\r\n• July 7, 1937 to September 9, 1945: Second Sino-Japanese War, military conflict between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan.",1937,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Prince Muhammad Ali Tewfik (Chairman of the Regency Council during Farouk's minority: 1936-1937)",1936,1937,null,"The Congress Party and the government engaged in different conflicts and negotiations until the Government of India Act was achieved in 1935.",1935,null,null,"Second Sino-Japanese War.\r\nArguing that the only large area from which they could obtain the raw materials necessary for the development of their economy without depending on imports was China, in 1931 Japan decided to invade and occupy Manchuria, and then invade China in 1937 already within the framework of World War II. China fought with the economic support of the Soviet Union and the United States against Japan whose economic support came from Nazi Germany.\"",1937,null,null,"Second Sino-Japanese War.\r\nArguing that the only large area from which they could obtain the raw materials necessary for the development of their economy without depending on imports was China, in 1931 Japan decided to invade and occupy Manchuria, and then invade China in 1937 already within the framework of World War II. China fought with the economic support of the Soviet Union and the United States against Japan whose economic support came from Nazi Germany.\"",1937]
[null,1940,{"$error":"#REF!"},null,null,1940,{"$f":"+#REF!","v":{"$error":"#REF!"}},{"$f":"+K2336","v":1940},0,null,1940,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Coup d'état in Spain of July 1936 - Failed",1936,null,null,"Armistice of June 22, 1940: the new French government, now chaired by Pétain, accepted the German occupation of France, which was divided into two large zones, the occupied zone, under German control, and the so-called free zone, under the authority of Vichy France.",1940,null,null,"\"• May 10, 1940: The Battle of France begins. Germany invades Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. The United Kingdom invades Iceland and Winston Churchill is named Prime Minister.\n• May 26, 1940: The Germans take Calais. The evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force begins in Dunkirk.\n• June 14, 1940: The Germans enter Paris. The government settles in Bordeaux.\"",1940,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"At the outbreak of the Second World War, Iraq assumes the position of non-belligerent but all this changes in 1940; With the initial defeat of France in Europe, the Arab countries view the German victories favorably, interpreting them as a sign of weakness of the imperialist powers: the United Kingdom and France, and begin negotiations with German agents, whose objective will be the elimination of British influence in Iraq definitively.",1940,null,null,"At the outbreak of the Second World War, Iraq assumes the position of non-belligerent but all this changes in 1940; With the initial defeat of France in Europe, the Arab countries view the German victories favorably, interpreting them as a sign of weakness of the imperialist powers: the United Kingdom and France, and begin negotiations with German agents, whose objective will be the elimination of British influence in Iraq definitively.",1940,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Prince Konoye was appointed prime minister, who formed a nationalist cabinet in favor of expansion in the area by force, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Yōsuke Matsuoka, signed the Tripartite Pact together with Germany and Italy, which aligned Japan with the Axis powers.",1940]
[null,1940,null,null,null,1940,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In the Spanish Civil War, the position and action (especially diplomatic), at a regional and international level, of Portugal with Salazar on the Spanish conflict would contribute significantly to Franco's victory in Spain.",1936,1939,null,"Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939\r\nRepublican side - Defeated - The Government, formed by the Popular Front in coalition with republican parties - Republican Left and Republican Union - with the Spanish Socialist Workers Party, which had been joined by the Marxist-Leninists of the Communist Party of Spain and the POUM , the Syndicalist Party and in Catalonia the left-wing nationalists.\r\nRebellious side - Winner: High military command politically supported by the fascist Spanish Falange, the Carlists, the Alfonsino monarchists of Spanish Renewal.",1936,1939,null,"Vichy France, political regime and puppet state established by Marshal Philippe Pétain in part of the French territory and in all of its colonies, after the signing of the armistice with Nazi Germany within the framework of the Second World War.",1940,1944,null,"\"• June 22, 1940: Signing of the armistice between France and Germany, this occurred in the same carriage in which the armistice was signed in the First World War. With this the occupation of France begins. Pierre Laval, of fascist ideology, enters to form part of the French government.\n• July 10, 1940: The Vichy Assembly grants full powers to Pétain; collaborationist Vichy France is born.\n• July 24, 1940: The first German attempt to invade the United Kingdom with planes and torpedo boats is thwarted.\"",1940,null,null,"Despite the fascist tendencies of the Greek regime and strong economic ties with Germany, King George had pro-British sentiments at the start of World War II. On October 28, 1940, he refused to allow Musolini's Italian troops to be stationed in Greece; Italy responded by invading its territory and when the German army launched an offensive from Bulgaria the Greek army and the British Expeditionary Force were defeated and the entire mainland of Greece was occupied.",1940,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mitsumasa Yonai, Prime Minister of Japan. - (Admiral on active duty) (1940)\r\nFumimaro Konoe, Prime Minister of Japan. - Second term",1940,1941]
[null,1941,null,null,null,1941,null,null,null,"The Manhattan Project was a research and development project carried out during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons, led by the United States with support from the United Kingdom and Canada. The first nuclear device detonated was an implosion bomb in the Trinity test, conducted at the Alamogordo Bombing and Shooting Range on July 16, 1945.",1942,1946,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"\"• August 21, 1942 - February 2, 1943: Battle of Stalingrad, current Volgograd; the first German Generalfeldmarschall in history, Friedrich Paulus, ends up being captured.\n• September 8, 1941 - January 27, 1944: Siege of Leningrad (St. Petersburg).\n• December 1, 1942: Soviet offensive between the Don and the Volga.\nDecember 15, 1942: Russians surround German troops at Stalingrad.\"",1941,1942,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The \"Quit India\" movement was started by Mahatma Gandhi on August 8, 1942. The British responded by imprisoning Gandhi and the Congress Party Committee.",null,null,null,"Kuniaki Koiso, Prime Minister of Japan. - General on active duty",1944,1945]
[null,1944,null,"ENGLAND UNITED STATES","Bretton Woods Agreements\nIn a conference that was attended by 44 nations and with the Atlantic Charter of 1941 as its main precedent, the rules for commercial and financial relations between the most industrialized countries in the world were established, trying to put an end to the protectionism of the period 1914- 1945, for which there had to be a free trade policy, where relations with the outside world would be established; A gold standard was adopted, in which the United States was to maintain the price of gold at $35.00 per ounce and was granted the power to exchange dollars for gold at that price without restrictions or limitations. In the agreements, the creation of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund was also decided, using the US dollar as the international reference currency. Both organizations began operating in 1946.",1944,null,null,null,"Bretton Woods Agreements\nIn a conference that was attended by 44 nations and with the Atlantic Charter of 1941 as its main precedent, the rules for commercial and financial relations between the most industrialized countries in the world were established, trying to put an end to the protectionism of the period 1914- 1945, for which there had to be a free trade policy, where relations with the outside world would be established; A gold standard was adopted, in which the United States was to maintain the price of gold at $35.00 per ounce and was granted the power to exchange dollars for gold at that price without restrictions or limitations. In the agreements, the creation of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund was also decided, using the US dollar as the international reference currency. Both organizations began operating in 1946.",1944,null,null,"Bretton Woods Agreements\nIn a conference that was attended by 44 nations and with the Atlantic Charter of 1941 as its main precedent, the rules for commercial and financial relations between the most industrialized countries in the world were established, trying to put an end to the protectionism of the period 1914- 1945, for which there had to be a free trade policy, where relations with the outside world would be established; A gold standard was adopted, in which the United States was to maintain the price of gold at $35.00 per ounce and was granted the power to exchange dollars for gold at that price without restrictions or limitations. In the agreements, the creation of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund was also decided, using the US dollar as the international reference currency. Both organizations began operating in 1946.",1944,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Charles de Gaulle",1944,1946,null,"• March 19, 1944: While fighting the Soviet Union, Hungary held secret peace negotiations with the United States and the United Kingdom, so it was occupied by the Nazis without resistance.\r\n• Between autumn 1944 and February 13, 1945: Battle of Budapest resulting in the capture of Budapest by the Red Army and the Soviet Occupation of Hungary (1946-1991)",1944,1945]
[null,1945,219,"ENGLAND UNITED STATES","Britain and its empire emerged victorious from World War II, but much of Europe, a continent that had dominated the world for several centuries, lay in ruins and was home to the armies of the United States and the Soviet Union, which now They maintained the balance of global power.\r\nThis period coincided with the emergence of the United States as a global financial force after World War II; The New York Stock Exchange surpassed the London Stock Exchange and New York was briefly the financial center of the world.",1945,null,null,null,"Britain and its empire emerged victorious from World War II, but much of Europe, a continent that had dominated the world for several centuries, lay in ruins and was home to the armies of the United States and the Soviet Union, which now They maintained the balance of global power.\r\nThis period coincided with the emergence of the United States as a global financial force after World War II; The New York Stock Exchange surpassed the London Stock Exchange and New York was briefly the financial center of the world.",1945,null,null,"Britain and its empire emerged victorious from World War II, but much of Europe, a continent that had dominated the world for several centuries, lay in ruins and was home to the armies of the United States and the Soviet Union, which now They maintained the balance of global power.\r\nThis period coincided with the emergence of the United States as a global financial force after World War II; The New York Stock Exchange surpassed the London Stock Exchange and New York was briefly the financial center of the world.",1945,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"• September 2, 1945: The Japanese sign the surrender aboard the battleship Missouri and thus begins the Occupation of Germany, Italy and Japan and the end of the empires. This signing officially ends World War II.\r\n• End of the alliance between Chinese nationalists and communists against Japan and resumption of the civil war.\r\n• The United Nations Organization (UN) came into force on October 24, 1945 signed by 51 countries to replace the League of Nations that was dissolved on April 18, 1946.",1945,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Operation August Storm or the Battle of Manchuria began on August 8, 1945, with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo; the largest invasion encompassed neighboring Mengjiang, as well as northern Korea, southern Sakhalin Island, and the Kuril Islands. This invasion was a product of the Yalta conference, where Stalin had accepted the Allies' requests to break the Neutrality Pact with Japan and enter the Pacific Theater of World War II within three months after the end of the war in Europe.",1945,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Operation August Storm or the Battle of Manchuria began on August 8, 1945, with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo; the largest invasion encompassed neighboring Mengjiang, as well as northern Korea, southern Sakhalin Island, and the Kuril Islands. This invasion was a product of the Yalta conference, where Stalin had accepted the Allies' requests to break the Neutrality Pact with Japan and enter the Pacific Theater of World War II within three months after the end of the war in Europe.",1945,null,null,"Operation August Storm or the Battle of Manchuria began on August 8, 1945, with the Soviet invasion of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo; the largest invasion encompassed neighboring Mengjiang, as well as northern Korea, southern Sakhalin Island, and the Kuril Islands. This invasion was a product of the Yalta conference, where Stalin had accepted the Allies' requests to break the Neutrality Pact with Japan and enter the Pacific Theater of World War II within three months after the end of the war in Europe.",1945]
[null,1945,null,null,null,1945,null,null,null,"• September 2, 1945: The Japanese sign the surrender aboard the battleship Missouri and thus begins the Occupation of Germany, Italy and Japan and the end of the empires. This signing officially ends World War II.\r\n• End of the alliance between Chinese nationalists and communists against Japan and resumption of the civil war.\r\n• The United Nations Organization (UN), formed by 51 countries to replace the League of Nations that would be dissolved on April 18, 1946, came into force on October 24, 1945 after being ratified by the five permanent members. of the Security Council, the United States, the French Republic, the United Kingdom, the Republic of China and the Soviet Union.",1945,1950,null,null,null,null,null,"José Linhares, President of Brazil"," 1945",1946,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"• People's Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945-1963) since November 29, 1945, which changed its form and name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1963-1992), a socialist state composed of the federation of the republics of:\r\n- Socialist Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina (1943-1992)\r\n- Socialist Republic of Croatia (1943-1991)\r\n- Socialist Republic of Slovenia (1944-1992)\r\n- Socialist Republic of Macedonia (1944-1991)\r\n- Socialist Republic of Montenegro (1943-1992)\r\n- Socialist Republic of Serbia (1943-1992)",1945,1992,null,null,null,null,null,"Humbert II, King of Italy, House of Savoy.",1946,1946,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Bhutan and Nepal, previously considered principality states, later signed treaties with the British, which designated them as independent states before the 1947 partition.",1946,null,null,"• September 2, 1945: The Japanese sign the surrender aboard the battleship Missouri and thus begins the Occupation of Germany, Italy and Japan and the end of the empires. This signing officially ends World War II.\r\n• End of the alliance between Chinese nationalists and communists against Japan and resumption of the civil war.\r\n• The United Nations Organization (UN), formed by 51 countries to replace the League of Nations that would be dissolved on April 18, 1946, came into force on October 24, 1945 after being ratified by the five permanent members. of the Security Council, the United States, the French Republic, the United Kingdom, the Republic of China and the Soviet Union.",1945,null,null,"• September 2, 1945: The Japanese sign the surrender aboard the battleship Missouri and thus begins the Occupation of Germany, Italy and Japan and the end of the empires. This signing officially ends World War II.\r\n• End of the alliance between Chinese nationalists and communists against Japan and resumption of the civil war.\r\n• The United Nations Organization (UN), formed by 51 countries to replace the League of Nations that would be dissolved on April 18, 1946, came into force on October 24, 1945 after being ratified by the five permanent members. of the Security Council, the United States, the French Republic, the United Kingdom, the Republic of China and the Soviet Union.",1945]
[null,1947,null,null,null,1947,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tetsu Katayama, Prime Minister of Japan.",1947,1948]
[null,1948,null,null,null,1948,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"  Vincent Auriol",1947,1954,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The First Republic of South Korea was the first independent government of South Korea, succeeding the previous US military government, which ruled from 1945 to 1948.\r\nRhee Syng-man, President of the First Republic of South Korea, (1948-1960).",1948,1960]
[null,1949,null,null,null,1949,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"German Democratic Republic (1949-1990)\r\n• Form of government:\r\n- One-party federal Marxist-Leninist socialist republic, (1949-1952).\r\n- One-party Marxist-Leninist unitary socialist republic, (1952-1989)\r\n- Unitary parliamentary republic, (1989-1990)\r\n- Heads of State:\r\nWilhelm Pieck, 1949-1960\r\nWalter Ulbricht, 1960-1973\r\nWilli Stoph, 1973-1976\r\nErich Honecker, 1976-1989\r\nEgon Krenz, 1989\r\nManfred Gerlach, 1989-1990\r\nSabine Bergmann-Pohl, 1990",1949,1990,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"People's Republic of China (1949-Present)\r\nThe era of Mao Zedong begins (1949-1976)\r\n• The coming to power of the communists put an end to decades of wars and conflicts.\r\n• Agrarian reform, which involved the redistribution of land confiscated from the largest landowners.\r\n• The reestablishment of Chinese territorial integrity: Hainan Island was occupied by the People's Liberation Army in April 1950, while Tibet, de facto independent since the fall of the Qing dynasty, was occupied in October 1950.\r\n• The recognition of the independence of Mongolia.\r\n• The Communist Party promotes a literacy policy (only 20% of the population could read in 1949, compared to 80% thirty years later).",1949,"Actual"]
[null,1949,null,null,null,1949,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Federal Republic of Germany (1949-1990)\r\n• Social and democratic state of law, its form of government is the parliamentary and federal republic. Its capital is Berlin. It is made up of sixteen federated states."]
[null,1951,null,null,null,1951,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Arab Socialist Baath Party is a regional party of Arab Baathist ideology founded in 1951 by Fuad al-Rikabi. Between 1951 and 1966 he was part of the original Baath Party, changing his allegiance to the Iraqi-dominated Baath movement after the internal split of 1966; The party ruled Iraq between 1968 and 2003, first under Ahmed Hasan al-Bakr and from 1979 under Saddam Hussein, until the invasion of the country in which his government was overthrown and the party banned.",1951,2003,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Faruq's government became quite erratic due to the weak conduct of the king, very unconcerned with the public administration of Egypt; dedicated only to leading a life of pleasure and luxury, he had been gaining enemies throughout his reign, the Islamists, the nationalists, the British and public opinion in general; When he got divorced he only needed to antagonize the person he could carry out a coup d'état, the army."]
[null,1955,null,null,null,1955,null,null,null,"The Warsaw Pact was a military cooperation agreement signed on May 14, 1955 by the countries of the Eastern Bloc, designed under the leadership of the Soviet Union (USSR), with the express objective of countering the threat of NATO and in especially the rearmament of the Federal Republic of Germany, which the founding treaty of the European Defense Community allowed to reorganize its armed forces. The Pact was dissolved on July 1, 1991, after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the Revolutions of 1989. The members were USSR, Albania, German Democratic Republic, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and Romania.",1955,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"  Rene Coty",1954,1959,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The CENTO (Central Treaty Organization), also known as the “Baghdad Pact”, was a Cold War military alliance signed in 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and the United Kingdom. The objective for creating the pact was similar to that of NATO: to curb Soviet influence—this time in and around the Middle East. In 1958 the United States joined the Pact but in 1959 Iraq withdrew from it and since the organization had little effectiveness in acting, it expired in 1979 with the Iranian Revolution.",1955,1979,null,"The CENTO (Central Treaty Organization), also known as the “Baghdad Pact”, was a Cold War military alliance signed in 1955 by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and the United Kingdom. The objective for creating the pact was similar to that of NATO: to curb Soviet influence—this time in and around the Middle East. In 1958 the United States joined the Pact but in 1959 Iraq withdrew from it and since the organization had little effectiveness in acting, it expired in 1979 with the Iranian Revolution.",1955,1979,null,"The Iranian coup d'état of 1953 was the overthrow of the democratically elected prime minister, Mohammad Mosaddegh, in favor of the strengthened monarchical government of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi on August 19, 1953, orchestrated by the United States and the United Kingdom. It was the first covert action by the United States to overthrow a foreign government in peacetime.",1953,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ichirō Hatoyama, Prime Minister of Japan.",1954,1955]
[null,1955,null,null,null,1955,null,null,null,"The Civil Rights Movement in the United States was a long, and primarily nonviolent, struggle to end discrimination against African Americans and end racial segregation, especially in the southern United States, seeking to extend full access to human rights. civil rights and equality before the law especially for African-American citizens and other groups in the United States. The circumstances surrounding the execrable murder of Emmett Till in Mississippi, which shocked and scandalized both the white population of the North and the black population, along with the arrest, prosecution and sentencing of Rosa Parks that led to the Montgomery bus boycott and the subsequent abolition of the local segregation law between African Americans and whites, are frequently cited as the sparks of the Civil Rights Movement.",1955,1969,null,"SEARCHING AFTER THE REPLACEMENT OF THE EMPIRE\nFinally, the bankers resorted to using two small banks established in the City, the Midland Bank, which wanted to grow but was not allowed by regulations, and the Moscow Narodny, which was owned by the Soviet Union and whose vault was full of dollars fleeing from a Possible seizure if they were stolen in the USA. The Midland then did not need to buy the dollars but could simply borrow them from the Narodny, avoiding British restrictions on the purchase of foreign currency and with those dollars, it could buy pounds sterling, and lend with returns to finance trade. In essence, the Narodny bank would make money by circumventing the US restrictions and the Midland bank would make money by circumventing the British restrictions!!",1955,null,null,"Juscelino Kubitschek, President of Brazil",1956,1961,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"July 27, 1955: The Austrian State Treaty comes into force, reestablishing Austria as the Second Austrian Republic, a sovereign state, the same year it joined the United Nations and has been part of the European Union since 1995.",1955,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nikita Khrushchev, (1894–1971), Leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).\r\nFirst Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Chairman of the Council of Ministers from March 27, 1958 to October 14, 1964. While on vacation in Abkhazia, Khrushchev was called by Leonid Brezhnev who requested his I returned to Moscow for a special meeting of the Presidium, to be held on October 13, 1964. On October 14, Khrushchev's retirement was announced.\"",1955,1964,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gamal Abdel Nasser, President of Egypt.",1954,1970,null,null,null,null,null,"Ichirō Hatoyama, Prime Minister of Japan. - Second term (1955)\r\nIchirō Hatoyama, Prime Minister of Japan. - Third term",1955,1956]
[null,{"$f":"+F2382","v":1957},226,"AFRICA ENGLAND","The end of the British Empire in Africa came with exceptional rapidity, often leaving the new states in a poor position to address the challenges posed by sovereignty: The independence of Ghana in (1957) after ten years of political struggle, was followed by that of Nigeria (1960), Sierra Leone and Tanganyika (1961), Uganda (1962), Kenya and Zanzibar (1963), Gambia (1965), Botswana (formerly Bechuanaland) and Lesotho (formerly Basutoland) (1966), Mauritius (1966). 1968), Swaziland (1968) and Seychelles (1976).",1957,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The end of the British Empire in Africa came with exceptional rapidity, often leaving the new states in a poor position to address the challenges posed by sovereignty: The independence of Ghana in (1957) after ten years of political struggle, was followed by that of Nigeria (1960), Sierra Leone and Tanganyika (1961), Uganda (1962), Kenya and Zanzibar (1963), Gambia (1965), Botswana (formerly Bechuanaland) and Lesotho (formerly Basutoland) (1966), Mauritius (1966). 1968), Swaziland (1968) and Seychelles (1976).",1957,1976,null,"Jânio Quadros, President of Brazil\r\nRanieri Mazzilli, President (interim) of Brazil",1961,1961,null,null,null,null,null,"The European Economic Community (EEC) as an economic union is created by the Treaty of Rome.\r\nAfter a new plebiscite, France returns the Saar to West Germany.",1957,null,null,"The European Economic Community (EEC) as an economic union is created by the Treaty of Rome.\r\nAfter a new plebiscite, France returns the Saar to West Germany.",1957,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Space exploration: Sputnik 1 was launched on October 4, 1957 by the Soviet Union and was the first artificial satellite in history. Sputnik 2 was the second spacecraft placed in orbit around the Earth, on November 3, 1957, transporting biological material, a dog known worldwide as Laika, the first terrestrial living being to orbit the Earth. In 1961, Vostok 1 was the first space rocket and the first manned space mission of the Soviet space program in which the cosmonaut was Yuri Gagarin, he was the first man in space. In 1963, aboard Vostok 6 was Valentina Tereshkova, the first female crew member of a vehicle in outer space. In 1965, Aleksei Leonov was the first person to walk in space.",1957,1965,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nobusuke Kishi, Prime Minister of Japan.",1957,1958]
[null,1960,null,"AFRICA","CLOSER TO THE END OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE\nThrough a referendum in 1960, the white population of the Union of South Africa voted against union with the United Kingdom and became independent from the United Kingdom, but remained a member of the Commonwealth. It finally withdrew from the Commonwealth on 31 May 1961, the date on which the Republic of South Africa was declared.",1960,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"CLOSER TO THE END OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE\nThrough a referendum in 1960, the white population of the Union of South Africa voted against union with the United Kingdom and became independent from the United Kingdom, but remained a member of the Commonwealth. It finally withdrew from the Commonwealth on 31 May 1961, the date on which the Republic of South Africa was declared.",1960,1961,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Cemal Gürsel, President of Türkiye.",1960,null,1966]
[null,1963,null,null,null,1963,null,null,null,"Lyndon B. Johnson, Democrat of Texas, President of the USA, Vice President: Vacancy and Hubert Humphrey",1963,1969,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ludwig Erhard, German Chancellor","1963-1966",null,null,null,null,null,null,"Cesare Merzagora, President of Italy - Christian Democrat",1964,1964,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Abdul Salam Arif, President of Iraq.",1963,1966,null,"Abdul Salam Arif, President of Iraq.",1963,1966,null,null,null,null,null,"The 1963 coup d'état in Syria, called the March 8 Revolution by the Syrian Government, marked the seizure of power in the country by the military committee of the Syrian regional grouping of the Arab Socialist Baath Party.",1963,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hayato Ikeda, Prime Minister of Japan. - Third term",1963,1964]
[null,1967,null,null,null,1967,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Artur da Costa e Silva, President of Brazil"," 1967"," 1969​",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In early 1967, a military coup d'état deposed the existing government and established a governmental military junta. The oath of allegiance that Constantine, as king and head of state, took to the military junta earned him strong popular resentment. In December That year the king failed in his attempt to overthrow the junta with a military countercoup and he and his family went into exile.\r\nGeneral Georgios Zoitakis, military dictator.",1967,1972,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Six-Day War was a military conflict that pitted Israel against an Arab coalition formed by the United Arab Republic, the official name of Egypt and Syria, Jordan and Iraq between June 5 and 10, 1967. It ended with the Israeli victory that occupies the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, the West Bank (including East Jerusalem), Jordan, and the Golan Heights, Syria.",1967,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Six-Day War was a military conflict that pitted Israel against an Arab coalition formed by the United Arab Republic, the official name of Egypt and Syria, Jordan and Iraq between June 5 and 10, 1967. It ended with the Israeli victory that occupies the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, the West Bank (including East Jerusalem), Jordan, and the Golan Heights, Syria.",1967,null,null,"The Six-Day War was a military conflict that pitted Israel against an Arab coalition formed by the United Arab Republic, the official name of Egypt and Syria, Jordan and Iraq between June 5 and 10, 1967. It ended with the Israeli victory that occupies the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, the West Bank (including East Jerusalem), Jordan, and the Golan Heights, Syria.",1967,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Eisaku Satō, Prime Minister of Japan. - Second term",1967,1970]
[null,1968,230,"ENGLAND","Northern Ireland conflict: interethnic armed conflict between the unionists of Northern Ireland (of Protestant religion, majority in the region), supporters of preserving ties with the United Kingdom, and the Irish republicans, mostly Catholic and demographically a minority , supporters of independence or the integration of the province into the Republic of Ireland, a country of Catholic religion.\r\nGood Friday Agreement also called the Belfast Agreement, to end the Northern Ireland Conflict; was approved by the people of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland by referendum in each place.\"",1968,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Northern Ireland conflict: interethnic armed conflict between the unionists of Northern Ireland (of Protestant religion, majority in the region), supporters of preserving ties with the United Kingdom, and the Irish republicans, mostly Catholic and demographically a minority , supporters of independence or the integration of the province into the Republic of Ireland, a country of Catholic religion.\r\nGood Friday Agreement also called the Belfast Agreement, to end the Northern Ireland Conflict; was approved by the people of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland by referendum in each place.\"",1968,1998,null,"Marcelo Caetano: Dictator who served as Prime Minister of Portugal between 1968 and 1974.",1968,1974,null,null,null,null,null,"May 1968 in France: the largest student revolt and the largest general strike in the history of France, and possibly Western Europe, supported by more than nine million workers. It ended when de Gaulle announced early elections that took place on June 23 and 30.",1968,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ahmed Hasan al Bakr, President of Iraq.",1968,1979,null,"Ahmed Hasan al Bakr, President of Iraq.",1968,1979]
[null,1972,null,null,null,1972,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Park Chung-hee, President of the Fourth Republic of South Korea.",1972,1979]
[null,1972,null,null,null,1972,null,null,null,"The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal following a theft of documents from the Watergate office complex in Washington, D.C., headquarters of the National Committee of the Democratic Party of the United States, and the subsequent attempt by the Nixon administration to cover up those responsible. The FBI found a connection to the Committee to Reelect the President (CRP), and subsequent investigations revealed that Nixon was directly involved in the cover-up. Nixon resigned from the presidency on August 9, 1974.",1972,null,null,"The United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community on January 1, 1973, ratified in a referendum in 1975.",1973,1975,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"As a consequence of the Basic Treaty, both German nations were also admitted to the United Nations on September 18, 1973.",1973,null,null,"Georgios Papadópoulos, military dictator. Self-proclaimed president in 1973, he was deposed in a coup led by Brigadier Dimitrios Ioannides.",1972,1973,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fahri Korutürk, President of Türkiye.",1973,null,1980,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kakuei Tanaka, Prime Minister of Japan. (1972)\r\nKakuei Tanaka, Prime Minister of Japan. - Second term",1972,1974]
[null,1973,null,null,null,1973,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Phaedon Gizikis, was the transitional President after the fall of the Georgios Papadópoulos regime.",1973,1974,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Yom Kippur War was a military conflict between the coalition of Arab countries led by Egypt and Syria against Israel. All military combat actions during the war took place in Arab territory, especially in the Sinai and the Golan Heights, territories that Egypt and Syria wanted to recover. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat also wanted to reopen the Suez Canal. This war led to the subsequent Camp David accords and the subsequent peace treaty between Egypt and Israel.",1973,null,null,"The Yom Kippur War was a military conflict between the coalition of Arab countries led by Egypt and Syria against Israel. All military combat actions during the war took place in Arab territory, especially in the Sinai and the Golan Heights, territories that Egypt and Syria wanted to recover. Egyptian President Anwar Sadat also wanted to reopen the Suez Canal. This war led to the subsequent Camp David accords and the subsequent peace treaty between Egypt and Israel.",1973]
[null,1974,null,null,null,1974,null,null,null,"Gerald Ford, Republican of Nebraska, President of the USA. Vice President: Vacant and Nelson Rockefeller (1974 - 1977)",1974,1977,null,null,null,null,null,"Ernesto Geise, President of Brasill",1974,1979,null,null,null,null,null,"Valéry Giscard d'Estaing",1974,1981,null,"Helmut Schmidt, German Chancellor",1974,1982,null,"Third Hellenic Republic.\r\nThe Greek military government deposed Constantine II as king; After the restoration of the civil democratic government in 1974, in a national referendum the option of the republic obtained about 70% of the votes, which meant the end of the monarchy in Greece.\r\nMichail Stasinopulos, President of the Hellenic Republic. (Interim) (1974-1975)",1974,"Actual",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Government detonated the first Indian atomic bomb, called the \"Smiling Buddha\", in a 110-meter-deep well, located at the Indian nuclear test site, about 25 km northwest of the city of Pokhrán (19 000 inhabitants), in the Thar Desert.",1974,null,null,"Takeo Miki, Prime Minister of Japan.",1974,1976]
[null,1974,null,null,null,1974,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Carnation Revolution in Portugal\r\nMilitary uprising occurred on April 25, 1974 in Portugal, which caused the fall of the dictatorial regime; The new government ends the colonial war and negotiates the delivery of all African possessions to the indigenous rebels, which was completed in 1975.\"",1974,1975]
[null,1975,231,"PORTUGAL","The end of the Portuguese Empire\r\nWhen the Carnation Revolution triumphed in Portugal, one of the first acts of the new government was to end the colonial war and negotiate the delivery of all African possessions to the indigenous rebels, which was completed in 1975, although in a rather disorderly manner. in all cases.",1975,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The end of the Portuguese Empire\r\nWhen the Carnation Revolution triumphed in Portugal, one of the first acts of the new government was to end the colonial war and negotiate the delivery of all African possessions to the indigenous rebels, which was completed in 1975, although in a rather disorderly manner. in all cases.",1975]
[null,1975,null,null,null,1975,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Third Portuguese Republic (1974-Current)\r\nAfter the Carnation Revolution of 1974, Portugal became a democratic state governed by the rule of law until today."," 1975","Actual",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Konstantinos Tsatsos, President of the Hellenic Republic.",1975,1980,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Lebanese civil war lasted from 1975 to 1990 and resulted in an estimated death toll of 120,000. According to 2012 data, approximately 76,000 people remain displaced within Lebanon and there was also an exodus of almost one million people from Lebanon as a result. from the war.",1975,1990]
[null,1976,null,null,null,1976,null,null,null,"Following the progressive withdrawal of American troops since 1968 and the signing of the Paris Peace Accords in 1973, South Vietnam fought alone against the Army of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam until its final defeat and the subsequent reunification of the country.\r\nSocialist Republic of Vietnam since July 2, 1976 is a sovereign country in Southeast Asia, the easternmost of the Indochinese peninsula with its capital in Hanoi.",1976,"Actual",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Takeo Fukuda, Prime Minister of Japan.",1976,1978,null,"The transition stage (1976-1978)\r\nThe transfer of power to a new generation of leaders accompanied by intense political and social conflicts:\r\n• Tiananmen Square protests on April 5, 1976: it was an incident orchestrated by foreign counterrevolutionary elements taking advantage of the alleged demonstrations of mourning for the death of Premier Zhou Enlai, in January of that same year, which turned into violent protests against the central authorities immediately magnified and publicized by the international capitalist press.\r\n• On September 9, 1976, Mao died in Beijing and a struggle for power developed between the groups of Jiang Qing, Mao's wife, Hua Guofeng, whom Mao had designated as his successor and who precisely after the incident of September 5 April was named prime minister and vice president of the Party, and supporters of Deng Xiaoping one of the most important leaders of the Communist Party during the time of Mao Zedong. The struggle ends with the primacy of Deng Xiaoping.",1976,1978]
[null,1977,null,null,null,1977,null,null,null,"Jimmy Carter, Democrat of Georgia, President of the USA. Vice President: Walter Mondale",1977,1981,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Adolfo Suárez, President of the Government of Spain",1976,1981,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Amintore Fanfani, President of Italy - Christian Democrat",1978,1978]
[null,1978,null,null,null,1978,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, 1978 after twelve days of secret negotiations mediated by United States President Jimmy Carter, through which Israel would abandon the Sinai completely, including the dismantling of the established colonies, returning full sovereignty to Egypt, which could not maintain more than a small number of military forces in the area; In turn, Egypt would recognize the existence of the State of Israel and a peace agreement would be signed in six months, which was signed in Washington D.C. on March 26, 1979.",1978,null,null,"The Camp David Accords were signed by Egyptian President Anwar el-Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, 1978 after twelve days of secret negotiations mediated by United States President Jimmy Carter, through which Israel would abandon the Sinai completely, including the dismantling of the established colonies, returning full sovereignty to Egypt, which could not maintain more than a small number of military forces in the area; In turn, Egypt would recognize the existence of the State of Israel and a peace agreement would be signed in six months, which was signed in Washington D.C. on March 26, 1979.",1978,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Masayoshi Ōhira, Prime Minister of Japan.",1978,1979,null,"The era of Deng Xiaoping (1978-1989)\r\nOn January 1, 1979, the People's Republic of China formally established diplomatic relations with the United States, and Deng Xiaoping made the first official visit by a Chinese supreme leader to the United States.",1978,1989]
[null,1978,null,null,null,1978,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sandro Pertini, President of Italy - Socialist",1978,1985,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Chinese economic reform: Abandoning Soviet-inspired economic ideas, the country's new leaders carried out reforms of the agricultural and industrial sectors with the goal of transforming China's planned economy into a socialist market economy.",1978,1984]
[null,1978,null,null,null,1978,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Iranian Revolution, Islamic Revolution or Revolution of 1979 was the process of mobilizations that led to the overthrow of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who had the support of the United Kingdom and the United States and which meant the establishment of the Islamic Republic currently in force in Iran. The leader of the revolution was Ayatollah Khomeini, who had support from various leftist and Islamic organizations plus the Iranian student movements while he was in exile.",1979,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Four Modernizations (Agriculture-Industry-National Defense-Science and Technology) were objectives established by Zhou Enlai in 1963, and promulgated by Deng Xiaoping starting in 1977 and implemented until 1990, with which the People's Republic of China in the 1990s In the 1980s, it achieved high levels of economic growth and political stability, while it stopped the rapid growth of its population and moved towards the recovery of its territorial integrity.",1978,1990]
[null,1979,null,null,null,1979,null,null,null,"The Iran hostage crisis developed in a period between November 4, 1979 and January 20, 1981 during which a group of Iranian students took 66 diplomats and citizens of the United States of America hostage.",1979,1981,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Saddam Hussein Abdulmayid al Tikriti, President of Iraq.",1979,2003,null,"Saddam Hussein Abdulmayid al Tikriti, President of Iraq.",1979,2003,null,"The Iran hostage crisis developed in a period between November 4, 1979 and January 20, 1981 during which a group of Iranian students took 66 diplomats and citizens of the United States of America hostage.",1979,1981,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Choi Kyu-hah, President of the Fourth Republic of South Korea.",1979,1980,null,"Birth Control: The one-child policy or one-child policy was a population control measure established in urban areas of China, in force since 1979, with the aim of establishing radical birth control that reduce excessive population growth or overpopulation. In November 2013, the decision was made to allow couples in which the father or mother does not have siblings to have two children. In October 2015, China definitively abandoned this policy, maintaining, however, a limit of two children per couple.",1979,2015]
[null,1979,null,null,null,1979,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"João Figueiredo, President of Brazil"," 1979"," 1985",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kenan Evren, President of Türkiye.",1980,null,1989,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a country in the Middle East and Western Asia, a constitutional republic based on the principles of Shia Islam.",1979,"Actual",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Masayoshi Ōhira, Prime Minister of Japan. - Second term",1979,1980,null,"China's special economic zones: they were put into operation on August 26, 1979 using an economic management system designed to be more attractive to foreign and national companies, all to serve as a platform from which they can enter the rest of the market. country. It was started in four cities, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen and Hainan province in 1980.",1979,1980]
[null,1980,null,null,null,1980,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Constantinos Karamanlís, President of the Hellenic Republic.",1980,1985,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The war between Iran and Iraq was a military conflict arising from the long Arab-Persian hostility and regional rivalries; Specifically, Iraq wanted to reverse the delimitation of borders between the two countries, established in the Algiers Agreements (1975), to achieve the annexation of the Shatt al-Arab region; It ended without a clear winner but with high costs in human lives, as well as extremely serious damage to the economies of both nations.",1980,1988,null,"The war between Iran and Iraq was a military conflict arising from the long Arab-Persian hostility and regional rivalries; Specifically, Iraq wanted to reverse the delimitation of borders between the two countries, established in the Algiers Agreements (1975), to achieve the annexation of the Shatt al-Arab region; It ended without a clear winner but with high costs in human lives, as well as extremely serious damage to the economies of both nations.",1980,1988,null,"The war between Iran and Iraq was a military conflict arising from the long Arab-Persian hostility and regional rivalries; Specifically, Iraq wanted to reverse the delimitation of borders between the two countries, established in the Algiers Agreements (1975), to achieve the annexation of the Shatt al-Arab region; It ended without a clear winner but with high costs in human lives, as well as extremely serious damage to the economies of both nations.",1980,1988,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Zenkō Suzuki, Prime Minister of Japan.",1980,1982]
[null,1980,null,null,null,1980,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Chun Doo-hwan, President of the Fifth Republic of South Korea.",1980,1988]
[null,1981,null,null,null,1981,null,null,null,"Ronald Reagan, Republican of Illinois, President of the USA. Vice President: George H. W. Bush",1981,1989,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sufi Abu Taleb, President of Egypt. (1981)\r\nHosni Mubarak, President of Egypt.",1981,2011,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Communist Party of China published an official analysis of Mao's responsibility for the social and economic problems derived from his policies, in which serious errors were attributed to him, even though his role as a great revolutionary leader and architect of the rise to power was recognized. power of the Communist Party.",1981]
[null,1982,null,null,null,1982,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In 1982 the Falklands War occurred, which ended in a victory for the United Kingdom over Argentina.",1982,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yasuhiro Nakasone, Prime Minister of Japan.",1982,1983,null,"The fourth Constitution of the People's Republic of China, known as the \"1982 Constitution\", is promulgated, embodying Chinese-style constitutionalism and most of its content remains in force today.",1982]
[null,1983,null,null,null,1983,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yasuhiro Nakasone, Prime Minister of Japan. - Second term",1983,1986]
[null,1982,232,"CANADA","The Constitution Act of 1982 of the Parliament of Canada determined complete independence from British rule and is the Constitution and supreme law of the Government of Canada.",1982,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Constitution Act of 1982 of the Parliament of Canada determined complete independence from British rule and is the Constitution and supreme law of the Government of Canada.",1982]
[null,1984,null,null,null,1984,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo",1981,1982,null,"François Mitterrand",1981,1995,null,"Helmut Kohl, German Chancellor",1982,1998,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yuri Andropov, (1914–1984)\r\nGeneral Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and President of the Presidium from June 16, 1983 to February 9, 1984.",1982,1984,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"New Special Economic Zones of China in fourteen new coastal cities: Dalian, Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Yantai, Qingdao, Lianyungang, Nantong, Shanghai, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Zhanjiang and Beihai in 1984.",1984]
[null,1984,null,null,null,1984,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Konstantín Chernenko, (1911–1985), Leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).\r\nGeneral Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party53​ and President of the Presidium from April 11, 1984 to March 10, 1985.",1984,1985,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The United Kingdom agrees to return to China the entire colony of the islands of Hong Kong and Kowloon and the Government of the People's Republic undertakes to respect the legal and economic system of the territory for at least 50 years (\"one country, two systems \"). China demanded that Portugal return Macau under terms similar to those defined for Hong Kong and the agreement established the date of December 20, 1999 for the definitive return of Macau.",1984]
[null,1985,null,null,null,1985,null,null,null,"The Iran-Contra scandal: Senior officials of the United States government, under the administration of President Ronald Reagan, facilitated the sale of weapons to Iran, a country against which there was an arms embargo decreed by the United States itself, as well as the use of drug trafficking to finance terrorist insurgent groups, known as Contra, who opposed the government of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) in Nicaragua. Both operations, the sale of weapons and the financing of the Contras, were prohibited by the US Senate.",1985,1986,null,null,null,null,null,"Tancredo Neves, civil President of Brazil indirectly elected with José Sarney as Vice President; he died without taking possession.",1985,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ioannis Alevras, President of the Hellenic Republic. (Acting) (1985)\r\nChristos Sartzetakis, President of the Hellenic Republic.",1985,1990,null,"Francesco Cossiga, President of Italy - Christian Democrat",1985,1992,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mikhail Gorbachev, (born 1931), Leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).\r\nGeneral Secretary from March 11, 1985 and resigned on August 24, 1991; he was Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from October 1, 1988 until the position was renamed Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from October 25 May 1989 until March 15, 1990 and President of the Soviet Union from March 15, 1990 until December 25, 1991. The day after Gorbachev's resignation as President, the Soviet Union was officially dissolved .",1985,1991,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Conflict in southern Lebanon between the Israel Defense Forces that invaded Lebanon in 1982 and its allies, against the Lebanese Shiite guerrilla that was led by the Hezbollah movement that had the support of countries such as Iran and Syria, these clashes took place in an area of southern Lebanon occupied by Israel, baptized by the Israelis as \"the security zone.\"",1985,2000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"New Special Economic Zones in five geographical regions: the Liaodong Peninsula, the Shandong Peninsula, the Xiamen-Zhangzhou-Quanzhou urban conurbation, Hebei Province and the Guangxi Autonomous Region, in 1985.",1985]
[null,1986,null,null,null,1986,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yasuhiro Nakasone, Prime Minister of Japan. - Third term",1986,1987,null,"Political reforms to increase administrative efficiency, further separate responsibilities between the Communist Party and the Government, and eliminate the disadvantages of bureaucracy. Although he also mentioned the rule of law and democracy, Deng delimited the reforms within the system of \" \"one-party system\" and opposed the implementation of Western-style constitutionalism.",1986]
[null,1987,null,null,null,1987,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Noboru Takeshita, Prime Minister of Japan.",1987,1989,null,"Socialism with Chinese characteristics: the theories and policies proposed as representative of Marxism-Leninism adapted to Chinese circumstances and specific time periods.",1987]
[null,1988,null,null,null,1988,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"New Republic of Brazil (1985-present)\r\nThe Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil was promulgated on October 5, 1988. It establishes that Brazil is a democratic State of law and a Federal structure with direct elections.",1988,"Actual",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Roh Tae-woo, President of the Sixth Republic of South Korea.",1988,1993]
[null,1989,null,null,null,1989,null,null,null,"George H. W. Bush, Republican of Massachusetts, President of the USA. Vice President: Dan Quayle",1989,1993,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Felipe González",1982,1996,null,"France backs the United States in the First Gulf War.",1990,null,null,"On November 9, 1989, the Berlin Wall fell.",1989,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Halil Turgut Özal, President of Türkiye.",1989,null,1993,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emperor Emeritus, Akihito, (1933 - ) - Modern era (Kindai/Gendai). Upon his death, his posthumous name will be Heisei-tennō.",1989,2019,null,"• Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: new attempt to unleash political events against the Chinese system, widely publicized and orchestrated by foreign governments and press.\r\n• In 1989 Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, visited Beijing and met with Deng and the relationship between China and the Soviet Union returned to normal.\r\n• As a result, some leaders and social sectors led by Li Peng and Chen Yun began to demand a halt to economic reforms and a return to greater state control over the means of production. ",1989]
[null,1989,null,null,null,1989,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The 1989 Taif Accords marked the beginning of the end of fighting in Lebanon with the Syrian occupation of much of Lebanon until April 30, 2005 and the rise of Syrian influence in Lebanon",1989,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sōsuke Uno, Prime Minister of Japan. (1989)\r\nToshiki Kaifu, Prime Minister of Japan.",1989,1990,null,"Jiang Zemin and the third generation (1989-2002)\r\nJiang Zemin's rise to power, in the shadow of Deng Xiaoping, occurred almost immediately from June 1989 when he became General Secretary of the Party and in 1990 he was appointed Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic. China and 5th President of the People's Republic of China from March 27, 1993-March 15, 2003.",1989,2002]
[null,1990,null,null,null,1990,null,null,null,"The Gulf War was a military conflict waged by a United Nations-sanctioned coalition force, composed of 34 countries and led by the United States, against the Iraqi Republic in response to the Iraqi invasion and annexation of the State of Kuwait. It ended with coalition victory and the imposition of sanctions against Iraq, the elimination of the Iraqi invasion force from Kuwait, heavy Iraqi losses, and the destruction of some Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure. Kuwait was finally liberated and its sovereignty restored, although Hussein continued in power.",1990,1991,null,null,null,null,null,"Fernando Collor de Mello, President of Brazil",1990," 1992​",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"German reunification 1989 - 1990 - The Unification Treaty decreed October 3 as German Unity Day.",1989,1990,null,"Constantinos Karamanlís, President of the Hellenic Republic.",1990,1995,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"On August 23, 1990, it was renamed the Republic of Armenia, but remained in the USSR until its official self-proclamation of independence on September 21, 1991.",null,1990,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Gulf War was a military conflict waged by a United Nations-sanctioned coalition force, composed of 34 countries and led by the United States, against the Iraqi Republic in response to the Iraqi invasion and annexation of the State of Kuwait. It ended with coalition victory and the imposition of sanctions against Iraq, the elimination of the Iraqi invasion force from Kuwait, heavy Iraqi losses, and the destruction of some Iraqi and Kuwaiti infrastructure. Kuwait was finally liberated and its sovereignty restored, although Hussein continued in power.",1990,1991,null,"La guerra del Golfo fue un conflicto bélico librado por una fuerza de coalición autorizada por las Naciones Unidas, compuesta por 34 países y liderada por Estados Unidos, contra la República Iraquí en respuesta a la invasión y anexión iraquí del Estado de Kuwait. Terminó con la victoria de la coalición y la imposición de sanciones contra Irak, la eliminación de la fuerza de invasión iraquí de Kuwait, grandes pérdidas iraquíes y la destrucción de algunas infraestructuras de Irak y Kuwait. Finalmente Kuwait fue liberado y su soberanía restituida, aunque Husein continuó en el poder. ",1990,1991,null,null,null,null,null,"In 1990, the last conflict zones, especially in Beirut, were pacified and a year later a general amnesty was granted to ex-combatants, although the Syrian occupation of part of the north and east of the country would last until 2005 and the Israeli occupation of the southern zone. until 2000. This long war cost the lives of between 130,000 and 250,000 people, another million were injured, 100,000 with varying degrees of permanent disability, and another million fled the country abroad.",1990,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Toshiki Kaifu, Prime Minister of Japan. - Second term",1990,1991,null,"New Special Economic Zones in a new area of Pudong district of Shanghai city and in more cities in the Yangtze River Valley in 1990.",1990]
[null,1991,null,null,null,1991,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Romania (1991-Current): National, sovereign and independent, unitary, indivisible and semi-presidential republican state, in which the executive branch is made up of the president and the Government; it is part of the European Union.\r\nRepublic of Bulgaria (1991-Current): Parliamentary democratic republic.",1991,"Actual",null,null,null,null,null,"Giovanni Spadolini, President of Italy - Republican",1992,1992,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is a supranational organization that was formed on December 21, 1991 by the leaders of 11 of the 15 former Soviet republics who met in Almaty, Kazakhstan and signed the treaty by which the CEI was ratified and the Soviet Union officially dissolved.",1991,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kiichi Miyazawa, Prime Minister of Japan.",1991,1993,null,"At the end of 1991, the Soviet Union disintegrated into several new states that abandoned the ideology of communism.\r\nMongolia: Following the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, Mongolia approved a liberal constitution in 1992 that marked the transition to representative democracy, changing the country to its current name.",1991,1992]
[null,1992,null,null,null,1992,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"After obtaining the Independence of Yugoslavia:\r\nRepublic of Slovenia: (1991-Current)\r\nRepublic of Croatia (1992-Current)\r\nRepublic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1997)\r\nRepublic of North Macedonia (1993-Current)",1991,1992,null,null,null,null,null,"Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, President of Italy - Christian Democrat",1992," 1999",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sami Gündoğdu Süleyman Demirel, President of Türkiye.",1993,null,2000,null,"The Russian Federation was founded in 1991, upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and was recognized as the heir to the legal personality of the former Union. Russia is a federation and a semi-presidential republic, where the president is the head of State and the President of the Government (prime minister) is the head of Government; The Russian Federation is constituted as a representative democracy.",1991,"Actual",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Inspection Tour of Deng Xiaoping, retired supreme leader of China, in southern China including Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Guangzhou, Shanghai between January 18 and February 21, 1992 is widely regarded as a critical point in history modern China, as it produced confirmation that economic reforms and the capital market were irreversible in China and preserved the stability of society.",1992]
[null,1992,null,null,null,1992,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Itamar Franco, President of Brazil","1992​"," 1994",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"• Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992-2003) and State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (2003-2006)\r\nEuropean state made up of the republics:\r\nFederated Republic of Serbia (1992-2006)\r\nFederated Republic of Montenegro (1992-2006)",1992,2006,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin, (February 1, 1931-Moscow, April 23, 2007), first president of the Russian Federation.",1991,1999,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"China's State Council opened a series of New Special Economic Zones in border cities and all inland provincial capitals as well as autonomous regions; A total of 15 free trade zones, 49 economic and technological development zones at the state level, and 53 industrial and high-tech development zones have been established, generally in large and medium-sized cities.",1992,2015]
[null,1993,null,null,null,1993,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The European Union (EU) made up of twenty-seven European States was established with the entry into force of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) on November 1, 1993.",1993,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Morihiro Hosokawa, Prime Minister of Japan.",1993,1994]
[null,1993,null,null,null,1993,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kim Young-sam, President of the Sixth Republic of South Korea.",1993,1998]
[null,1994,null,null,null,1994,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mongolia: Following the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, Mongolia approved a liberal constitution in 1992 that marked the transition to representative democracy, changing the country to its current name.",1992,"Actual",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kim Jong-il, Supreme Leader of the Democratic People's Republic (North Korea).",1994,2011,null,"Three Gorges Dam is the largest hydroelectric plant in the world in area and installed capacity, it will be able to store 39,300 hm³, it will have 34 turbines of 700 MW and 50MW, totaling an installed power of 22,500 MW.",1994,2016]
[null,1995,null,null,null,1995,null,null,null,"Bill Clinton, Democrat of Arkansas, President of the USA. Vice President: Al Gore",1993,2001,null,null,null,null,null,"Fernando Henrique Cardoso, President of Brazil"," 1995"," 2002",null,"The European Union (EU) made up of twenty-seven European States was established with the entry into force of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) on November 1, 1993.",1993,null,null,"The European Union (EU) made up of twenty-seven European States was established with the entry into force of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) on November 1, 1993.",1993,null,null,"La Unión Europea (UE) compuesta por veintisiete Estados europeos fue establecida con la entrada en vigor del Tratado de la Unión Europea (TUE) el 1 de noviembre de 1993.",1993,null,null,"Konstantinos Stefanópulos, President of the Hellenic Republic.",1995,2005,null,"The European Union (EU) made up of twenty-seven European States was established with the entry into force of the Treaty on European Union (TEU) on November 1, 1993.",1993,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Russian constitutional crisis between September 21 and October 5, 1993: President Boris Yeltsin decreed the dissolution of the Congress of Deputies and the Supreme Soviet of Russia; Congress rejected the presidential decree and approved the dismissal of President Yeltsin; Popular protests for and against Yeltsin and the Parliament and the Soviet grew, reaching their peak on October 2, when Russia was on the verge of civil war. At that point, the military leadership showed its support for the deposed president and he ordered the forcible eviction of the White House and by October 5, the resistance to Yeltsin had been destroyed. In this context, the new Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted by referendum and came into force in December, replacing the previous Constitution of the Russian RSFSR of 1978.",1993,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In 1995, Project 211 was launched with the intention of boosting the research levels of the best universities and cultivating socioeconomic development strategies, and in 1998, Project 985 was launched to invest large amounts of money in both local and national governments to building new research centers, holding international conferences, attracting international experts and visiting professors, and helping Chinese professors participate in overseas conferences.",1995,1998]
[null,1996,null,null,null,1996,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ryūtarō Hashimoto, Prime Minister of Japan. (1996)\r\nRyūtarō Hashimoto, Prime Minister of Japan. - Second term",1996,1998]
[null,1997,233,"CHINA ENGLAND","The Transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to China took place. With this act the British Empire was also terminated.",1997,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to China took place. With this act the British Empire was also terminated.",1997,null,null,null,null,null,null,"José María Aznar",1996,2004,null,"Jacques Chirac",1995,2007,null,"República Federal de Bosnia y Herzegovina, (1997-Actual) \nConstituido por la Federación de Bosnia y Herzegovina y la República Serbia Srpska, dos entidades políticas creadas con el objetivo de ser el hogar de las comunidades de origen bosníaco y croata a partir de los Acuerdos de Washington firmados el 18 de marzo de 1994.",1997,"Actual",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,". Deng Xiaoping, who had been isolated from public life in the last years of his life and suffering from Parkinson's disease, died in Beijing at the age of 92 on February 19, 1997 just a few months before he was fulfilled one of his great dreams, the restoration of Chinese sovereignty over Hong Kong.\r\n. On July 1, 1997, as agreed many years before by Deng Xiaoping with Margaret Thatcher, the British flag was permanently lowered in Hong Kong, which became a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China.",1997]
[null,1998,null,null,null,1998,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Keizō Obuchi, Prime Minister of Japan.",1998,2000]
[null,1998,null,null,null,1998,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kim Dae-jung, President of the Sixth Republic of South Korea.",1998,2003]
[null,1999,null,null,null,1999,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"France takes the lead in nations opposing US military intervention in Iraq.",2003,null,null,"Gerhard Schröder, German Chancellor",1998,2005,null,null,null,null,null,"Nicola Mancino, President of Italy - Popular",1999,1999,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Government exploded five more atomic bombs in Pokhran (India).",1999,null,null,null,null,null,null,"On December 20, 1999, Macau, after more than four centuries of Portuguese presence, became the second special administrative region of China.",1999]
[null,1993,null,null,null,1993,null,null,null,"George W. Bush, Republican of Connecticut, President of the USA. Vice President: Dick Cheney",2001,2009,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mariano Rajoy",2004,2018,null,"The death of two young Muslims creates a wave of violent riots in France.",2005,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, President of Italy - Independent",1999,2006,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ahmet Necdet Sezer, President of Türkiye.",2000,null,2007,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In the last years of the 20th century, the Chinese political system completed a transition that began in the time of Deng Xiaoping, moving from a Soviet-inspired model to a model of political authoritarianism combined with economic capitalism similar to that applied in Asian countries such as Singapore or Malaysia. .",1993,2000]
[null,2000,null,null,null,2000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak withdrew his military forces from South Lebanon, resulting in the complete collapse of the South Lebanon army before Hezbollah maintained its civil and military control over the populations of South Lebanon.",2000]
[null,2000,null,null,null,2000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Bashar Háfez al-Assad, President of Syria.",2000,"Actual",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yoshirō Mori, Prime Minister of Japan. (2000)\r\nYoshirō Mori, Prime Minister of Japan. - Second term",2000,2001]
[null,{"$f":"+F2446","v":2001},null,null,null,2001,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jun'ichirō Koizumi, Prime Minister of Japan.",2001,2003]
[null,2002,null,null,null,2002,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (October 7, 1952), President of the Russian Federation (May 7, 2000 - May 7, 2008), Acting President of the Russian Federation (December 31, 1999 - May 7, 2000) ), President of the Federal Government of Russia, (August 9-May 7, 2000), Secretary of the National Security Council of Russia, (March 29, 1998-August 9, 1999), Director of the Federal Security Service (July 1, 1998-July 1, 1999).",1998,2008,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"On November 8, 2002 in Beijing. Jiang Zemin enunciated his theory of Triple Representativeness, according to which the Party should represent the \"advanced productive forces\", the \"advanced culture of China\" and \"the interests of the majority of the people\" by which the Communist Party, Since the time of Jiang Zemin, it has accepted among its members representatives of the business class, such as many Hong Kong businessmen who currently hold positions in the Party.",2002]
[null,2003,null,null,null,2003,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Luiz Ignácio Lula da Silva, President of Brazil",2003," 2010",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Iraq War was started by the United States by invading Iraq for its own geopolitical reasons; The invasion led to the rapid defeat of Iraqi forces, the overthrow of President Saddam Hussein, his capture in December 2003, and his execution in December 2006.",null,null,null,"La guerra de Irak fue iniciada por Estados Unidos al invadir Irak por motivos geopolíticos propios; la invasión llevó a la rápida derrota de las fuerzas iraquíes, el derrocamiento del presidente Saddam Husein, su captura en diciembre de 2003 y su ejecución en diciembre de 2006.  ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Roh Moo-hyun, President of the Sixth Republic of South Korea.",2003,2008]
[null,2003,null,null,null,2003,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Angela Merkel, German Chancellor",2005,"Actual",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) was the provisional government established by the United States, the United Kingdom, and other members of the multinational coalition following the American victory in the invasion and occupation of Iraq.",2003,2004,null,"La Autoridad Provisional de la Coalición (CPA) fue el gobierno provisional establecido por Estados Unidos, Reino Unido y otros miembros de la coalición multinacional tras la victoria estadounidense en la invasión y ocupaciónde Irak.",2003,2004,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jun'ichirō Koizumi, Prime Minister of Japan. - Second term",2003,2005,null,"Hu Jintao and the fourth generation (2002-2012)\r\n• The Chinese economy continues its expansion.\r\n• In 2003, China successfully sent an astronaut, Yang Liwei, into space via Shenzhou 5, becoming the third country in the world to do so independently after the United States and the Soviet Union.",2003]
[null,2005,null,null,null,2005,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Karolos Papoulias, President of the Hellenic Republic.",2005,"2015​",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jun'ichirō Koizumi, Prime Minister of Japan. - Third term",2005,2006]
[null,2006,null,null,null,2006,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Republic of Montenegro (2006-Current)\r\nA referendum was held in 2006, in which 55.5% of the population supported independence and the constitution of a new State, proclaimed in June of that year. The country is a member of NATO and an official candidate for entry into the European Union.",2006,"Actual",null,null,null,null,null,"Giorgio Napolitano, President of Italy - Democrats of the Left",2006,2013,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Overthrow of the Baath Party government and the execution of Saddam Hussein with trials of Baathist officials for crimes against humanity.",2006,null,null,"Derrocamiento del gobierno del Partido Baaz y la ejecución de Saddam Husein con juicios de los funcionarios baazistas por crímenes de lesa humanidad.",2006,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shinzō Abe, Prime Minister of Japan.",2006,2007,null,"The foreign exchange reserves of the People's Republic, even excluding Hong Kong and Macao, had already become the largest in the world ahead of those of Japan, and the gross domestic product, excluding Hong Kong and Macao, has surpassed economic powers such as Italy, France, the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan, which has made the People's Republic of China the second largest economy in the world after the United States.",2006]
[null,2007,null,null,null,2007,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yasuo Fukuda, Prime Minister of Japan.",2007,2008]
[null,2008,null,null,null,2008,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lee Myung-bak, President of the Sixth Republic of South Korea.",2008,2013]
[null,2008,null,null,null,2008,null,null,null,"Barack Obama, Democrat of Hawaii, President of the USA. Vice President: Joe Biden",2009,2017,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nicolas Sarkozy",2007,2012,null,"Republic of Serbia (2006-Current)\r\nIndependent state after the dissolution of the union of Serbia with Montenegro; It is a member of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Council of Europe, whose presidency it held in 2007 and is one of the potential candidates for future membership of the European Union and a militarily neutral country. ",2006,"Actual",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Abdullah Gül, President of Türkiye.",2007,null,2014,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Taro Aso, Prime Minister of Japan.",2008,2009,null,"In 2008 the Summer Olympics were held in Beijing and in 2010 the Asian Games were held in Guangzhou and the World Expo took place in Shanghai.",2008,2010]
[null,2009,null,null,null,2009,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yukio Hatoyama, Prime Minister of Japan.",2009,2010]
[null,2010,null,null,null,2010,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Naoto Kan, Prime Minister of Japan.",2010,2011]
[null,2011,null,null,null,2011,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kim Jong-un, Supreme Leader of the Democratic People's Republic (North Korea).",2011,"Actual"]
[null,2011,null,null,null,2011,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Dilma Rousseff, President of Brazil"," 2011",2016,null,null,null,null,null,"François Hollande",2012,2017,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev (September 14, 1965), President of the Russian Federation (May 7, 2008-May 7, 2012), President of the Federal Government of Russia 2012-2020, Vice President of the Security Council (2020-Current) .",2008,2012,null,"The war ended in 2011 with the withdrawal of coalition troops and the insurgency began with the withdrawal of foreign occupation forces resulting in violent conflict with the central government, as well as sectarian violence between Iraq's religious groups.",2011,2013,null,"The war ended in 2011 with the withdrawal of coalition troops and the insurgency began with the withdrawal of foreign occupation forces resulting in violent conflict with the central government, as well as sectarian violence between Iraq's religious groups.",2011,2013,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, President of Egypt.",2011,2012,null,null,null,null,null,"Yoshihiko Noda, Prime Minister of Japan.",2011,2012,null,"• In 2011-12, BeiDou-2, the Chinese navigation satellite system, became operational.\r\n• In 2011, Tiangong-1, China's first prototype space station, was successfully sent into space.\r\n• In October 2012, Mo Yan became the first Chinese citizen (Mainland China) to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.\r\n• In March 2012, the results of the Daya Bay Neutrino Experiment\" in Shenzhen received international attention.\"",2011,2012]
[null,2012,null,null,null,2012,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (October 7, 1952), President of the Russian Federation (May 7, 2012-Current). President of the Federal Government of Russia, (May 8, 2008-May 7, 2012).",2012,"Actual",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mohamed Morsi, President of Egypt.",2012,2013,null,null,null,null,null,"Shinzō Abe, Prime Minister of Japan. - Second term",2012,2014,null,"Xi Jinping and the fifth generation (from 2012-Current)\r\nA massive long-term anti-corruption campaign has been carried out under Xi since 2012.",2012]
[null,2013,null,null,null,2013,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Adli Mansur, President of Egypt.",2013,2014,null,null,null,null,null,"Park Geun-hye, President of the Sixth Republic of South Korea.",2013,2017,null,"• In 2013, the Yutu rover was successfully deployed to the moon after the Chang'e 3 lander landed on the moon.\r\n• In 2013, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) project, New Silk Road, was launched, which aims to form a set of maritime and rail links between China and Europe passing through Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus. and Poland to finish in Germany, France and the United Kingdom. The project affects 60 countries, 75% of the world's known energy reserves, 70% of the world's population and would generate 55% of the world's GDP.\"",2013]
[null,2013,null,null,null,2013,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"After a referendum held on June 23, 2016 in which 51.9 percent of voters supported leaving the European Union, the process of the United Kingdom's departure from the European Union, also popularly known as \"Brexit,\" began. \".",2016,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Felipe VI, (1968-), House of Borbón (third restoration)",2014,null,null,"Islamic State jihadists led by Salah Abdeslam kill 137 people in Paris, wounding another 415 (November 13).",2015,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Giorgio Napolitano, President of Italy - Independent",2013,2015,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Abdel Fattah El Sisi, President of Egypt.",2014,"-",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"From 2013 to the present, political and economic relations between China and Russia have been brought to an “unprecedented” level thanks to the fact that Russian President Vladimir Putin and his Chinese counterpart, Xi Jinping, have met more than 30 times in six years developing a great friendship due to personal affinity that has led to alliances for national conveniences.",2013,2021]
[null,2014,null,null,null,2014,null,null,null,"The war against the Islamic State is the armed conflict unleashed on June 5, 2014, when the Islamic State group, together with Sunni militants and anti-government tribes, launched an offensive against the armies of Iraq and Syria with the aim of establishing a State or Islamic Caliphate in the territories of these two countries. In 2019, Russia announced the complete defeat of Daesh terrorists in Syria, while Iraq declared the defeat of the terrorist group on its territory three days later. At the same time, Iran also declared the defeat of the terrorist organization in Iraq and Syria.",2014,2020,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The war against the Islamic State is the armed conflict unleashed on June 5, 2014, when the Islamic State group, together with Sunni militants and anti-government tribes, launched an offensive against the armies of Iraq and Syria with the aim of establishing a State or Islamic Caliphate in the territories of these two countries. In 2019, Russia announced the complete defeat of Daesh terrorists in Syria, while Iraq declared the defeat of the terrorist group on its territory three days later. At the same time, Iran also declared the defeat of the terrorist organization in Iraq and Syria.",2014,2020,null,null,"The war against the Islamic State is the armed conflict unleashed on June 5, 2014, when the Islamic State group, together with Sunni militants and anti-government tribes, launched an offensive against the armies of Iraq and Syria with the aim of establishing a State or Islamic Caliphate in the territories of these two countries. In 2019, Russia announced the complete defeat of Daesh terrorists in Syria, while Iraq declared the defeat of the terrorist group on its territory three days later. At the same time, Iran also declared the defeat of the terrorist organization in Iraq and Syria.",2014,2020,null,"The war against the Islamic State is the armed conflict unleashed on June 5, 2014, when the Islamic State group, together with Sunni militants and anti-government tribes, launched an offensive against the armies of Iraq and Syria with the aim of establishing a State or Islamic Caliphate in the territories of these two countries. In 2019, Russia announced the complete defeat of Daesh terrorists in Syria, while Iraq declared the defeat of the terrorist group on its territory three days later. At the same time, Iran also declared the defeat of the terrorist organization in Iraq and Syria.",2014,2020,null,"The war against the Islamic State is the armed conflict unleashed on June 5, 2014, when the Islamic State group, together with Sunni militants and anti-government tribes, launched an offensive against the armies of Iraq and Syria with the aim of establishing a State or Islamic Caliphate in the territories of these two countries. In 2019, Russia announced the complete defeat of Daesh terrorists in Syria, while Iraq declared the defeat of the terrorist group on its territory three days later. At the same time, Iran also declared the defeat of the terrorist organization in Iraq and Syria.",2014,2020,null,"The war against the Islamic State is the armed conflict unleashed on June 5, 2014, when the Islamic State group, together with Sunni militants and anti-government tribes, launched an offensive against the armies of Iraq and Syria with the aim of establishing a State or Islamic Caliphate in the territories of these two countries. In 2019, Russia announced the complete defeat of Daesh terrorists in Syria, while Iraq declared the defeat of the terrorist group on its territory three days later. At the same time, Iran also declared the defeat of the terrorist organization in Iraq and Syria.",2014,2020,null,"The war against the Islamic State is the armed conflict unleashed on June 5, 2014, when the Islamic State group, together with Sunni militants and anti-government tribes, launched an offensive against the armies of Iraq and Syria with the aim of establishing a State or Islamic Caliphate in the territories of these two countries. In 2019, Russia announced the complete defeat of Daesh terrorists in Syria, while Iraq declared the defeat of the terrorist group on its territory three days later. At the same time, Iran also declared the defeat of the terrorist organization in Iraq and Syria.",2014,2020,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shinzō Abe, Prime Minister of Japan. - Third term",2014,2017]
[null,2015,null,null,null,2015,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Emmanuel Macron",2017,"Actual",null,null,null,null,null,"Prokopis Pavlópulos, President of the Hellenic Republic.","2015​",2020,null,"Pietro Grasso, President of Italy - Democratic",2015,2015,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, President of Türkiye.",2014,null,"Actual",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"• In 2015, Tu Youyou became the first Chinese citizen (Mainland China) to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.\r\n• In December 2015, Dark Matter Particle Explorer, China's first space observatory, was successfully launched.",2015]
[null,2016,null,null,null,2016,null,null,null,"Donald Trump, Republican of New York, President of the USA. Vice President: Mike Pence",2017,2021,null,null,null,null,null,"Michel Temer, President of Brazil",2016," 2018",null,"Pedro Sánchez Pérez-Castejón",2018,"Actual",null,"The yellow vest movement (gilets jaunes) was created in response to the social unrest caused by President Emmanuel Macron's measures, such as the exorbitant rise in fuel prices and the loss of purchasing power.",2018,2019,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Sergio Mattarella, President of Italy - Socialist",2015,"Actual",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"• In 2016, the Tiangong-2 space laboratory was successfully launched.\r\n• In 2016, the “Five Hundred Meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST)” was built in Guizhou.”",2016]
[null,2017,null,null,null,2017,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shinzō Abe, Prime Minister of Japan. - Fourth term",2017,2020]
[null,2017,null,null,null,2017,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Moon Jae-in, President of the Sixth Republic of South Korea.",2017,"Actual"]
[null,2018,null,null,null,2018,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Jair Bolsonaro, President of Brazil",2019,"Actual",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"• In 2018, the Hong Kong – Zhuhai – Macau Bridge, the longest sea crossing bridge in the world, was open to the public.\r\n• In March 2018, the National People's Congress, controlled by the Communist Party, approved a set of constitutional amendments that include the elimination of term limits for the president and vice president.\r\n• In 2018, the Trade War between China and the United States began. ",2018]
[null,2019,null,null,null,2019,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Current emperor, Naruhito, (1960 - ) - Modern era (Kindai/Gendai). Upon his death, his posthumous name will be Reiwa-tennō.",2019,"Actual"]
[null,2020,null,null,null,2020,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Katerina Sakellaropoulou, President of the Hellenic Republic.",2020,"Actual",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Yoshihide Suga, Prime Minister of Japan.",2020,"Actual"]
[null,2021,234,null,null,2021,null,null,null,"Joe Biden, Democrat of Pennsylvania, President of the USA. Vice President: Kamala Harris",2021,"Actual",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2021,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2021]
[null,2022,null,null,null,2022]
[null,2023,null,null,null,2023]
[null,2024,null,"U.S.A. RUSSIA CHINA U.K.","Three great dominant powers in continuous search for strategies to consolidate their power and maintain the necessary global balance",2024]
[null,{"$f":"+F2474","v":2025},null,null,null,2025]
[null,2026,null,null,null,2026]
[null,2027,null,null,null,2027]
[null,2028,null,null,null,2028]
[null,2029,null,null,null,2029]
[null,2030,null,null,null,2030]
[null,2031,null,null,null,2031]
[null,2032,null,null,null,2032]
[null,2033,null,null,null,2033]
[null,2034,null,null,null,2034]
[null,2035,null,null,null,2035]
[null,2036,null,null,null,2036]
[null,2037,null,null,null,2037]
[null,2038,null,null,null,2038]
[null,2039,null,null,null,2039]
[null,2040,null,null,null,2040]
[null,2041,null,null,null,2041]
[null,2042,null,null,null,2042]
[null,2043,null,null,null,2043]
[null,2044,null,null,null,2044]
[null,2045,null,null,null,2045]
[null,2046,null,null,null,2046]
[null,2047,null,null,null,2047]
[null,2048,null,null,null,2048]
[null,2049,null,null,null,2049]
[null,2050,null,null,null,2050]
[null,2051,null,null,null,2051]
[null,2052,null,null,null,2052]
[null,2053,null,null,null,2053]
[null,2054,null,null,null,2054]
[null,2055,null,null,null,2055]
[null,2056,null,null,null,2056]
[null,2057,null,null,null,2057]
[null,2058,null,null,null,2058]
[null,2059,null,null,null,2059]
[null,2060,null,null,null,2060]
[null,{"$f":"+F2510","v":2061},null,null,null,2061]
[null,2062,null,null,null,2062]
[null,2063,null,null,null,2063]
[null,2064,null,null,null,2064]
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["\"TYPES OF CHRONOLOGY\nAccording to current official historiography, the chronology of the Ancient Near East attempts to assign \"absolute dates\" to historical events that occurred during the first civilizations that emerged in western Asia, in the area of the world currently called the East. Near or sometimes Middle East, in the early times of the Ancient Age, dated between 5000 and approximately 500 BC. C., when it is already linked to Greek or Persian chronology. For a first period (5000 - 1500 BC), due to the ambiguity in the sources, mainly the Venus tablet for which the dating of an event, (1,792 BC), several dates have been proposed as follows:\n    1702 BC C. High or Short chronology type. 1646 BC C. Medium chronology type. 1582 BC C. Low or Long chronology type.\nFor a second period, (1500 - 911 BC), the chronology is quite precise (a deviation of one or two years is usually assumed).\nFrom the year 911 BC. C. the precision is practically absolute, synchronized with the Greek and Persian chronologies.\"",3,"TYPES OF CHRONOLOGY"]
["CHRONOLOGY SYNCHRONIZATION\nTo establish the chronology of the Sumerian and other ancient civilizations in the present synchronic list, the dating established by the official average chronology for the reign of Hammurabi, (1792-1750) has been taken as a reference, synchronizing with it the dating of the reign of the last king of the Sumerian Royal List Damiq-ilishu, (1816-1794) and the most accepted dating of the reign of Sargon I the Great, (2335-2279) and from there the periods of reign established in the Sumerian Royal List apply. until we reach LugalZage-Si, King of Sumer of the 3rd. Dynasty of Uruk, the first Sumerian king recognized mostly by official historiography as overthrown by Sargon the Great.",null,"SYNCHRONIZATION OF\r\nCHRONOLOGIES\""]
["\"SUPPORT OF PREHISTORY FOR OFFICIAL_UNIVERSAL_HISTORY\nThroughout history, different cultures explained the appearance of the human being based on mythical stories related to creation in the hands of divinities and these stories evolved into the great, mainly monotheistic religions, such as Judaism, Christianity and Islam. explaining the origin of man according to the content of his sacred texts that promulgated his religious message as the only truth. However, from the perspective of modern social sciences, myths and religious stories were not a sufficient explanation to understand the origin of the human being and therefore they approached the problem from the \"theory of human evolution\", as the evolutionary process that encompasses all the biological and cultural changes that the human species went through until it had the characteristics of the current human being. This theory has been the most accepted and known in the world because the majority of scientists assume it as the most accurate perspective to explain the origin of man, including the so-called theistic evolutionists, which is a type of evolutionary creationism, whose point of view considers that general religious teachings about God would be compatible with modern scientific understanding of biological evolution with a position that would be similar to that of Advaita Vedanta in Hinduism, regarding the belief in a creative principle that they call Brahman.\nUntil the beginning of the last century, evolution was not a topic of great controversy in the United States primarily, but in the 1920s a fundamentalist-modernist controversy arose in theology that resulted in the opposition of Christian fundamentalist scientists to the teaching of \"theory of evolution\" in favor of the origin of modern creationism both religious and scientific and therefore the teaching of evolution was effectively suspended in national public schools until the 1960s, when it was reintroduced into the curriculum. Courts have since consistently ruled that scientific creationism is also a religious rather than scientific view and that most historians, philosophers of science and skeptics describe it as a pseudoscientific attempt to present sacred texts as scientific facts. After the 1987 ruling by the United States Supreme Court upholding a ban on the teaching of creation science in public schools on constitutional grounds related to the separation of religion and state and freedom of worship, the term creationism scientific was replaced by the term intelligent design, (ID), to try to be introduced into public teaching books.\nTaking into account the above, in the present study the theory of evolution is adopted as the official version of synchronic universal history but leaving clear evidence of the existence of the controversy and debate between \"evolutionism-creationism\" that in a broader context could be called the \"science-faith\" debate and which in turn can be inserted into another even broader debate that dates back to a time before the appearance of science and even the appearance of religious faith that is the \"theism-atheism\" debate and that this controversy can give rise to alternative versions of history that modify some point in Prehistory to introduce the creationist concept of the appearance of man and the earth.\nThe evolutionary concept also known as hominization establishes that from the genus of the mammalian primate \"Australopithecus\", through a non-linear process in which the more than eighteen identified genera of the evolutionary chain coexisted over time and in different spaces, arose Homo Sapiens with the characteristics of the current human race. Prehistory has then been classified to study the life of man from the emergence of mankind to the invention of writing, including the periods in which the first progress was made, such as the appearance of language and the domestication of animals and plants. ",null,"SUPPORT OF PREHISTORY FOR OFFICIAL_UNIVERSAL_HISTORY"]
["AIM\nThe writing of history (Historiography) is equivalent to a set of historical works or texts about the human past and present, written in a specific time and place, which have been prepared with a more or less methodological and/or ethical-political approach. less coherent. One can then speak of medieval, Renaissance or early 20th century history; of French or Mexican history; history on States or urban historiography; of Marxist, liberal or positivist history; of internationalist or nationalist history; the broadest of all is the UNIVERSAL HISTORY, like the one that is intended to be elaborated in this document, recording the main events of the particular histories of each of the peoples and through the act of comparing these histories, finding the paths of concurrence in the world. and in this way begin to know the past better.\nThe new socio-cultural realities of the so-called Western European civilization, such as the decadent moral and political situation and the acceleration of globalization and technology in the 21st century in all countries, make evident the need for a change in historiographic perspective. in which the rereadings of the past that arise from the ancient dominions of Europe or from countries almost foreign to Western European civilization claim their place. These new sociocultural realities are then expanding and transforming the readings of the human past. Giving a voice to minorities and other social groups previously neglected (due to race, class, gender or religion) in educated historical accounts is a social demand that must also be met when writing about the past. THIS IS THE PRIMORDIAL OBJECTIVE OF THIS WORK.\nReference: https://culturahistorica.org/es/que-es-la-historiografia/ _Profesor_Fernando_Sánchez_Marcos_Catedrático Emérito_Historia_Moderna_Universitat_Barcelona.",null,"THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY"]
["SCOPE OF THE STUDY\nGreco-Roman historiography was always a fundamental reference for the writing of history in the Western European world until the first Christian era when in that Greco-Roman world no one seriously raised the question of the meaning or purpose of the human adventure in time.  This issue is introduced in the Christian Latin West with the theological philosophy of the history of Saint Augustine, which will have lasting repercussions since the Middle Ages with the emergence of the history of evangelization as well as the hagiography (encomiastical lives of saints) that will accompany and be They will overlap with political history. Since then and with greater force since the time of the Renaissance, rulers and aspiring rulers understand that studying the history of the past is a source of political and moral wisdom for their governments, which results in a short time in which histories are written. especially by rulers, their secretaries or historiographers (official chroniclers) and in this task, some rulers begin to write down the present and modify certain notes from the past according to their degree of contemporary wisdom. Based on the valid premise that \"Knowledge and mastery of the past is essential to govern the present\" then arises the most common definition, because it is popular, but more unfocused, because it is sectarian, of \"Official History\" as \"the narration of the events of the past and present from the perspective and according to the convenience of those in power.\" Thus, in this work the information extracted mainly from digital media and other academic media that reflect the \"official\" positions of the Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian civilization of our western part of the world is recorded.\"",null,"SCOPE OF THE STUDY"]
["\"America is the second largest continent on Earth, after Asia, occupying almost the entire western hemisphere of the planet with an area of more than 43 million km²; due to its large size and geographical characteristics, America is traditionally divided in North America, Central America, and South America; for the study of their cultures it is usually divided into Aridoamérica, (Mexican states of Coahuila, Chihuahua and Sonora, as well as part of California and Arizona, in the current United States), Oasisamérica , (northern Mexico and the southwest of the present-day United States), Mesoamerica, (northwest Mexico to western Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica today) and South America, (a block that includes the great variety of peoples and cultures that extend from the Caribbean Sea to Tierra del Fuego).\nThe results of the most recent research indicate that American man discovered agriculture on a par with other peoples on other continents towards the beginning of the archaic period and as a consequence sedentarization, (with evidence of habitation up to 5,000 years BC) and the creation of more complex societies and the construction of large cities (with evidence from up to 3,000 years BC). Caral-Supe located in present-day Peru, corresponds to that period.\"",null,"DESCRIPTION 1"]
["After the discovery of America, the European empires of Spain and Portugal initially, followed by England, France, the Netherlands and other smaller ones, conquered and colonized with blood and fire the large part of the continent occupied by cultures and civilizations already established millennia ago. enormous number of indigenous people massacred in wars of conquest, added to the massive mortality of populations caused by dangerous diseases (smallpox, typhus, yellow fever, etc.) introduced by Europeans during colonization and for which the native peoples did not had adequate biological defenses, meant a huge demographic collapse that according to some researchers caused the extermination of up to 90% of the total original population in the first 130 years after the arrival of Columbus. In short, by the Republican era of the 19th century, America was divided, based on its cultural characteristics, into Anglo-Saxon America (Canada and the United States), and Latin America (all the countries south of the United States where the Romance languages Spanish, French and Portuguese predominate).\r\nAfter World War II, the United States emerged as the first nuclear-armed country and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council; The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union left it as the only international superpower for a brief period until, together with the Russian Federation and China, it currently constitutes the three largest prevailing world powers. The country accounts for two-fifths of global military spending and is a leading economic, political and cultural force in the world.",null,"EVOLUTION 1"]
["Theory: Britain becomes islands.\r\nThe coastline and landscape of what became the modern archipelago of the British Isles - the United Kingdom, Ireland and more than 6,000 other islands - began to emerge at the end of the last Ice Age, when what until then had Once a cold, dry tundra in the extreme north-west of Europe, it became warmer and wetter with the melting of the ice sheets, forming a peninsula of Europe. In a second stage, a catastrophic event such as a huge tsunami flooded the lands that linked the British Isles with continental Europe, the sea level rose and Great Britain separated from the rest of Europe, becoming an archipelago.\r\nCulturally throughout the area of Great Britain, the only distinguishable feature is the new wave of colonization that began to settle in Great Britain around 900 BC. C. by people known as CELTS who practiced paganism and their priests were the druids, a powerful class, as much as the warriors. The Celtic culture did not use writing, so the law and rituals were transmitted orally; They were very skilled craftsmen who produced everything from jewelry with intricate motifs to iron weapons.\"",null,"DESCRIPTION 2"]
["After the indigenous tribes and the colonizing Celts were in turn conquered and colonized by the Roman Empire between the 1st century BC. C. and the 5th century AD. C., new waves of conquerors of Indo-European Germanic origin such as the Angles, the Saxons, the Jutes and the Vikings already produced the current cultural composition of the archipelago towards the end of the Middle Ages: on the most important island called Great Britain due to its size, The kingdom of England with Anglo-Saxon and Viking ancestry remained the dominant power over the kingdoms of Wales and Scotland, which could only preserve some features of the ancestral Celtic culture; On the other largest island, the kingdom of Ireland was also subject to the political and administrative domination of England and the Irish also tried to preserve some features of their ancestral Celtic culture. Finally in 1801, England completely consolidated its dominion, eliminating the kingdoms of Wales, Scotland and Ireland, all subject to the sole king of England, in a union they called the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; After a long war of independence, the modern Irish State achieved its effective independence from the United Kingdom in 1922, subsequently being divided into two nations, the smaller one in the northern part remaining as Northern Ireland in the union with England and the remaining one towards the south. like Ireland, an independent republic.",null,"EVOLUTION 2"]
["The prehistory of Portugal and Spain is practically the same as that of the entire peninsula; Iberian peoples such as the Bastetans, the Edetanos, the Layetans and the Turdetans, among others, settled as original indigenous tribes. On the other hand, the Lusitanians, who were a collective of diverse peoples of Indo-European origin, (Galaicos or Gallaeci and the Cónios), culturally and ethnically similar, inhabited the west of the Iberian Peninsula, around the Portuguese district of Castelo Branco. Later, throughout the second millennium, the Celts They arrived from the east to the areas of the central and western peninsula and stable settlements of what was known as the Tartessos civilization appeared in which an incipient social hierarchy can be seen; the particular position of the Iberian Peninsula as the Far West\" of the Mediterranean world determined the arrival of successive cultural influences from the eastern Mediterranean, particularly those linked to the Neolithic and the Age of Metals (agriculture, ceramics, megalithism), a process that culminated in the so-called historical colonizations such as those of the Phoenicians, the Carthaginians, the Greeks, especially in the peninsular Levant and the successive ones of the Romans, Germans (Suevians and Visigoths), Muslims, Jews throughout the peninsula",null,"DESCRIPTION 3"]
["Around 200 BC. C. the peninsula became the Roman province of Hispania until the fall of Rome in the 5th century, when the Visigothic Kingdom was established, which lasted until the beginning of the 8th century. In the year 711, the Muslim conquest took place from North Africa and in a few years Islam dominated a large part of the Iberian Peninsula. For the next 750 years, the Muslim-dominated kingdom would be known as al-Andalus, and while much of the rest of Europe remained in the dark years, al-Andalus experienced a splendid multicultural, scientific and artistic flourishing.\"",null,"EVOLUTION 3"]
["The prehistory of Portugal and Spain is practically the same as the entire peninsula; Iberian peoples such as the Bastetans, the Edetans, the Layetans and the Turdetans, among others, settled as original indigenous tribes. On the other hand, the Lusitanians, who were a group of diverse peoples of Indo-European origin, (Galaicos or Gallaeci and the Cónios) culturally and ethnically similar, inhabited the west of the Iberian Peninsula, around the Portuguese district of Castelo Branco. Later, throughout the second millennium, the Celts arrived from the east to the areas of the central and western peninsula and stable settlements of what was known as the Tartessos civilization appeared in which an incipient social hierarchy can be seen; The particular position of the Iberian Peninsula as the \"Far West\" of the Mediterranean world determined the arrival of successive cultural influences from the Eastern Mediterranean, particularly those linked to the Neolithic and the Age of Metals (agriculture, ceramics, megalithism), a process that culminated in the called historical colonizations such as those of the Phoenicians, the Carthaginians, the Greeks, especially in the eastern part of the peninsula and the successive ones of the Romans, Germans (Suebians and Visigoths), Muslims, Jews throughout the peninsula. Around 200 BC. C. the peninsula became the Roman province of Hispania until the fall of Rome in the 5th century, when the Visigothic Kingdom was established, which lasted until the beginning of the 8th century. In the year 711, the Muslim conquest took place from North Africa and in a few years Islam dominated a large part of the Iberian Peninsula. For the next 750 years, the Muslim-dominated kingdom would be known as al-Andalus, and while much of the rest of Europe remained in the dark years, al-Andalus experienced a splendid multicultural, scientific and artistic flourishing.",null,"DESCRIPTION 4"]
["The resistance to the rapid Muslim invasion led to the birth of small kingdoms that would grow larger as the Reconquista bore fruit; The main Christian nuclei are formed on the peninsula in the kingdoms of Asturias, Navarra, León, Galicia, Aragón and Castilla, which finally end up defeating the Muslims in 1492 and creating the future Kingdom of Spain; In this same year, the expulsion of the Jews and the discovery of America took place and the Spanish Empire was created, one of the first modern world empires and one of the largest empires in history, considered the first global empire, since for the first time Once an empire encompassed possessions on all continents, its area of influence expanded, becoming the largest economic power in the world during the 16th century, when trade flourished across the Atlantic between the Iberian Peninsula and the Americas, and in the Pacific. from East Asia and the Philippines to Mexico. Although in the military aspect, for several centuries the Spanish Empire would dominate the seas and oceans with the navy and the battlefields, starting in the 17th century its political power and influence in central Europe and Italy was rapidly diminished.",null,"EVOLUTION 4"]
["Around 600 BC. C. Ionian Greeks founded the colony of Massalia (the present-day city of Marseille), near the mouth of the Rhône, making it the oldest city in France. At the same time Gallic tribes began to penetrate the east and north of France, thus gradually spreading to the rest of the country between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC. C. Due to its closer proximity to Rome and less formidable geographic obstacles, Rome was able to consolidate its control of the region of Western Europe currently occupied by Belgium, France, western Switzerland, northern Italy, and parts of Germany and the United States. Netherlands west of the Rhine that acquired the Roman name Gaul. For the next three centuries Gaul was an integral part of the Roman Empire and, still under the rule of the Germanic Visigoths settled there by the Romans, it gradually became Romanized, its people adopting Roman customs and fusing their own indigenous languages with Latin to produce Old French, which throughout the Middle Ages evolved into French. During the decline of the Roman Empire, the Franks, themselves another Germanic tribe, managed to slowly penetrate and establish themselves in the interior of Gaul and finally violently conquered it from the Visigoths; Established by Clovis in the year 509 the kingdom of all the Franks with its capital in Paris, the monarchs of the Gallic part little by little abandoned much of the linguistic and cultural legacy of their Germanic ancestors and over time adopted Latin roots and differentiated themselves. of the Franks settled in Germany who were from tribes closer to the Rhine and east of the Rhine.",null,"DESCRIPTION 5"]
["Once the Muslim expansion into central Europe from Hispania was stopped by Charles Martel in Poitiers (732), and Charlemagne was crowned as Roman Emperor in 774, the Franks were able, around the year 800, to create a Great Carolingian Kingdom that reached from the Pyrenees to the southwest, including in fact an area of the north of the Iberian Peninsula (Spanish March after 795), passing through almost all of modern France (with the exception of Brittany, which was never conquered by the Franks), and to the east most of present-day Germany , including northern Italy and present-day Austria. Through the division of the great Carolingian kingdom by the Treaty of Verdun in 843, Charles the Bald was established as King of Western France, the first form of the State that in 987 became the Kingdom of France, the only Frankish State. . The modern name of France first appears in 1205, during the rule of King Philip II the Augustus, the first to use the title Rex Francie. Since the Treaty of Verdun had to divide the kingdom of the Franks between three brothers, grandsons of Charlemagne, the kingdom of Middle France or Lotharingia was created for Lothair I, approximately consisting of what would today be Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Alsace. Lorraine, Burgundy, Provence and northern Italy. This kingdom was the reason for the late construction of nations such as Italy and also became the bone of contention between the French and Germans during a period that would last more than a millennium and was still part of the disputes in the 20th century. territories of the two world wars.",null,"EVOLUTION 5"]
["Germania, also called Magna Germania, was a large historical region in north-central Europe that was associated by Roman authors with the Germanic peoples. The region extended roughly from the Middle and Lower Rhine in the west to the Vistula in east and extended as far south as the Upper and Middle Danube and Pannonia, and as far as the known parts of Scandinavia in the north. Germania was never fully Romanized and was only partially integrated into the Empire until the 1st century AD. when the Romans stopped trying to conquer and Romanize it after the disastrous battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9.\r\nDuring the decline of the Roman Empire, the Franks, themselves another Germanic tribe, managed to take control of all the tribes and violently displace the Romans from all of Germany; The kingdom of all the Franks was established in the year 509 with its capital in Paris by Clovis, he himself continued as ruler of the German part and maintained his linguistic and cultural roots although integrated with Catholicism to which he had converted shortly before. ",null,"DESCRIPTION 6"]
["The Germanic Franks were integrated around the year 800 into the Great Carolingian Kingdom of Charlemagne that reached from the Pyrenees to the southwest, including in fact an area of the north of the Iberian Peninsula (Spanish March after 795), passing through almost all of modern France. (except for Brittany, which was never conquered by the Franks), and to the east most of modern-day Germany, including northern Italy and modern-day Austria.\r\nThrough the division of the great Carolingian kingdom by the Treaty of Verdun in 843, Louis the Germanic was established as King of the East Franks, the first form of the State that in 919 became the Kingdom of Germania and which since 962 has been together with the Kingdom of Italy, it constitutes most of the Holy Roman Empire.\r\nSince the Treaty of Verdun had to divide the kingdom of the Franks between three brothers, grandsons of Charlemagne, the kingdom of Middle France was created for Lothair I, approximately consisting of what would today be Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Alsace-Lorraine, Burgundy, Provence and northern Italy. This kingdom was the reason for the late construction of nations such as Italy and also became the bone of contention between the French and Germans during a period that would last more than a millennium and was still part of the disputes in the 20th century. territories of the two world wars.",null,"EVOLUTION 6"]
["The pre-Hellenic Aegean civilizations prior to the Greek civilization developed in protohistory in the space around the Aegean Sea; they are the Cycladic (around the Cyclades islands), Minoan (Crete island) and Mycenaean (European continental Greece) civilizations. particularly the Peloponnese-) (3,300 - 1,600 BC).\r\nThe Mycenaean civilization (1600-1070 BC) represents the first advanced civilization of continental Greece with its palace states, urban organization, works of art and writing system. Among the centers of power that emerged within it were Pylos, Tiryns and Mideia in the Peloponnese; Orchomenus, Thebes, and Athens in central Greece; Iolcus in Thessaly and Troy (stratum VI of Troy) in Anatolia. However, the most interesting city was Mycenae, located in the Argolis, which gives its name to this entire civilization. Regarding the end of this civilization, (1200-1100 BC), several theories have been proposed, among them that of the Doric invasion or activities connected with the Sea Peoples. Explanations such as natural disasters or climate changes have also been defended. The Mycenaean period became the historical setting for much of Greek literature and mythology, including the Trojan Cycle.",null,"DESCRIPTION 7"]
["After the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, the Dark Ages and the Archaic era give way to classical Greece par excellence, between the Ionian revolt against the Persian Empire (499 BC) and the reign of Alexander the Great (336 BC). C.-323 BC) with whose conquests from Greece to the Indus Valley in the East and to Egypt in the West an Empire was established that remained unconsolidated after his abrupt death. The diádochos or successors were kings who founded the three great Ptolemaic, Seleucid and Antigonid dynasties that would predominate at the time, preserving and encouraging the Greek spirit, both in the arts and sciences throughout the conquered world. When Rome imposes its military supremacy over Macedonia and the Achaean league, (150-146 BC), and consolidates it including all the Hellenic territories in the provinces of Macedonia, Epirus, Thrace and Achaia in 27 BC. C. Greece entered a period of economic decline, but many features of its culture began to be known and admired by many prominent Romans and several emperors such as Caesar Augustus, Claudius, Domitian, Trajan, Hadrian and Marcus Aurelius favored Greek cities by sponsoring new constructions. Thus began a slow but progressive process of Greek cultural penetration in Rome, whose intellectuals began to use Greek as a cultured language and whose writers and artists began to reproduce the models of Greek literature and art, in what can properly be called a Greek civilization. Roman, identified even in religion since the Greeks had already begun their Christianization from the first century and the Romans from the 4th century. In this way, from the founding of Constantinople (4th century), the process of \"Hellenization\" was given free rein, which converted the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantine Empire into a military-political center with the primacy of Greek culture and language.",null,"EVOLUTION 7"]
["The Roman civilization, of Latin origin, was formed in the 8th century BC. C. from the grouping of several towns from central Italy that formed a Monarchy as a form of State governed by kings since the founding of the city of Rome in the year 753 BC. C. until the year 509 BC. C., when it gave way to the establishment of the Roman Republic, a republican regime as a form of state, during which it consolidated its power throughout the Italian peninsula and began its expansion to other regions. The oligarchic republican regime ended up being destroyed by three great civil wars that ended around 27 BC. C. in the establishment of the autocratic Roman Empire that until the 5th century AD. C., dominated the Mediterranean world and Western Europe through the conquest and Romanization of other elites and local cultures until the Roman conquest of Greece and the provinces of the eastern Mediterranean did not bring with it a Romanization of these, but rather the opposite. , a Hellenization of Rome itself generating what can properly be called a Greco-Roman civilization with an important linguistic, legal, artistic, religious and cultural legacy; Given that Christianity had begun to be professed in Greece from the same first century, the Hellenization of Rome ended with the adoption of Christianity as the official and only religion of the Empire, thus establishing the other pillar of the currently called Western civilization.",null,"DESCRIPTION 8"]
["The process of Hellenization had a detrimental effect on the regions that had been the original bastion of its power, such as Rome itself, the rest of Italy and nearby regions which, during the periods of decline and disappearance of the Western Empire, were subjected to the conquests of the Germanic peoples, Ostrogoths, Lombards and finally the Franks who, at the head of Charlemagne, received the crown of Emperor of the Great Carolingian Kingdom, (800-843), which reached from the Pyrenees to the southwest, including in fact an area of the north of the Iberian Peninsula (Spanish March after 795), passing through almost all of modern France (with the exception of Brittany), and to the east most of modern-day Germany, including northern Italy and modern-day Austria.\r\nBy the Treaty of Verdun (843), Rome and northern Italy were included in the kingdom of Middle France, ruled by Lothair I. The evolution within this kingdom as part of the Holy Roman Empire led to the end of the Italian Wars around 1559, the House of Austria had managed to establish the Holy German Empire as the leading world power, to the detriment of France. The states of Italy, which during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance had accumulated a power disproportionate to their small size, saw their political and military weight reduced to that of secondary powers, some of them disappearing, which was the reason for the late construction of nations such as the case of Italy, which only until 1861 could constitute a successor state to the Kingdom of Sardinia and other kingdoms, which emerged after the Italian national unification led by Victor Emmanuel II, who crowned himself King of Italy to establish a kingdom that encompassed the entire region. Italian peninsula and that would evolve into the current republic after the Second World War.",null,"EVOLUTION 8"]
["The Byzantine Empire was constituted by the eastern part of the Roman Empire that survived throughout the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance with its capital in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), being an important military and economic power in Europe, the Middle East and the eastern Mediterranean; Due to its Hellenistic character, it replaced Latin with Greek as the official language in 620, after which the Empire ended up forming an essentially Greek State. During the millennium of existence, the Empire was one of the main commercial centers in the world, establishing a stable gold currency that circulated throughout the Mediterranean area and had a decisive influence on the laws, political systems and customs of a large part of Europe and the Middle East.",null,"DESCRIPTION 9"]
["The Byzantine Empire suffered numerous setbacks and losses of territory, especially during the wars against the Sassanids, Normans, Bulgarians and finally the Muslim Arabs against whom it was a bastion of Christianity that prevented the advance of Islam towards Western Europe until its prolonged decline began. It culminated in the fall of Constantinople (1453), and the conquest of the rest of the Byzantine territories by the Ottoman Turks in 1461.",null,"EVOLUTION 9"]
["Muslim expansion or the expansion of Islam is the name usually given to the military conquests or trade reforms of the Arab Muslim civilization in which the Sassanian Empire, northern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, including parts of the Empire, fell. Byzantine. This period began in the year 622 when Muhammad organized an army in Medina that was soon able to unify the entire Arabian Peninsula under Islam and after his death, in a few decades Islam spread rapidly from the northeast to Mesopotamia and Persia. , west to Syria, Palestine and Egypt (the richest provinces of the Byzantine Empire).\r\nIslam spread in Asia Minor and India, then an Afghan prince established an Islamic sultanate in India and different influential families in the Turkish tribes in Asia Minor, among them the Ottomans settled near Istanbul, undertook the conquest of Asia Minor and of the Balkans, until the fall of Constantinople in 1453, which meant the establishment of a Muslim State with universal pretensions, the Ottoman Empire, with which it reached its maximum expansion.\r\nFrom the beginning, the Catholic Church considered the emergence of Islam very negatively because it posed an obstacle to its claim to universalism; Equally for the other Christian currents, as well as the Jews, because in the references to the messages of the Bible they appeared more like a schismatic heresy of Islam than as a recognition.\"",null,"DESCRIPTION 10"]
["Islam is today the most followed religion after Christianity and the fastest growing religion in the world and not only in Muslim-majority nations; It continues its expansion in a constant progression towards southern Africa and also continues its diffusion eastward into Asia. The majority of Muslims globally (62%) live in the Asia-Pacific region, including large populations in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Turkey and Indonesia, the latter currently being the country with the largest Muslim population. in the world, but it is projected that India will have that distinction by the year 2050 (while still being a Hindu-majority country), with more than 300 million Muslims.",null,"EVOLUTION 10"]
["Anatolia (also known as Asia Minor) comprises most of modern-day Turkey, and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited regions in the world due to its location at the intersection of Asia and Europe; between the civilizations and peoples that settled or conquered Anatolia, it is worth mentioning: the Hittites, the Phrygians, the Cimmerians, the Persians, the Galatians, the Celts, the Greeks, the Romans, the Armenians, the Goths, the Byzantine Empire and the Ottoman Empire.\r\nArmenia is an exonym of ancient Greek as its own Armenian language uses the name Hayastan, 'The Land of Hayk', the legendary founding patriarch of the Armenian nation. Armenia has been populated since prehistoric times; Archaeologists continue to reveal evidence that Armenia and its mountains were among the first places where human civilization settled. From 4000 to 1000 BC. C., copper, bronze and iron tools and utensils were produced in Armenia and commonly traded in neighboring lands where these metals were less abundant.",null,"DESCRIPTION 11"]
["As a consequence of the First World War and the partition of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey is currently a democratic, secular, unitary and constitutional republic, influencing the area between the European Union in the west and Central Asia in the east, Russia in the north and the Middle East in the south and which, due to its strategic location, is classified as a regional power by politicians and economists from around the world.\r\nPresent-day Armenia, whose territory corresponds to the eastern part of the Armenian Highlands, traditionally considered the homeland of the Armenian people, gained independence once again in 1918, with the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Armenia and then in 1991 of the Republic of Armenia ",null,"EVOLUTION 11"]
["In the territory of today's Central Asia, the first urban settlements appeared in the regions of Sogdiana, (3,800 BC), and Bactria, (2,400 BC), while in the territories that would today be Russia, Ukraine, Eastern Slavic peoples settled in Belarus from 1,500 BC. C.; The Sogdians and Bactrians occupied a key position in the initiation of the Silk Road around 200 BC. C. and since then they played a prominent role in facilitating commercial transactions between China and Central Asia. The Slavs, for their part, settled in kyiv around 450, sometimes being tributaries of Goths, Khazars, Goths, Huns, Avars and Magyars who crossed the region in the course of their migrations towards Central Asia and Europe, until the Scandinavian Varangians settled. They settled in Ladoga, founding around 753 a multiethnic settlement that became known as the Khanate of Rus; In 862 Rurik, the pagan Varangian chief of the Khanate, gained control of the Slavic and Finnish tribes settled in Novgorod and founded the Rurik dynasty that ruled until the 16th century as the Principality of Novgorod and Kievan Rus and then of Muscovy, which in the In 988 he adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. After the 16th century, Russia, China, and other powers expanded throughout the region, eventually taking control of most of Central Asia by the end of the 19th century.",null,"DESCRIPTION 12"]
["Russia has had power and a lot of influence in the world since the time of the Russian Empire (1721-1917) and after the Russian Revolution, as the dominant country of the Soviet Union (USSR), most regions of Central Asia were incorporated into its orbit; only Mongolia remained independent, although in practice it was a satellite state. The Soviet areas of Central Asia were industrialized and much infrastructure was built, but like Russia they suffered the collapse of the Soviet Union, after which five countries of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) gained independence by forming new states largely dependent on Russia.\r\nRussia is the largest nation in the world, occupying all of North Asia and around 40% of Europe, it has twenty-one autonomous republics and extends over 10,000 kilometers from East to West, approximately 17 million km2, doubling the area of the United States. or China. The Russian Federation is the first and largest of the constitutionally established states, recognized as a great world power, with aspirations to be the center of a Eurasian civilization, that is, a singular entity not fully defined as either European or Asian, that must have as preferential partners in trade matters the countries linked to its sphere by geographical and cultural proximity, assuming its duty to preserve peace and security in said area, which implies at least maintaining political neutrality and the non-inclusion of all these countries in exogenous military security structures",null,"EVOLUTION 12"]
["Mesopotamia is the area of the Middle East located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and extends to the fertile areas adjacent to the strip between the two rivers and approximately coincides with the non-desert areas of modern-day Iraq and the northern-eastern border area of Syria.\r\nAll specialists and official archaeologists are willing to consider the Sumerians as the first and oldest inhabitants, and accept that it is not known for sure who they were, where they came from or how they arrived, but that they emerged suddenly in the south. of Mesopotamia on the shores of the Persian Gulf and from the year 4,000 BC. C. the most outstanding features of the first Mesopotamian civilization that created a set of city-states are observed: Eridu, Uruk, Ur, Lagaš, Kiš, Uma and Ea, whose economy was based on irrigation and which were governed by a king absolute, who called himself vicar\" of the god protector of the city to whom they built great temples (ziggurat). The period of the city Uruk, (4,000 - 2,900 BC) is the scene of fundamental discoveries for the history of humanity: the wheel appears around 3500 BC. C., and writing in 3300 BC. C., which is the oldest dating of clay tablets with cuneiform writing found to date.\"",null,"DESCRIPTION 13"]
["Around 2350 BC. C., Sargon, a usurper of Akkadian origin, took power in the city of Kiš, founded a new capital, Agade, and conquered the rest of the Sumerian cities, constituting a great Empire continued by his successors, among whom stood out the grandson of the conqueror, Naram-Sin, a stage that marked the beginning of the decline of Sumerian culture and language in favor of the Akkadians. The Akkadian Empire collapsed around 2220 BC. C., due to the constant revolts and invasions of the Amorite and Guti nomads, leading to a brief period of Sumerian renaissance but which finally succumbed to the attacks of the Amorites and Elamites-Semites, coming from the plateau of Iran, leaving Sumeria reduced. to a state of political fragmentation in which local dynasties proliferate and in Babylon an Amorite dynasty ends up enthroned with Hammurabi, as founder of the Paleo-Babylonian Empire in 1792. Many Sumerians emigrated to the north and Sumerian stopped being used as an oral language, although it is still used. he wrote, being replaced by the Semitic Akkadian with which the Sumerian culture thus came to an end and its history was little by little buried under the sands.",null,"EVOLUTION 13"]
["Assyria was one of the main Semitic-speaking kingdoms of Mesopotamia and empires of the Ancient Near East. Located mainly in the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial marsh in upper Mesopotamia, the Assyrian people came to rule powerful empires at various times, forming a part substantial part of the Cradle of Civilization, which included Sumer, the Akkadian Empire, and Babylon. During its heyday, Assyria was at the forefront of technological, scientific, and cultural achievements.\r\nAssyria takes its name from the city of Ashur, which in turn comes from the deity Ashur.",null,"DESCRIPTION 14"]
["After its decline the region of Assyria fell under the successive control of the Median, Achaemenid, Macedonian, Seleucid, Parthian, Roman and Sassanian empires; The Arab Islamic conquest in the mid-7th century finally dissolved Assyria (Assuristan) as a single entity, after which the remnants of the Assyrian people, already then Christians, gradually became an ethnic, linguistic, cultural and religious minority on the land. Assyria, surviving to this day as a native people of the region.",null,"EVOLUTION 14"]
["Iran, along with Iraq, is home to the oldest civilizations. The first known dynasties in western Iran are those of Elam, from 2800 BC when Susa appears, as one of the most important cities of Ancient Near East, capital of the subsequent Iranian Proto-Elamite, Elamite, First Persian, Seleucid and Parthian empires, located in the lower part of the Zagros Mountains about 250 km east of the Tigris River, between the Karkheh and Dez rivers, in the southwest of present-day Iran.\r\nAt the beginning of the 3rd millennium BC. C. a form of writing appears in Susa, possibly derived from the Sumerian system to represent the Elamite language. From 2000 BC. C. the Medes and the Persians, Aryan or Indo-European peoples, began to move from the plains of southern Russia and Central Asia towards Europe and Asia and at the end of the second millennium BC. C. The Elamite Empire of southwestern Iran competes with the neighboring empires of Babylon and Assyria. At the end of the 7th century BC. C., groups of Iranian tribes identified as Medes, established in the north and northwest of Iran, freed themselves from the Assyrian yoke, establishing their power over the region and ending Assyrian power and consolidating the first Iranian empire.",null,"DESCRIPTION 15"]
["The Achaemenid Persian Empire (550 BC-330 BC) was the first and most extensive of the empires of the Persians that extended across the territories of the present-day states of Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan , Turkey, Russia, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Greece and Egypt. Cyrus the Great extended his rule over the central plateau of Iran and much of Mesopotamia; his conquests extended over Media, Lydia and Babylon, from the Mediterranean Sea to the Hindu Kush mountain range, creating the largest empire known up to that time. This empire was collapsed by the conquests of Alexander the Great, beginning for the Persians a period of domination by the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire until 238 BC. It was succeeded by the Iranian dynasties of the Parthians and the Sassanids who established the second period of splendor of Iran that was in constant conflict with the Roman Empire, particularly over the control of Armenia and Mesopotamia. The Iranian classical era ended in the year 651. , with the Muslim conquest of Persia.\r\nThe Iranian Empire was restored in 1501 by the Safavid Dynasty, which imposed Shiism as the only religion. Since then, Iran stands out for being the only nation in which this branch of Islam functions as an official religion. Successive dynasties ruled Iran until the 1979 Revolution, in which Mohammad Reza, the last Shah, was dethroned. The current Islamic Republic of Iran was born on April 1, 1979.",null,"EVOLUTION 15"]
["Mediterranean Levant or Sham Country, or Greater Syria is a large area located south of the Taurus Mountains, limited by the Mediterranean Sea to the west, the Arabian Desert to the south and Mesopotamia to the east, not including the Caucasus Mountains or any part of the Arabian Peninsula or Anatolia, although Cilicia is occasionally included; The Sinai Peninsula is included as a marginal area, a bridge between the Levant and northern Egypt. It includes, approximately, the current states of Syria, the Lebanese Republic, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, the State of Israel, the State of Palestine and the province of Hatay in Turkey. This region is part of the so-called Fertile Crescent, one of the cradles of humanity, whose lands were originally inhabited by Semitic Canaanite, Phoenician, Chaldean, Aramean and ancient Palmyra peoples who had Baalshamin as their celestial god and supreme deity. The Levant has been the seat of several important cultures dating back to the earliest Neolithic phases (6,000 BC), which have built throughout those millennia important settlements such as Jericho, Ugarit, Jerusalem, Tyre, Sidon, Byblos , Damascus or Gaza. The region of Syria was the center of a highly important Semitic civilization around the cities of Ebla and Ugarit that archaeologists have described as one of the largest ancient cities on Earth, disseminating routes from the Red Sea north to Turkey and the East to Mesopotamia gradually built a large Semitic empire, (2900-2250 BC), thanks to trade with the cities of Sumeria and Akkad, as well as with towns to the northwest.",null,"DESCRIPTION 16"]
["As a crossroads of vital importance for trade between the three continents, the region has historically been conquered and occupied by many peoples, cultures and kingdoms such as the ancient Egyptians, the Assyrians, the Persians, the ancient Macedonians, the Romans, Byzantines, Arabs and Ottoman Turks. The dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire after losing in the First World War revived the nationalist aspirations of a \"Greater Syria\", however, the English and French, as victors, divided up the Levant through mandates in 1916, which although they achieved their independence a few decades later and were able to reconsider the unification of the Arabs, they ran into the obstacle of The Balfour Declaration (November 2, 1917), a formal public demonstration by the British government during the First World War, to announce its support for the establishment of a \"national home\" for the Jewish people in the region of Palestine. Since then, pan-Arabist intentions to create a sovereign state for the Sham have collapsed while generating permanent instability throughout the Middle East.",null,"EVOLUTION 16"]
["Ancient Egypt was the cradle of one of the most important civilizations of humanity, settled along the middle and lower reaches of the Nile River, spanning from the Nile delta in the north to Elephantine, at the first cataract of the Nile in the south; He also controlled the eastern desert, the Red Sea coastline, the Sinai Peninsula, and a large western territory dominating the scattered oases. In its period of greatest expansion, it controlled the Amorite kingdoms of Palestine and northern Syria, reaching the middle Euphrates and the Nubian chiefdoms of the Sudan, up to Jebel Barkal, at the fourth cataract of the Nile.",null,"DESCRIPTION 17"]
["After the Muslim expansion and the occupation of the Persians, Egypt was relegated to a marginal position within the great Ottoman Empire and after suffering continuous British interference that kept it in permanent political instability, the Arab Republic of Egypt was proclaimed by the Free Officers Movement led by Gamal Abdel Nasser. Egypt is currently an important political and cultural center of the Middle East and is considered a regional power; Its current form of government is the semi-presidential republic.",null,"EVOLUTION 17"]
["The Indus Valley culture developed along the Indus River Valley, in present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northwestern India. It covered nearly a hundred settlements and two major cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, both in Pakistan. Altogether, it comprised the largest area of all ancient civilizations, more than one million square kilometers. In the formative phase, primitive regional diversity was replaced by cultural uniformity and a single province was created that encompassed the entire Indus plain and by 2400 BC. C. a complex urban civilization had already developed, comparable to those of Egypt and Mesopotamia with Indra as the king of the gods or devas and lord of Heaven and main god of the Vedic religion (pre-Hinduism) in India.",null,"DESCRIPTION 18"]
["Annexed by the British East India Company from the early 18th century and colonized by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947, the same year that the partition of India led to the creation of the sovereign States of the Dominion of Pakistan (later divided into Pakistan and Bangladesh) and the Union of India (later the Republic of India).",null,"EVOLUTION 18"]
["Japan as a monarchical state was founded in the 7th century BC. C. by Emperor Jinmu and during the 5th and 6th centuries the Chinese calligraphic system and Buddhism were introduced along with other Chinese customs through the Korean Peninsula or directly from China. The history of Japan, due to its geographical nature as an island nation, includes a series of indigenous events and many others that are due to foreign influences, such as in the case of the Chinese Empire, which directly or through Korea defined its language, its writing and also its culture. policy.",null,"DESCRIPTION 19"]
["Japan, officially the State of Japan, is an island country in East Asia located in the northwest Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west and extends from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. Part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, Japan is made up of an archipelago of 6,852 smaller islands plus five main islands, Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū, Shikoku and Okinawa, the latter constituting 97% of the country's total area of 377 975 square kilometers; Tokyo is the capital and largest city of Japan, although Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Kobe, and Kyoto are also large and important cities.",null,"EVOLUTION 19"]
["China is one of the oldest civilizations in the world with continuity to the present day that has its origins in the Yellow River basin where the first forms of states emerged with political systems based on hereditary monarchies, known as dynasties. The existence of documents written nearly 3,500 years ago has allowed the development in China of a very precise historiographic tradition, which offers a continuous narrative from the first dynasties to the Contemporary Age. The history of the enormous Chinese territory encompasses a large number of peoples and civilizations, although it especially focuses on the cultural ethnic group of the \"Han\" Chinese, who constitute 92% of the population in the People's Republic of China, 2% in Taiwan. , 75% in Singapore and approximately 20% of the world's population and which is closely associated with the evolution of the Chinese language and its writing system based on ideograms. Chinese culture, according to myth, is inaugurated with the three original emperors: Fuxi, Shennong and finally the Yellow Emperor Huang (2852-2070), the latter considered the true creator of Chinese culture.",null,"DESCRIPTION 20"]
["The long chain of the imperial system extends until the year 1912 when the People's Republic of China was established until the present dominated by a communist system that, since the introduction of the economic reforms of 1978, has made China the fastest growing economy in the world. , reaching global primacy in 2014 in terms of GDP measured in purchasing power parity and remaining the second power by nominal GDP. China is considered an emerging superpower along with the United States and the Russian Federation.",null,"EVOLUTION 20"]
["LET'S STUDY THE HISTORY\nPeople who unsuspectingly find this document because they have within their professions, or hobbies, to a lesser or greater extent, the task of finding out about the events carried out by man throughout his travels on earth, will be able to find in it a tool proposal for the recording of said events in a synchronous and comparative way of the different regions and civilizations that have stood out throughout history. This tool can serve, first of all, to help us quickly understand where we come from and understand where we are, while at the same time it can make us reflect on where we want to go; It is really a proposal, first because of the methodology used to present the events through synchronized comparative tables and secondly because of the depth, measured in the number of events included from each period and region studied; In relation to the second, it must be accepted that taking into account the enormous temporal breadth of the events, (from prehistory to the current era), as well as the relative large number of regions and/or civilizations selected, (20), the proposal It is only intended to be the \"skeleton\" or structure to support the universal history that could be compiled, that is, a printed model or pattern with many blank spaces that can be filled in at will.\"",null,"LET'S STUDY THE HISTORY"]
["LET'S WRITE THE HISTORY\nThe preparation of this document has ended up being in accordance with the teachings of Professor Fernando Sánchez Marcos, Emeritus Professor of Modern History, Universita Barcelona, regarding the need for a change of historiographic perspective in which the voice of minorities claims its place today. and other social groups previously neglected (due to race, class, gender or religion). Hence the original title of LET'S MAKE HISTORY\", better changed into Let us write \"History\", complemented by the professor's very accurate definition, which goes like this: Let us write about \"the effort to save from oblivion, narrate and understand the human adventure in time.\" Proposals from interested parties to contribute to filling out this historiographic \"skeleton\", either to complement or modify the included events, or to fill in the blank spaces with new events, will be coordinated by filling out the relevant dates and events in the FORMAT included in the \"Corrections, Additions\" file and sent to the contact emails established therein.",null,"LET'S WRITE THE HISTORY"]
["\"SYNCHRONOUS TABLE OF WORLD EMPIRES\nThe classic definition of an EMPIRE as the political organization through which a State extends its power over other countries has its essential intrinsic characteristic, since generally, the triumph of any great power and the subjugation of another has been the consequence of prolonged struggles of its military forces; On the other hand, it must be taken into account that the social forces of the leading nations on the world stage never remain constant, especially due to the fluctuations in the growth rates in different societies and the corresponding technological and organizational advances that in each epoch provide greater advantages to one society than to another, which originates the main component for the formation of an empire, which is the use of these advantages to impose the rules of trade on the subjugated societies; In the most important cases that have greatly changed the course of humanity, empires have taken advantage of military and commercial advantage to also impose their own religious ideas.\nWhen analyzing our universal history obtained in File 1, it can be deduced that what has essentially been obtained is a \"Polemology\" with its consequent changes in economic and social power, or better yet a history of wars in the world with the winners and losers in each era. It is interesting to be able to graphically observe this continuous change of powers extracted from universal history, as we do and is shown in File 2, in the \"SYNCHRONOUS TABLE OF THE RISE AND FALL OF WORLD EMPIRES.\"",null,"SYNCHRONOUS TABLE OF WORLD EMPIRES"]
["COMMENTS / OBSERVATIONS / SUGGESTIONS\nA link is provided to download a format for the submission, identifying the year and region, the events and/or modifications proposed to be included in the base file, as well as, as errata, any corrections that may be found. ",null,"COMMENTS / OBSERVATIONS / SUGGESTIONS"]
["METHODOLOGY OF SYNCHRONISM\nFor the preparation of this universal historiography, the ingenious and simple resource that served Eusebius of Caesarea, the main scholar of antiquity in the 2nd century, has been used, taking as a reference the father of Christian chronology, Sextus Julius Africanus, to fulfill with the determination to write the History of the Church from the exact date of Creation, (c. 5500 BC according to their calculations); Taking into account that for Eusebius, the Church appears as the engine of the History of Humanity, his method consisted of synchronizing the various chronological lines of biblical events through tabular systems, drawing horizontal lines between columns that had an event dated the same anus. Naturally, in our case, modern technological resources will be used and, most importantly, all the chronological lines of known empires and peoples from both Eastern cultures and the New World and Asia will be included without the main time scale being based on biblical calculation. . This tabular format would force any \"historian\" to be precise with any data that he proposes to integrate into the tables to correct, modify or complement ancient history, since avoiding errors in subsequent synchronizations depends on it.",null,"SYNCHRONISM METHODOLOGY"]
["INSTRUCTIONS \nAUXILIARY BUTTONS WITH ADDITIONAL INFORMATION\nLET'S STUDY THE HISTORY_LET'S MAKE HISTORY_LET'S WRITE THE HISTORY: Approach to the proposed use of this project as a participatory tool for those interested in the review and complementation of the historiography prepared until reaching greater levels of depth as a source of quick consultation.\nOBJECTIVE: of the present universal history.\nMETHODOLOGY OF SYNCHRONISM: Method used for the synchronous comparison of events.\nSCOPE: of the present universal history.\nDESCRIPTION / REGION EVOLUTION: Geographic description and ancient history of each Region. / Evolution and development until modern times of each Region.\nPREHISTORY SUPPORT: Basic principles on which the present history on the origin of humanity is based.\nTYPES OF CHRONOLOGY: Explanation of the types of chronology adopted for each region according to its antiquity.\nCHRONOLOGY SYNCHRONIZATION: Explanation of the method used to synchronize the difference in time between the types of chronologies of the ancient regions with those of the modern regions.\nSYNCHRONOUS TABLE OF EMPIRES: Approach to the use of historiy to visualize the different empires that have dominated the world scene in terms of their duration and their geographical and political scope.\nCLOSING THE FILE: Use this key to properly close the file information.\nCONTROL BUTTON \"CORRECTIONS ADDITIONS AND SUGGESTIONS\": The \"Corrections, Additions\" file is downloaded, which can be copied and completed by interested parties.\n\"GO TO FILE 1\"_\"GO TO FILE 2\", CONTROL BUTTONS: They alternately display each of the two main files of the project according to your selection; To see the other file you must return to the home page and click the corresponding button.",null,"INSTRUCTIONS (In MENU)"]
["INSTRUCTIONS\nSEARCH YEAR\nYou can use this search engine to more easily find a specific year in which you want to view information. You must click on the SEARCH YEAR key, type in the window that appears the desired year, click if it corresponds to the period (BC) or (AD) a window will appear showing the year found closest to the one searched for; When ACCEPT you will find the year you are looking for located at the beginning of the rows.\nSELECT REGIONS\nYou can use this key to more easily view the information of a group of REGIONS that you want to compare in a certain period of time. By clicking on the SELECT REGIONS key, the window will be displayed where, after removing the ALL option from the selection, you can choose the regions you want to compare. You may or may not include the WORLD REGION in your selection, corresponding to the Milestones with global relevance, according to your comparison preferences. The time period you want to compare can be easily found using the search engine SEARCH YEARS.\nCOVER: With this button you can return to the COVER to access the other file alternatively.",null,"INSTRUCTIONS (In Search)"]
["LET'S MAKE HISTORY\n\"In today's global and media society, with a certain allergy to writing and fascinated by the image, does historiography have any future as knowledge captured in writing about the past?\"\n\nResponding to his own almost gloomy question, an eminent historian opened a specific entry by proposing the use of these characteristics of our current society full of novels, films, TV series and role-playing games consumed avidly but which almost always have a historical background, combining them with the creation of new communication channels that lead to historical writing and in this way contribute to shaping the culture of a community.\nCertainly, we want to propose here a new channel such as UNIVERSAL SYNCHRONOUS HISTORY, which will be explained later, which can be STUDYED by a group of interested parties from a community and whose study results in formulations of corrections or complements that can be WRITTEN in that historiography that is initially stated. The component that is completely assured if this integration is achieved is the progressive increase in the historical culture of the participants in it. As an example, any of the participants may find that the historiography of Chinese civilization is not sufficiently described taking into account the number of achievements and technological advances with which it has contributed to the advancement of humanity and yet it is the most documented of all. Due to the above, this participant wants to contribute to this topic.\nOn the other hand, another source of participation can be formulated for people interested in giving their opinion on the official versions of history that in some cases do not support any type of logical confrontation. Just as an illustrative example: a great fan of the study of megalithic structures in the world finds the following versions that have become official because they have never been subjected to a technical-sociological confrontation:\n- Cheops (Jufu): Pharaoh of the IV dynasty. During his reign the tallest pyramid at Giza was built; Inside are the corridors that lead to the burial chamber of King Cheops and the queen.\n- The Coricancha enclosure with its incredible polygonal walls of the city of Cusco was built as the palace of the city's founder, Manco Cápac, around the year 1200.\nIn this case, that person who has in-depth knowledge about the subject feels the need to propose a modification of the version or another different version so that it can be recorded in the historiography.\n\nIn any of these ways…….LET'S MAKE HISTORY.\n\nWELCOME!!"]
["\"EMPIRE SYNCHRONOUS TABLE SHEET INSTRUCTIONS\nSEARCH YEAR: You can use this search engine to more easily find a specific year in which you want to view information. You must click on the SEARCH YEAR key, type in the window that appears the desired year, click if it corresponds to the period (BC) or (AD) a window will appear showing the year found closest to the one searched for; When ACCEPT you will find the year you are looking for located at the beginning of the rows.\nCOVER: With this button you can return to the COVER to access the other file alternatively.\""]

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[]
[]
[]
[]
[null,"SEEKER",null,"_OFICIAL SYNCHRONOUS UNIVERSAL HISTORY_",null,null,null,null,"COMPARATIVE SYNCHRONOUS TABLE OF EMPIRES",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"FECHA:",{"$f":"TODAY()","v":"2024-02-29"}]
[null,null,null,"LET'S STUDY HISTORY_LET'S MAKE HISTORY_LET'S WRITE HISTORY",null,null,null,null,null," No.",1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,null,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,"ELABORADO: ","P.A.O.S./J.F.A.R."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"REGIONES","AMÉRICA","UNITED KINGDOM","PORTUGAL \nBRAZIL","SPAIN","FRANCE \nBELGIUM","GERMANY \nNETHERLANDS","GREECE","ROMA","BIZANTYUM","CALIPHATES","TURKEY","ARMENIA","RUSSIA \nCENTRAL ASIA","SUMERIA \nSUMERIAN EMPIRE","ASSYRIA \nUPPER MESOPOTAMIA\"","IRAN \nPERSIAN EMPIRE","LEVANTE\nGREAT SYRIA \nCOUNTRY OF SHAM","EGYPT \nAFRICA","INDUS VALLEY","JAPAN \nKOREA","CHINA \nCHINESE EMPIRE\nMONGOLIAN EMPIRE ",null,"portiz1950@gmail.com\njairoafanador@gmail.com"]
[null,null,null,"COMPARATIVE SYNCHRONOUS TABLE OF EMPIRES",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHICS"]
[null,"REFERENCE YEAR",null,"REGIONES\nCIUDADES\nLUGAR","_MILESTONES OF THE RISE AND FALL OF WORLD EMPIRES_","FECHA"]
[null,{"$f":"+F10","v":4000000},1,"AFRICA","Prehistory is the period from the appearance of the first hominids to the invention of writing in the region of lower Mesopotamia, when the history of humanity begins.\nHominids are a group of tailless primates, among which there are four genera and eight living species, including orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos and humans.\nThe hominids known as  Australopithecus, who lived in Africa 4 million years ago, are considered to be the first ancestors of the human species.\nIt is commonly said that the human being comes from the monkey, although this is not literally the case. It is not that monkeys have become human beings, but rather that human beings are the product of a genetic and evolutionary divergence that has a common ancestor with other primate species. The link with our common ancestor with other hominids can be seen much more clearly in the slow evolution of hominins, that is, of the previous species of the genus Homo that have already become extinct. However, it is estimated that there is only 1% variation in the genome between our species and other nearby species.",4000000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,4000000]
[null,2500000,2,"AFRICA","Homo habilis. They inhabited Africa 2.5 million years ago. They measured 1.40 meters and their cranial capacity was up to 700 cm3. They developed speech, made tools, and built temporary shelters.",2500000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2500000]
[null,2500000,3,"AFRICA","The Stone Age is the longest period of prehistory and included various evolutionary leaps, in addition to stone working.\nThe Paleolithic. It corresponds to the oldest stage of the Stone Age. Its name comes from the Greek meaning ancient stone.\" Among the most significant advances of this period are: the chipped stone work carried out by Homo habilis, which allowed them to create tools for hunting, and the control of fire carried out by Homo erectus which allowed them to defend themselves against wild animals and settle in caves for a long time.\"",2500000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2500000]
[null,2000000,"VALLE DEL INDO\n",null,"Remains of hominids have been found, which constitute the most remote ancestors of man. This is demonstrated by the remains found belonging to the Renzidong man, the Yuanmou man, the Nihewan man, the Lantian man, (Homo erectus lantianensis), the Nanjing man, (Homo erectus nankinensis) or the Peking man, ( Homo erectus pekinensis) linked between two million years and 200,000 years ago.",2000000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2000000]
[null,1500000,4,"AFRICA\r\nEUROPE\r\nOCEANIA","From Australopithecus, the genus Homo emerged, which is identified with the different human groups that, in their evolution, reached the current human being. This evolution was not a linear process, and different human groups coexisted over time and in different spaces.\nThe first evolutionary leap would be that of Homo erectus who migrated through Africa, Europe, Asia and Oceania 1.5 million years ago. They reached a height of 1.60 meters and their cranial capacity reached 1000 cm3. They hunted small animals, lived in camps and caves, and learned to control fire.\"",1500000,null,null,null,null,null,null,1200000,1200000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1500000]
[null,750000,null,null,null,750000,null,null,null,null,null,750000]
[null,650000,5,"AFRICA\r\n\r\nCENTRAL EUROPE","Homo heidelbergensis. They migrated from Africa through Europe and Asia; they are considered the last common ancestor between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. He was characterized by adapting his body to the severe frosts of Central Europe. Therefore, they had small and robust bodies, which allowed them to conserve heat in their natural habitat. Despite this, they are known to have been the first humans to routinely hunt large animals.",650000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,650000]
[null,500000,null,null,null,500000,null,null,null,null,null,500000]
[null,450000,null,null,null,450000,null,null,null,null,null,450000]
[null,420000,null,null,null,420000,null,null,null,null,null,420000]
[null,230000,6,"EUROPE\r\n\r\nASIA","Homo neanderthalensis. They lived in Europe and Asia from 230,000 years ago to 30,000 years ago. They were hunters and lived in larger groups. When the first fossil remains of Homo neanderthalensis were found, scientists considered them to be a distinct Homo genus.",230000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,230000]
[null,200000,7,"AFRICA ASIA EUROPE OCEANIA AMERICA","Homo sapiens sapiens. They populated Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania and America. It is the species to which today's human beings belong. The oldest remains date back to 200,000 years ago. They mastered group hunting techniques on large animals. They practiced religious rites and represented reality in paintings and sculptures.",200000,null,null,null,null,200000,200000,null,null,200000,200000,200000,200000,null,null,200000,null,200000,null,null,null,null,200000,200000,200000,200000]
[null,160000,null,null,null,160000,null,null,null,null,160000,160000]
[null,50000,null,null,null,50000,null,null,null,null,50000]
[null,48000,null,null,null,48000,null,null,null,null,48000]
[null,35000,null,null,null,35000,null,null,null,null,null,null,35000,35000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,35000]
[null,30000,null,null,null,30000,null,null,null,null,"?????",30000]
[null,19000,null,null,null,19000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,19000]
[null,16500,null,null,null,16500,null,null,null,null,16500]
[null,15600,null,null,null,15600,null,null,null,null,15600]
[null,14500,null,null,null,14500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,14500]
[null,13000,null,null,null,13000,null,null,null,null,13000]
[null,12400,null,null,null,12400,null,null,null,null,12400]
[null,12000,null,null,null,12000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,12000]
[null,11250,8,"NORTH AMERICA","The Clovis culture or llano culture, in the southern United States and northern Mexico, named after the town of Clovis in New Mexico, United States, near the place where the first archaeological pieces of which was then considered the oldest indigenous culture of the North American subcontinent.\r\nUntil recent decades, the Late Settlement Theory (Clovis) predominated, which maintains that humans arrived in America from Siberia about 12-14 thousand years ago, entering through the Beringia Bridge during the Wurmian glaciations. It was the most accepted theory on the settlement of America and the predominant one within the debate on American settlement, maintaining that hunter-gatherer groups from Asia entered through the Bering Strait, a land bridge that was formed as a result of the drop in sea level. (a descent of approximately 120 meters).",11250,null,null,null,null,11250]
[null,11000,null,null,null,11000,null,null,null,null,11000]
[null,10000,null,null,null,10000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,10000,null,null,null,null,null,null,10000]
[null,9500,null,null,null,9500,null,null,null,null,9500,9500]
[null,9600,9,"Türkiye","The archaeological sites of Göbekli Tepe and Nevalı Çori in the province of Sanliurfa, eastern Turkey discovered and explored in the 1990s have revolutionized the understanding of the Eurasian Neolithic as they could indicate human presence in an extremely early phase never contemplated previously.\nFollowing its discovery and exploration, the version of official traditional history is that: The monumental structures of Göbekli Tepe were built by hunters and gatherers a thousand years before the development of agriculture.\" \"",9600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,9600]
[null,9000,null,null,null,9000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,9000,null,null,null,null,null,9000,null,null,null,9000,null,null,null,9000]
[null,8000,10,"Türkiye","\"Anatolia is a region at the heart of the Neolithic revolution, through which the first areas in which humans domesticated plants and animals originated and evolved towards the first radical transformation of humanity's way of life, which went from nomadic to sedentary, when a productive economy based on agriculture and livestock was established. This process took place around the eighth millennium BC as a response to the climate crisis that occurred at the beginning of the Holocene, after the last ice age, and that, in terms related to the history of culture, it corresponds to the passage from the Paleolithic period (old stone) to the Neolithic (new stone), and hence its name.\nNeolithic sites such as Çatalhöyük, Çayönü, Nevalı Çori and Hacilar represent some of the world's oldest known farming villages.\"",8000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,8000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,8000]
[null,8000,11,"AMERICA","Two Neolithic revolutions occurred in America, produced autonomously and independently of those that occurred in Africa and Asia, referring to the radical transformation of the way of life of communities, which went from nomadic to sedentary, when a productive economy based on agriculture and livestock. One of them occurred in the Mesoamerican zone and the other in the South American Andean zone.",8000,null,null,null,null,8000]
[null,7500,null,null,null,7500,null,null,null,null,null,7500]
[null,7200,null,null,null,7200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,7200]
[null,7100,null,null,null,7100,null,null,null,null,null,7100,null,null,null,null,7100,null,null,null,null,null,null,7100]
[null,7000,null,null,null,7000,null,null,null,null,7000,null,null,null,null,null,7000,null,null,null,null,null,7000,7000,null,7000]
[null,6800,null,null,null,6800,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,6800,null,null,6800]
[null,6600,12,"Türkiye","Çatalhöyük is another ancient Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlement, the largest and best preserved urban complex from the Neolithic era in the Near East; It is located in the south of the Anatolian Peninsula, on the Konya Plain, near the current city of Konya (ancient Iconium) and approximately 140 km from the Hasan Dağ volcano, in Turkey.",6600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,6600,5500]
[null,6350,13,"SYRIA","First settlements in Canaan - Jericho\nSettlement in present-day Tell es-Sultan, 40,000 square meters, surrounded by a stone wall, with a stone tower in the center of that wall.",6350,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,6350]
[null,6200,null,null,null,6200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,6200,null,null,null,6200,4500]
[null,6100,null,null,null,6100,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,6100]
[null,6000,null,null,null,6000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,6000,null,null,null,6000,6000]
[null,6000,14,"SUMERIA","Tell el-Obeid or el-Ubaid period, an archaeological site located a short distance west of the ancient city of Ur, is the culture considered the first stage of the Sumerian civilization. In this period, the first urban settlements occurred in the area, being the first remains of Ur, therefore, one of the oldest cities in Sumeria. During this period, the cities grew in population and their social structures underwent great changes, with the first remains of religious buildings integrated into the cities. The Obeid period is also marked by the development and extension of more advanced irrigation techniques, through the construction of irrigation canals. They also produced abundant ceramics and terracotta. They also possessed weapons such as stone axes, and maintained a dynamic trade in pencil lazuli, stone and gold with neighboring towns.",6000,null,null,null,null,null,null,6000,6000]
[null,5991,null,null,null,5991]
[null,5991,null,null,null,5991]
[null,5873,null,null,null,5873]
[null,5500,15,"SYRIA","Ugarit\nFoundation of the city of Ugarit (current Ras Shamra), an ancient port city, located on the Mediterranean coast. Inhabited by a northwest Semitic people, linguistically and religiously related to the Canaanites located further south, who made important contributions to writing and religion, both Semitic and in the initial phases of Judaism, Hermeticism, among other religious and philosophical currents.",5500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5500,null,null,5500]
[null,5220,16,"SYRIA","Jericho:\nNew stage of architecture that consisted of rectilinear buildings made of bricks on stone foundations. The bricks were made with deep thumb impressions for easy manipulation.",5220,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5220]
[null,5000,17,"AMERICA\r\nPERU","CARAL\nArchaeological site where the remains of the main city of the Caral civilization are found, which has evidence of habitation around 5000 BC. C. and developed between 3000 and 1800 BC. C., with what would be a simultaneous culture with the primitive civilizations such as those of Egypt, India, Sumeria, China, but unlike them (who exchanged their achievements), it developed in complete isolation.",5000,null,null,null,null,5000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5000]
[null,5000,18,"SYRIA","Mari (from Sumerian: 𒈠𒌷𒆠 ‘ma-riki’) was an ancient city-state located northwest of the Euphrates in modern-day Tell Hariri in Syria. It was inhabited since the 5th millennium BC. C. and its period of maximum splendor was between 2900 BC. C. to 1798 BC. C., a time when it was sacked by Hammurabi. In the Bible, Abraham passed through Mari on his journey from Ur to Haran. The population of Mari was Semitic, surely formed by the same migration as that of the Eblaites and Akkadians. Archaeologists classified Mari as “the westernmost site of the Mesopotamian culture” of the Kiss Amorite culture.",5000,null,null,null,null,5000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5000,5000,null,5000,null,5000]
[null,5000,null,null,null,5000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5000,5000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5000]
[null,4900,null,null,null,4900,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,4900]
[null,4700,null,null,null,4700,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,4700]
[null,4500,null,null,null,4500,null,null,null,null,null,4500,null,null,null,null,4500,null,null,null,null,null,null,4500]
[null,4395,null,null,null,4395]
[null,4200,null,null,null,4200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,4200]
[null,4100,null,null,null,4100,null,null,null,null,null,4100]
[null,4000,19,"SUMERIAN ","​With the Uruk culture, urban civilization began in Sumer, when the Cities were established starting with Eridu (the Temple of Eridu is the oldest found in Mesopotamia) and Nippur; It was centered in the southern area of Mesopotamia, but samples are found in northern Syria, Turkey or Susa, in modern-day Iran. The main characteristics of this period are the appearance of the cylindrical seal, the monumental nature of its architecture, the features of its ceramics and the appearance of writing. Other advances were the invention of the wheel and its first application outside of transportation, the potter's wheel. At the end of the period, bronze, produced from copper and arsenic or tin, began to be used.",4000,null,null,null,null,null,null,4000,4000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,4000,4000]
[null,4000,null,"IRAN","Susa was founded as a village probably to attempt to re-establish the previously destroyed settlements of Chogha Mish and Chogha Bonut. The Susa painted pottery vessels of the early First Style are a late, regional version of the Mesopotamian Obeid pottery tradition that spread throughout the Near East during the 5th millennium BC. c.",4000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,4000,null,4000]
[null,4000,20,"SUMERIAN ","The Sumerians mastered the technique of foundry and knew about copper; they discovered that the alloy of copper with tin and arsenic allowed them to produce bronze. Gold and silver were also manipulated by specialists.",4000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,4000,null,null,null,null,null,null,4000]
[null,3968,null,null,null,3968,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,3968]
[null,3800,21,"IRAN","Susa entered Uruk's sphere of cultural influence during the Uruk period. An imitation of the entire state apparatus of Uruk, proto-writing, cylindrical seals with Sumerian motifs, and monumental architecture, all of this can be found in Susa. According to some scholars, Susa may have been a colony of Uruk. In the Sumerian period, Susa was the capital of a state called Susiana (Šušan), which occupied approximately the same territory as the modern province of Khuzestan centered on the Karun River. Control of Susiana later varied between Elam, Sumer and the Akkadians.",3800,null,null,null,null,null,3800,null,null,null,null,3800,null,null,null,3800,3000,3800,3800,null,3800]
[null,3608,null,null,null,3608]
[null,3608,null,null,null,3608]
[null,{"$f":"+F74","v":3500},null,null,"Invention of pictographic and ideographic writing techniques used to control, above all, commerce, economy and agriculture and which were perfected until reaching cuneiform writing.",3500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,3500,null,null,3500]
[null,3248,null,null,null,3248]
[null,3450,null,null,null,3450,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,3450]
[null,3400,null,null,null,3400,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,3300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,3400]
[null,3300,22,"GREECE","Cycladic civilization\nThis archaeological culture of the Cyclades archipelago begins to develop, which is located in the middle of the Aegean Sea, between the Sporades and Crete, between the Hellenic peninsula and Anatolia; The Cyclades, which are made up of the islands of Mykonos, Paros, Milo or Milos, Sifnos, Amorgós, Tinos, Serifos or Serfanto and Santorini around Delos, the sacred island where Apollo was born, were the cradle of a notable civilization, favored for their geographical position that places them as a kind of bridge between Europe and Asia, for the richness of the subsoil and for the relative mildness of their climate. The development of seafaring activities and grape cultivation are the springs that trigger the transformation of the economic, social and cultural structures of the islanders. Their products reach Greece and various regions of the eastern Mediterranean.",3300,null,null,null,null,3300,null,3300,3300,null,null,3300]
[null,3248,null,null,null,3248]
[null,3200,null,null,null,3200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,3200]
[null,3200,23,"IRAN","Proto-Elamite civilization\nThe city of Susa, founded already in the basin of the Karun River, is considered the site of the appearance of the proto-Elamite culture. During its early history it fluctuated between submission to the Mesopotamian states and Elamite power. The influence of Mesopotamia in Susa becomes visible and texts in the Proto-Elamite writing system are present until around 2700 BC. C. During this period, ceramics from the Banesh period predominated. It is also here that Proto-Elamite tablets first appear.",3200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,3200]
[null,3100,24,"Tinis\r\nEGYPT","PHARAON DYNASTS.\nThe Archaic Period of Egypt, also called the Tinite Epoch or the Early Dynastic Period, is the beginning of the dynastic history of Ancient Egypt. According to Manetho, the capital of the Empire during this time was Tinis, (Thinis, This or Tis), the Greek name of a town in Ancient Egypt, located near Abydos, in Upper Egypt. At this time only two lineages of kings ruled, called the first and second dynasties.",3100,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,3100]
[null,3050,25,"EGYPT","Civilization begins in Egypt, the second region.\nThe first two dynasties are those of pharaohs considered the unifiers of Egypt beginning with Narmer - Menes, First unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt.",3050,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,3050]
[null,3007,null,null,null,3007,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,3007]
[null,3000,null,null,null,3000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,3000,3000,null,null,3000]
[null,3000,null,null,null,3000,null,null,null,null,3000,null,null,null,null,null,3000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,3000]
[null,3000,null,null,null,3000,null,null,null,null,3000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,3000]
[null,2974,null,null,null,2974,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2974]
[null,2941,null,null,null,2941,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2927]
[null,2914,null,null,null,2914,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2914]
[null,2900,26,"\"Türkiye\r\nGREECE\"","Foundation of Troy, (Archaeological I)\nTroy was founded by people who arrived from Asia Minor with knowledge of copper and developed metallurgical crafts. The Trojans send their goods to the Aegean and also begin to exert influence in that geographical area.",2900,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2900,null,null,null,2900]
[null,2900,27,"\"INDUS VALLEY\r\nHarappan\r\nMohenjo-Daro\"","Indus Valley Culture (ca. 2900 BC-1300 BC)\nIt developed along the Indus River Valley in modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northwest India. It encompassed nearly a hundred settlements and two major cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, both in modern-day Pakistan. Altogether, it comprised the largest area of all ancient civilizations, more than one million square kilometers.\n",2900,null,null,null,null,null,null,2900,2900,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2900,null,null,null,2914,2900]
[null,2867,null,null,null,2867,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2867]
[null,2861,null,null,null,2861,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2861]
[null,2853,null,null,null,2853,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2853]
[null,2852,28,"CHINA","Proto Chinese Empire - Five Emperors (2852 - 2070 BC).\nChinese tradition attributes to these mythological characters (?) the founding of Chinese civilization and the invention of social, cultural and economic institutions, such as the family, agriculture, writing, etc.\n• The Yellow Emperor.\n• Zhuānxù (顓頊).\n• Dìkù (帝嚳), or simply Kù (嚳).\n• Tángyáo (唐堯), or simply Yáo (堯).\n• Yúshùn (虞舜), or simply Shùn (舜).",2852,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2852]
[null,2852,null,null,null,2852,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2852]
[null,2828,null,null,null,2828,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2828]
[null,2800,29,"EGYPT","The Egyptian calendar emerged and was the first known solar calendar in history. It was in full use during the time of Shepseskaf, the pharaoh of the 4th dynasty. In the Pyramid Texts the 365 days of the Egyptian civil year are mentioned. It was divided into 12 months of 30 days each, organized into three periods of 10 days. At the end of the last month of each year, the five days (epagomena) that remained to complete the solar year were added, dedicated to various Egyptian gods.",2800,null,null,null,null,null,2800,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2800]
[null,2771,null,null,null,2771]
[null,2754,null,null,null,2754]
[null,2737,null,null,null,2737,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2737]
[null,2700,null,"IRAN","Kingdom of ELAM.\n Elam was located east of Sumeria and Akkad, in the present-day southwest of Iran; more identified by its lower capital, Susa as well as by Anshan. Khuzestan is the current province along with Lorestan in which They locate the remains of ancient Elam.",2700,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2700,2700]
[null,2700,null,"IRAN","The Awan Dynasty was the first dynasty of the Elamite Empire, founded by a king named Peli at the dawn of history. The dynasty was constituted by a total of 12 kings but the facts of the reigns of these kings are unknown, as are the most basic characteristics of the early Elamite state.\nElam must have had importance and influence with respect to Sumer from very early times, since its conflicts with Mesopotamia begin with En-Men-Barage-Si of Kiš (28th century BC-27th century BC), monarch who ruled it. defeated. Another Sumerian figure, Eannatum of Lagash, also had to deal with the Elamites of Awan, whom he claims to defeat.",2700,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2700,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2700]
[null,2698,null,"GREECE","Minoan or Cretan Civilization - \nCrete begins to boom, as a result of the introduction of the wheel in pottery and bronze metallurgy, to which is added a demographic increase, especially in the central-eastern area. The main sites archaeological sites from the oldest part of the prepalatial period are those of Knossos, Mojlos, Melidoni, Debla, Festo and Palekastro, and as the period progressed, those of Jamezi, Vasilikí, Malia and Mirtos stand out.",2698,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2700,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2698]
[null,2686,30,"EGYPT\r\nMemphis\"","The Old Kingdom of Egypt, or Old Kingdom, is the period in the history of ancient Egypt in which the political, cultural and religious system that emerged during the protodynastic period was forged and consolidated, with the appearance of a monarchy whose most notable features are the absolute divinization of the pharaoh and a strongly centralized political power that soon moved the capital to Memphis and extended the Egyptian Empire from Nubia to the Sinai. It is made up of the III, IV, V and VI dynasties.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",2686,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2686]
[null,2686,null,null,null,2686,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2686,null,null,null,"Location of the Old Kingdom of Egypt"]
[null,2686,null,null,null,2686,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2686]
[null,2667,31,"EGYPT\r\nMemphis\"","Netjerikhet Zoser, Djoser, or Djeser - Definitively moves the capital to Memphis and extends the Egyptian Empire from Nubia to Sinai. He commissioned the first pyramid in Egypt, (??) the Step Pyramid, built by the architect and scribe Imhotep.",2667,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2667,2667]
[null,2648,null,null,null,2648,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2648]
[null,2600,32,"ASSYRIA","The ancient city of Aššur emerges, which was originally one of the numerous Akkadian city-states in Mesopotamia, a colony of Babylon, and later became the first capital of Assyria (until 879 BC), the state to which it gave its name. The first testimonies of the existence of the Assyrian territory date from the third millennium BC. C., was dominated by Akkadian and Sumerian dynasties during the Empire of Sargon and the third dynasty of Ur; Puzur-Assur regained autonomy from Assur around 2010 BC. C., later founding a dynasty.",2600,null,null,null,null,null,2600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2600,2600,null,null,2600,2600]
[null,2600,33,"VALLEY\r\nOF THE INDUS","Period of maximum splendor of the Indus Valley Culture in which a technically advanced civilization flourished comparable to those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, which had developed a complex urban civilization based on large cities that constituted the center of a large territory; Harappa evolved until it became a large city that extended over 150 hectares.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",2600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2600]
[null,2599,null,null,null,2599,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2599]
[null,2613,null,null,null,2613,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2613]
[null,2589,null,null,null,2589,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2589]
[null,2565,null,null,null,2565,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2566]
[null,2558,null,null,null,2558,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2558]
[null,2535,null,null,null,2535,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2532]
[null,2529,null,null,null,2529]
[null,2523,null,null,null,2523]
[null,2514,null,null,null,2514,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2514]
[null,2503,null,"INDUS VALLEY\r\n","Mohenjo-Daro was one of the first and most important urban settlements in the world on the banks of the Indus River, inhabited during the third millennium; it was a city of more than 35,000 inhabitants with running water, latrines, drainage, agriculture, pottery and it was a society socially advanced. Its original name is unknown but the current name Mohenjo Daro literally means 'mound of death', which together with the excavations and investigations of Mohenjo-Daro showed skeletons scattered throughout the city lying in the avenues, which suggests that those individuals suffered a violent and sudden death and likewise, certain areas of the place also showed a clear increase in the levels of radioactivity and objects and rocks were found melted and crystallized, which happens when temperatures of around 1,500 degrees Celsius are reached. all evidence of what appeared to be the epicenter of a large nuclear explosion! SEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC\"",2503,null,null,null,null,null,2500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2500,2503,2500,null,2500]
[null,2500,34,"Türkiye","Troy, (Archaeological II), begins to develop and its inhabitants have an agricultural life and achieve great wealth through trade. Trojan pottery spread throughout present-day Crete, Bulgaria, Anatolia and Syria. The Trojans erected a wall equipped with strong bastions and monumental propylaea. They assume the Aegean way of building houses by means of a rectangular room preceded by a porch.",2500,null,null,null,null,null,2500,null,null,null,2500,2500,null,null,null,2500,2300,null,null,null,2500,null,null,2500,null,null,"Schematic map of the area occupied by the Indus Valley civilization (between 2500 and 1700 BC, showing the location of the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro."]
[null,2494,null,null,null,2494,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2494]
[null,2479,null,null,null,2479,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2487]
[null,2472,null,null,null,2472,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2475]
[null,2472,null,null,null,2472]
[null,2472,null,null,null,2472,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2455]
[null,2447,null,null,null,2447,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2448]
[null,2441,null,null,null,2441,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2445]
[null,2436,null,null,null,2436,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2421,null,null,2436]
[null,2411,null,null,null,2411,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2400,null,null,null,null,2414]
[null,2404,null,null,null,2404,null,null,null,null,null,2400,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2400,null,null,null,null,null,2400]
[null,2400,null,"INDUS VALLEY\r\n","Punjab is a geopolitical, cultural and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of present-day eastern Pakistan and northern India; it has been inhabited by the Punjab Valley civilization. Indus, the Vedic civilization, the Indo-Aryan peoples and the Indo-Scythians, and has seen numerous invasions by Persians, Greeks, Kushans, Ghaznavids, Timurids, Mughals, Pashtuns, British and others who headed mainly to the most productive central region of the Punjab known as the Majha region, which is also the base of Punjabi culture and traditions. The Punjab region is often known as the breadbasket of the area, both in India and Pakistan.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",2400,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2400,null,null,null,2400,null,2400]
[null,2393,null,null,null,2393]
[null,2382,null,null,null,2382]
[null,2367,null,null,null,2367,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Overlay of historic Punjab region on current borders."]
[null,{"$f":"+F138","v":2366},null,null,null,2366,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2366]
[null,2360,null,null,null,2360]
[null,2375,null,null,null,2375,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2375]
[null,2360,null,null,null,2360]
[null,2360,null,null,null,2360,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2360]
[null,2357,null,null,null,2357,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2357]
[null,2345,null,null,null,2345,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2345,null,null,2345]
[null,2335,null,"\"Agade\r\n(Accadia)\r\nAcad \"\r\nSumeria","Synchronization with the official middle chronology of the dating of the reign of Sargon I the Great.\r\nSargon I the Great\r\nHe defeated LugalZage-Si at Lagash and built the city of Agade",2335,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2335]
[null,2333,null,null,null,2333,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2333]
[null,2330,35,"\"SUMERIAN\r\nACADIA\"","Sargon the Great, Founding King of the Akkadian Empire\nFirst known empire during which Mesopotamia established exchange networks with the Indus Valley civilization, Egypt and Anatolia.\nHis Empire extended from Elam to the Mediterranean Sea including the region of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, parts of modern Iran, Syria and possibly parts of modern-day Turkey. His capital was Acadia (also known as Agade).",2330,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2330,null,null,2330,2330,2330,2330,2330]
[null,2323,null,null,null,2323,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2323]
[null,2321,null,null,null,2321,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2321]
[null,2300,null,"Türkiye","Troy, (Archaeological II), is destroyed by an earthquake and Troy, (Archaeological III), is built using the materials from the demolition of Troy II, assuming it to be a poorer continuation of Troy II, but despite its decline it continues its relationship with the Aegean. and Anatolia.",2300,null,null,null,null,2400,null,2300,null,null,null,2300,null,null,null,2300,2200,null,2300,2300]
[null,2300,null,null,null,2300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2300,null,null,null,null,null,null,2300,null,null,null,null,2300]
[null,2287,null,null,null,2287,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2287]
[null,2279,null,null,null,2279,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2279,null,null,null,2278]
[null,2270,null,null,null,2270,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2270]
[null,2255,36,"\r\nSumeria","Naram-Sin - King of Sumer, of the ACAD empire.\nDuring the reign of Naram-Sin, the Akkadian empire extended its dominions from Elam to the Canaanite Mediterranean coast of present-day Lebanon, conquered the region of Aleppo and the surroundings of Tripoli in Syria, descended to Sinai, which was taken from Egypt; He conquered Susa and in the north he expanded through Anatolia; He undertook a punitive expedition against the Guti, Guti or Gutu, the people east of the Tigris, who inhabited the Zagros Mountains and he inscribes it among the triumphs that he ordered to be sculpted in his Stele of Victory; He proclaimed himself god.",2255,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2255,null,null,2255,2255,2255,2255,null,null,null,2255]
[null,2240,null,null,null,2240,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2240,null,2240]
[null,2219,null,null,null,2219,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2219,2218]
[null,2200,null,"Türkiye","Troy, (Archaeological IV), is characterized by the novelty of pottery made on a wheel.",2200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2200,null,null,null,2200,2000]
[null,2000,null,null,null,2000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2000,null,null,null,null,null,2000,null,null,null,null,null,2000]
[null,2198,null,null,null,2198,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2198]
[null,2194,null,null,null,2194,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2194,2205]
[null,2192,null,null,null,2192,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2192]
[null,2191,null,null,null,2191,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2191]
[null,2186,null,null,null,2186,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2186]
[null,2184,null,null,null,2184,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2184]
[null,2180,null,null,null,2180,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2180,null,null,null,2184]
[null,2180,37,"Sumerian ","A severe drought in the source region of the Nile, caused by a drastic decrease in rainfall, which in turn prevented the normal flooding of the Nile brought about the final collapse of Egypt's Old Kingdom after decades of famine and unrest.",2180,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2180]
[null,2174,null,null,null,2174,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2174,null,null,null,2181]
[null,2170,null,null,null,2170,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2170]
[null,2169,null,null,null,2169,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2169]
[null,2163,null,null,null,2163,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2163]
[null,2160,null,null,null,2160,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2160,null,null,null,2160]
[null,2157,null,null,null,2157,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2157]
[null,2155,null,null,null,2155,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2335]
[null,2155,null,"SUMERIAN URUK","Then Agade (Accadia) was defeated and the kingship passed to Unug (Uruk) who had declared themselves independent of the Guti.",2155,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2155]
[null,2155,38,null,null,2155,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2155]
[null,2154,null,null,null,2154,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2154]
[null,2151,null,null,null,2151,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2151,2150]
[null,2148,null,null,null,2148,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2148]
[null,2148,null,null,null,2148,null,null,null,null,null,2150,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2148]
[null,2146,null,null,null,2146,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2146]
[null,2144,null,null,null,2144,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2144]
[null,2143,null,null,null,2143,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2143]
[null,2142,null,null,null,2142,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2142]
[null,2141,null,null,null,2141,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2141]
[null,2136,null,null,null,2136,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2136]
[null,2131,null,null,null,2131,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2131]
[null,2134,null,null,null,2134,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2134]
[null,2127,null,null,null,2127,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2127,null,null,null,2125]
[null,2120,null,null,null,2120,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2120,null,null,null,2125]
[null,2120,null,"\"MIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\"","Incursion of Amorites of nomadic life almost completely destroys the cities of the mountainous area; Those on the plain do not suffer as much, especially the well-known ones from Phenicia, such as Byblos.",2120,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2198,null,null,2100]
[null,2120,39,"SUMERIAN URUK","Utu-hengal of Unug - King of Sumer of the 4th Dynasty of Uruk.\nHe formed a coalition of Sumerian city-states to end the Gutian yoke. He defeated and expelled the Gutis and ended their supremacy.",2120,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2120,null,null,2100]
[null,2112,null,null,null,2112,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2120]
[null,2112,40,"URIM (UR) SUMERI","Ur-Nammu - King of Sumer 3rd Dynasty URIM (UR).\nUtu-hengal was unable to maintain his hegemony, being defeated 7 years after his victory against the Guti by Ur-Nammu, king of Ur, founding the III dynasty of Ur, with which the Sumerian renaissance and a new stage of splendor would come. in Mesopotamia as has not been seen since Sargon of Acad.",2112,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2112,null,null,null,2112]
[null,2106,null,null,null,2106,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2155]
[null,2100,41,"GREECE","RISE OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION AND END OF THE CYCLADIC CIVILIZATION\nWhen the highly organized palace culture of Crete emerged, the Cycladic islands declined, with the exception of Delos, which retained its archaic reputation as a sanctuary during the period of classical Greek civilization although it later fell under increasingly predominant political and artistic influence. from the Greek continent.",2100,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2100]
[null,2095,null,null,null,2095,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2095]
[null,2083,null,null,null,2083,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2083]
[null,2070,42,"CHINA","Xia Dynasty.\nThe Xia tribe, starting with Yu's father, was the most successful in controlling and stopping the flooding of the Yellow River and in repressing the Sanmiao tribe, which continually abused the border tribes; For this reason, Emperor Shùn thought of a successor and gave the throne to Yu, whom he considered worthy. Yu's succession marks the beginning of the first dynasty in Chinese history, the Xia. ",2070,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2070,null,null,null,null,null,null,2070]
[null,2070,null,null,null,2070,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2070]
[null,2063,null,null,null,2063,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2063,null,null,2062]
[null,{"$f":"+F202","v":2055},null,null,null,2055,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2055,null,null,2051]
[null,2047,43,"EGYPT","El Imperio Medio se inicia con la reunificación de Egipto bajo Mentuhotep II quien conquistó todo Egipto hacia 2015 a.C., con capital en Tebas; se caracteriza por la apertura hacia la expansión del comercio exterior lo cual con el tiempo llevó a la caída del Imperio, inducida por la invasión de los hicsos.\nVER GRAFICA ILUSTRATIVA",2047,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2047,null,null,null,2050,null,null,null,"Ancient Egypt: Old Kingdom and Middle Kingdom."]
[null,2040,null,null,null,2040,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2040,null,null,2050]
[null,2038,null,null,null,2038,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2038]
[null,2028,null,null,null,2028,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2028]
[null,2003,null,null,null,2003,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2112,null,null,null,null,2000]
[null,2019,null,null,null,2019,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2019]
[null,2006,null,null,null,2006,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2006]
[null,2003,44,"Sumerian ","An attack by the Elamites and the nomads of the Zagros Mountains managed to take Ur, putting an end to the dynasty and the empire headed by this city; The conquerors razed the city, destroyed the temples and burned the fields. Ishbi-Erra, vassal Governor of King Ibbi-Sin declares himself Amorrite King of Isin in Lower Mesopotamia.",2003,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2003,null,2003]
[null,2003,null,null,null,2003,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2000,2000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2003,null,null,null,2004,null,null,2000]
[null,2000,null,"Türkiye","Troy, (Archaeological V), contemplates the replacement of copper with bronze.\n",2000,null,null,null,null,null,2000,null,null,null,null,2000,null,null,null,2000,1800,2000,null,2000,2000,2000,1992]
[null,2000,null,"GREECE","Migration of the MYCENICANS- \nA new Indo-European people arrives in Continental Greece, it is a people close to the Hittites since their languages belong to the centum group of Indo-European languages and it is probable that, like the Hittites, they come from current Asian Russia This population will be called ACHAEANS by Homer and Mynias by the discoverer of Troy Heinrich Schliemann, eventually leading to the MYCENICIANS, future dominants of continental Greece and Crete.\"",2000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2003,null,2000]
[null,1984,null,null,null,1984,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1984,null,null,null,1985]
[null,1975,null,null,null,1975,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1975]
[null,1954,null,null,null,1954,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1954,null,null,null,1956]
[null,1950,null,null,null,1950,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1950,null,null,null,null,null,null,1950,1950,null,null,1950]
[null,1938,null,null,null,1938,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1938]
[null,1934,null,null,null,1934,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1934]
[null,1929,null,null,null,1929]
[null,1924,null,null,null,1924,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1924]
[null,1924,null,null,null,1924]
[null,1915,null,null,null,1915,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1915,1915]
[null,1911,null,null,null,1911,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1911,null,null,null,1911]
[null,1903,null,null,null,1903,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1929]
[null,1903,null,null,null,1903,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1903]
[null,1896,null,null,null,1896,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1896]
[null,1894,45,"Sumerian","Sumu-abum, King of Babylon, I Dynasty, Amorrea.\r\nHe proclaimed himself as an independent king during the war of rivalry of Isin and Larsa and from Sumu-Abum onwards a slow growth of Babylonian influence in Mesopotamia begins.",1894,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1894]
[null,1890,null,null,null,1890,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1890]
[null,1890,null,null,null,1890,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1890,1890]
[null,1884,null,null,null,1884,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1884]
[null,1880,null,null,null,1880,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1880,null,null,null,1877]
[null,1874,null,null,null,1874,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1874]
[null,1869,null,null,null,1869,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1869,null,null,null,1870,1900]
[null,1862,null,null,null,1862,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1862,1850]
[null,1858,null,null,null,1858,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1858]
[null,1850,null,null,null,1850,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1850]
[null,1844,null,null,null,1844,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1844,1845]
[null,1840,null,null,null,1840,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1840,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1840]
[null,1838,null,null,null,1838,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1838,1840]
[null,1834,null,null,null,1834,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1834]
[null,1830,null,null,null,1830,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1830,1830,null,null,1831]
[null,1830,null,null,null,1830,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1830]
[null,1827,null,null,null,1827,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1827]
[null,1824,null,null,null,1824,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1824]
[null,1820,46,"\"Sumerian\r\nSYRIA\"","Yamkhad was an ancient Semitic kingdom centered on the city of Halab (Aleppo), in ancient Syria, ruled by a dynasty of indigenous kings who relied on both military and diplomacy to expand their state; It withstood the hostility of its neighbors Mari, Qatna and Assyria, to become the strongest Syrian kingdom of its time than in the mid-18th century BC. C., had most of Syria (except the south) under its authority, both by direct possession and by vassalage, its influence reaching the small Mesopotamian states on the border of Elam. Yamkhad was eventually destroyed by the Hittites and then annexed by Mitanni in the 16th century BC. C..",1820,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1820]
[null,1818,null,null,null,1818]
[null,1816,47,"SUMERIAN","Synchronization (official middle chronology), of the dating of the reign of the last king of the Sumerian Royal List with the dating of the last contemporary king of Babylon Sîn-Muballit, father of Hammurabi who started the Paleo-Babylonian empire in 1792.",1816,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1816,1818]
[null,1812,null,null,null,1812,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1812,1813]
[null,1800,48,"SYRIA","The kingdom of Syria centered on the city of Ebla continued its existence between 1800 BC and 1800 BC. C. and 1650 BC. C., when it would be inhabited again and would have a king, although less powerful than before who was expelled by the king of Ur at the end of this second era and the dominion of the city passed to Yamkhad, another ancient Semitic kingdom centered on the city. of Halab (Aleppo), in ancient Syria, which turned Ebla into a vassal principality.",1800,null,null,null,null,1800,null,null,null,null,null,1800,null,null,null,1800,1300,null,null,null,null,1800]
[null,1800,null,null,null,1800,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1800,1800,null,1800]
[null,1794,49,"Sumerian","The Isin dynasty succumbed to the military power of the king of Larsa, Rim-Sin I in 1794 BC. C. despite the help provided by Sin-Muballit, king of Babylon.",1794,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1794]
[null,1794,null,null,null,1794,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2003]
[null,1793,null,null,null,1793,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1894]
[null,1793,50,"Sumeria","The Amorite dynasty of Babylon ends with King Sin-Muballit, father of Hammurabi who will start the Paleo-Babylonian Empire",1793,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1793]
[null,1792,51,"\"Babylon\r\nSumeria\"","Hammurabi, King of Babylon, I Dynasty, Amorrea.\nFounder of the Paleo-Babylonian Empire (1792-1595)",1792,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1792]
[null,1792,52,"\"Babylon\r\nSumeria\"","The Paleo-Babylonian Empire was the State created by Hammurabi in Lower Mesopotamia; Under his command Babylon was able to defeat the Elamites in southern Sumer and the Assyrians in the north, unifying most of Mesopotamia under his command and as a Sumerian city-state it became the hegemonic power in just over thirty years. undisputed of the region.",1792,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1792]
[null,"1792 ",53,"\"Babylon\r\nSumeria\"","Synchronization with the official middle chronology of the dating of Hammurabi's reign.","1792 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1792 "]
[null,1785,54,"Sumeria","The second half of the reign of Rim-Sin, king of Larsa, is marked by the rise of the power of Babylon in the region, which little by little will take territory from the kingdom of Larsa. After conquering Uruk and Isin in 1785 BC. C., Hamurabi makes Rim-Sin his subject and finally conquers Larsa in 1763 BC. C..",1785,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1785,null,null,null,1786]
[null,1780,null,null,null,1780,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1780]
[null,1777,null,null,null,1777,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1777]
[null,1773,null,null,null,1773,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1773]
[null,1773,null,null,null,1773,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1773]
[null,1763,55,"Sumeria","Finally Hammurabi conquers Larsa. in 1763 BC. C..",1763,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1763]
[null,1760,null,null,null,1760,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1760]
[null,{"$f":"+F266","v":1750},56,"Türkiye","Pithana was a king of the city of Kuššara who, together with his son and successor Anitta, conquered the city of Neša, which they converted into their residence, in the heart of the Assyrian colonies of Anatolia and the nucleus of the Hittite-speaking territories, establishing themselves as hegemonic principality of Anatolia. He was considered by the Hittites to be one of the founders of their royal lineage.",1750,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1750,null,null,1750,null,null,null,1750]
[null,1750,57,"EGYPT","Fall of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom.\nThe most accepted theory is that of the Hyksos as Syrian-Palestinian or Canaanite peoples who arrived in Egypt around the 17th century. 18th BC C., in a time of internal crisis, first conquering the city of Avaris and later taking Memphis and founding the XV and XVI dynasties; In their conquests they introduced the horse and the war chariot to Egypt.",1750,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1749 ",null,null,null,1750]
[null,1742,null,null,null,1742,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1742,null,1742]
[null,1740,null,null,null,1740,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1740,null,null,1740,1740,1740]
[null,1740,null,null,null,1740,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1740,1730,1740]
[null,1739,null,null,null,1739,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1739]
[null,1720,null,null,null,1720,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1720,"1726 "]
[null,1720,null,null,null,1720,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1720]
[null,1718,null,null,null,1718,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1718]
[null,1711,null,null,null,1711,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1711,1700]
[null,1700,null,"\"Türkiye\r\nGREECE\"","Migrations from Asia Minor led to settlements of civilizations in regions of Western Europe such as Greece, Italy and Spain and the beginning of human settlements in Etruria, in the so-called Seven Hills of Rome and in the Latin region of Latium.",1700,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1700,1700,null,null,1700,1200,null,1700,1700,1700,1700]
[null,1700,null,null,null,1700,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1700,null,null,null,1700,null,null,1700,1700]
[null,1687,null,null,null,1687,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1687]
[null,1683,null,null,null,1683,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1680,null,null,1683,1690]
[null,1676,null,null,null,1676,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1673,null,null,null,null,null,1676]
[null,1660,null,null,null,1660,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1660,1661]
[null,1657,null,null,null,1657,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1657]
[null,1650,null,null,null,1650,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1650,null,null,null,1650,null,null,1650,1650,null,null,1650]
[null,1650,null,null,null,1650,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1650,null,null,1650,1649,null,null,1650]
[null,1646,null,null,null,1646,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1646]
[null,1640,null,null,null,1640,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1640]
[null,1625,null,null,null,1625,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1625]
[null,1620,null,null,null,1620,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1620,null,null,1620,1621]
[null,1600,null,"GREECE","Mycenaean civilization\r\nThe first advanced civilization of continental Greece begins when the Mycenaeans begin to establish kingdoms taking advantage of the mountainous nature of the terrain and who will often be at enmity with each other, so they do not form a unitary state but try to establish themselves imitating the Cretan thalassocracy. Kingdoms are appearing with their palace states, urban organization, works of art and writing system. Among their centers of power were Pylos, Tiryns and Midea in the Peloponnese; Orchomenus, Thebes and Athens in Central Greece; Iolcus in Thessaly and Troy (stratum VI of Troy) in Anatolia. However, the most interesting city was Mycenae, located in the Argolis, and which gives its name to this entire civilization. Settlements influenced by Mycenae have also appeared in Epirus, Macedonia, Anatolia, the Mediterranean Levant, Cyprus and Italy.",1600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1600]
[null,1600,58,"CHINA","Shang Dynasty: also known as the Yin Dynasty, it is the second dynasty in Chinese history and the first whose historical existence is documented. Its territorial extension covered the valley of the Yellow River, and lasted almost six centuries.",1600,null,null,null,null,1600,null,1600,1600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1600,1601,null,1600,null,null,null,1600]
[null,1595,null,null,null,1595,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1792,1615]
[null,1592,null,null,null,1592,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1598,null,null,null,null,null,1592]
[null,1590,null,null,null,1590,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1590,1585]
[null,1590,null,null,null,1590,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1590,null,null,1590,1580,null,null,1590]
[null,1597,null,null,null,1597,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1727]
[null,1595,null,null,null,1595,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1595]
[null,1580,null,null,null,1580,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1580,null,null,1600]
[null,1577,null,null,null,1577,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1577]
[null,1560,null,null,null,1560,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1560,null,null,1560,1564,null,null,1560,null,null,1561]
[null,1550,59,"\"Thebes\r\nSumeria\"","New Kingdom is known as the historical period that begins with the reunification of Egypt under Ahmose I, being the period of greatest territorial extension of Egypt; it expanded to Nubia in the south and dominated large territories in the Middle East, while Egyptian armies fought against the Hittites for control of present-day Syria.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH\"",1550,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1550,null,null,1550,1550]
[null,1550,null,null,null,1550,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1550,1550,null,null,null,"The New Kingdom of Egypt during the 15th century BC. "]
[null,1549,null,null,null,1549,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1550,null,null,1549]
[null,1546,null,null,null,1546,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1546]
[null,1542,null,null,null,1542,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1542]
[null,1535,null,null,null,1535,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1535]
[null,1530,null,"GREECE","Minoan civilization. \nIn this archaeologically dated period, the violent eruption of the volcano on the island of Tera occurred, later renamed in Byzantine times as Santorini; known as the Minoan eruption, it was an event considered one of the largest eruptions on the planet, but it is disputed what was the impact it had in the short term but surely the tidal waves would destroy the Minoan navy anchored in the ports of Crete.\"",1530,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1530]
[null,1528,null,null,null,1528,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1530,null,null,1528,null,null,null,1525]
[null,1525,null,null,null,1525,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1525,null,null,1525,1500,null,null,1525]
[null,1500,null,null,null,1500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1500]
[null,1500,null,null,null,1500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,460,null,null,1500]
[null,1497,null,null,null,1497,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1500,null,1500,1497,1498,null,1500,1504,1500]
[null,1495,null,null,null,1495,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1495,null,null,1495,null,null,1495,1500]
[null,1490,null,null,null,1490,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1490,null,null,1490,1490,null,null,1492,null,null,1466]
[null,1485,null,null,null,1485,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1485,1485,null,null,null,null,null,1457]
[null,1479,null,null,null,1479,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1479]
[null,1474,null,null,null,1474,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1474,1473,null,null,1473,null,null,1447]
[null,1470,null,null,null,1470,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1470,1470,null,null,null,null,null,1442]
[null,1460,null,"EGYPT","During the reign of Thutmose III, the city of Napata in Nubia was founded as an administrative center, although it never had these functions for them. SEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",1460,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1460]
[null,1450,null,"GREECE","Decline of the Cretan Minoan Civilization\nNew destructions occurred that caused the decline of the Minoan civilization; The cause of these destructions clearly points to internal or external wars that focused on the most prominent buildings that served as centers of power while other buildings of a domestic or artisanal nature were respected. The hypotheses that have been suggested are mainly two: that the destructions would have been caused by an invasion from the Greek continental area or that they would have been caused by internal struggles in which the center of power of Knossos would have imposed itself on the other palatial centers of the island.",1450,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1450,null,null,null,null,null,null,1450,1450,null,1450,null,null,null,1432,"Location of the Nile Falls and historical extent of the different Nubian kingdoms (Kerma-Napata-Meroe)."]
[null,1450,null,null,null,1450,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1450,1450,null,null,null,null,null,1422]
[null,1440,null,null,null,1440,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1440,null,null,1440,1440,null,null,null,null,null,1405]
[null,1434,null,null,null,1434,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1430,null,null,1434,1430,null,null,null,null,null,1380]
[null,1427,null,null,null,1427,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1420,null,null,1427,1424,null,null,1427,null,null,1360]
[null,1420,null,null,null,1420,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1420,1417,null,1420,null,null,null,1358]
[null,1416,null,null,null,1416,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1416,1410,null,null,null,null,null,1338]
[null,1406,null,null,null,1406,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1406,1409]
[null,1401,null,null,null,1401,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1401,1401]
[null,1400,null,"GREECE","Merger of Minoan and Mycenaean Civilizations\nAfter the catastrophe suffered, the Mycenaeans took advantage of the power vacuum to settle in Crete, probably promoting a dynastic union. Only the palace of Knossos was rebuilt to be the residence of an Achaean dynasty from the Peloponnese in mainland Greece. In any case, in addition to the palace of Knossos, the Mycenaean presence is recognized in many of the settlements that developed in this period in Crete: Cydonia, Polyrrhenia, Gortina, Phaistos, Hagia Triada or Tilissus. Some of them survived into the archaic and classical Greek eras. The new civilization of Minoan roots, but of Mycenaean spirit, had a marked tendency towards schematization and stylization.",1400,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1400,null,null,null,null,null,null,1400,1400,null,null,1400]
[null,1391,null,null,null,1391,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1391,1391,null,null,1390]
[null,{"$f":"+F330","v":1390},null,null,null,1390,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1390,null,null,null,1390,null,null,1390,1391]
[null,1385,null,null,null,1385,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1383,null,null,1385,1385]
[null,1380,null,null,null,1380,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1380,1380]
[null,1374,null,null,null,1374,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1374]
[null,1370,null,null,null,1370,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1370,null,null,1370]
[null,1360,null,null,null,1360,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1360,null,null,1360,1365]
[null,1359,null,null,null,1359,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1359,null,null,null,1352]
[null,1352,null,null,null,1352,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1352]
[null,1349,null,null,null,1349,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1349]
[null,1344,null,null,null,1344,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1344,null,null,1344,null,null,null,1338]
[null,"1333 ",null,null,null,"1333 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1333 ",1350,null,null,1336]
[null,"1333 ",null,null,null,"1333 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1333 ",1330,null,null,1327]
[null,"1332 ",null,null,null,"1332 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1332 ",1320,null,null,1323]
[null,1330,null,null,null,1330,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1330,null,null,null,1319,null,1330,1330]
[null,1322,null,null,null,1322,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1322,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1320]
[null,1321,null,null,null,1321,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1321]
[null,1320,null,null,null,1320]
[null,1315,null,null,null,1315,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1315]
[null,"1307 ",null,null,null,"1307 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1307 ",1307,null,1313]
[null,1300,60,"INDUS VALLEY","End of the Indus Valley civilization.\nIn the same way as we ignore everything about its rulers, the causes of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization are also unknown, but it is known that this enigmatic culture disappeared abruptly and that it was not the consequence of a long war or invasion, but rather most likely from the conjunction of a series of natural disasters and a change in climatic conditions or other reasons.\nThe signs of collapse predate the invasions of Indo-European peoples from the steppes, who easily took over the region thanks to bronze weapons and chariots.\"",1300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1300,1300,null,null,1300,1200,null,1300,1300,null,null,null,1300]
[null,1300,null,null,null,1300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1300]
[null,1295,null,null,null,1295,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1295,null,null,null,1295]
[null,1281,null,null,null,1281,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1295,null,null,1281,1280,null,null,1294]
[null,1279,null,null,null,1279,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1279,null,null,null,1279]
[null,1274,null,null,null,1274,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1274,null,null,1274,1274,null,null,1274]
[null,1270,null,null,null,1270,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1272,null,null,1270,1270,null,null,1270]
[null,1263,null,null,null,1263,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1267,null,null,1263,1265]
[null,1260,null,null,null,1260,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1260]
[null,1258,null,null,null,1258,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1258,null,null,null,null,null,1258,1258]
[null,1254,null,null,null,1254,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1254]
[null,1250,null,null,null,1250,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1250,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1250,null,null,1250]
[null,"1245 ",null,null,null,"1245 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1245,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1245 ",1245]
[null,1244,null,null,null,1244,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1244,1208,null,null,1244,1244]
[null,1235,null,null,null,1235,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1235]
[null,"1232 ",null,null,null,"1232 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1237,null,null,"1232 "]
[null,"1224 ",null,null,null,"1224 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1228,null,null,"1224 "]
[null,"1223 ",null,null,null,"1223 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1223 "]
[null,1222,null,null,null,1222,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1222,null,null,1220]
[null,"1216 ",null,null,null,"1216 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1216 ",null,null,1215]
[null,1213,null,null,null,1213,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1213,null,null,null,1213]
[null,1208,null,null,null,1208,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1209,null,null,1208,1208]
[null,1203,null,null,null,1203,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,1207,null,null,1203,1203,null,1200,1203]
[null,1200,null,null,null,1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,1200,1200,null,null,1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1200,null,1200]
[null,1200,61,"INDUS VALLEY","Within the Vedic culture developed in the Punjab region and in the upper part of the Indo-Gangetic plain of northwest India, many tribes and small chiefdoms began to merge into janapadas\", (), which were dominions, republics and monarchical states, mainly of Kuru, Panchala, Kosala and Videha.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH\"",1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,1200,1200,1200,1200,1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1197,null,1200,1200,1200,null,null,"Map from the late Vedic period showing the borders of Āryāvarta with the janapadas in northern India: the Iron Age kingdoms Kuru, Panchala, Kosala, Videha."]
[null,1200,62,"EGYPT Türkiye SYRIA","Around 1200 BC. C. a wave of peoples appeared from the Balkan Peninsula, called \"peoples of the sea\" thanks to Egyptian sources, who were responsible for the end of the Hittite Empire and the weakening of the Egyptian Empire and which caused the crisis and disappearance of different cultures. , empires and eastern kingdoms.",1200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1200,null,null,null,1200,1200,null,1200,1200,null,1200,1200,1200]
[null,1194,null,null,"War and destruction of TROY (Troy VII b-2).\nThe Trojan War was a pan-Mycenaean enterprise where all the Mycenaean Kingdoms overcome their differences and unite with the purpose of ensuring free communication with the Black Sea and avoiding the portage imposed by TROY, thus resulting in Homer's Troy being destroyed by the Mycenaeans. (Troy, (VII b-2 Archaeological).",1194,null,null,null,null,null,null,1200,null,null,null,1194,1194,null,null,1194,1184,null,1194,1192,null,null,1194,null,null,1192]
[null,1188,null,null,null,1188,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1188,null,null,null,1188,null,null,1190]
[null,1186,null,null,null,1186,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1186,null,null,null,1186]
[null,1185,null,null,null,1185,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1185,null,1185,1185,1184]
[null,1184,null,null,null,1184,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1184,1184]
[null,1179,31,null,null,1179,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1180,1180,null,null,null,null,null,1179,1179]
[null,1171,null,null,null,1171,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1179,null,null,null,null,null,1171]
[null,1163,null,null,null,1163,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1163]
[null,1160,63,"IRAN","Elamite Empire\nKing Kutir-Nahhunte I of Elam counterattacked Babylon and caused serious damage and with his son Shutruk-Nahhunte, Elam defeated and overthrew the Kassites in 1158 and established the first short-lived Elamite Empire.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",1160,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1160,1179,null,null,null,null,null,1160,null,1160,null,null,null,null,1160]
[null,1158,64,"SUMERIA","Zababa-shum-iddina, King of Babylon, Third Dynasty, Casita. He was killed by the Elamite king Šutruk-Naḫḫunte during the conquest and sack of Babylon.",1158,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1158,null,null,null,1153]
[null,"1157 ",65,"SUMERIAN IRAN","Enlil-nādin-aḫi, King of Babylon, Third Dynasty, Casita:\r\nHe was king of Babylon fighting against the Elamite occupation forces; He was overthrown by Kutir-Nahhunte III, king of Elam, who ruled in Babylon and Babylon became an Elamite province. ","1157 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1157 "]
[null,1155,null,null,null,1155,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1155,null,1155]
[null,1155,null,null,null,1155,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Location of Elam"]
[null,1157,null,null,null,1157,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1157]
[null,1150,null,null,null,1150,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1150,null,1150,null,1147]
[null,1141,null,null,null,1141,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1141]
[null,1140,null,null,null,1140,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1140,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1148]
[null,1139,null,null,null,1139,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1139,1133,null,null,1143]
[null,"1131 ",null,null,null,"1131 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1131 ",1133,null,null,1136]
[null,{"$f":"+F394","v":1125},null,null,null,1125,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1125,1132,null,null,1129]
[null,1121,null,null,null,1121,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1121,1121,1120,null,1126]
[null,1120,66,"SUMERIA","Nebuchadnezzar overthrew and expelled the Elamites from Babylon.",1120,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1120,null,1120]
[null,1112,null,null,null,1112,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1112]
[null,1110,67,"SUMERIA","Khutelutush-In-Shushinak, king of Elam, was defeated and deposed, having to abandon Susa, which was temporarily occupied by Nebuchadnezzar I and had to take refuge in Anshan. With this victory, Nebuchadnezzar was able to recover the statue of Marduk and the Code of Hammurabi, which had been stolen years before by the Elamite king Shutruk-Nahhunte.\r\nA few months after Nebuchadnezzar's capture of Susa, the Babylonians withdrew, leaving Silhina-Hamru-Lagamar in power, and then Elam fell into decline.",1110,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1110,null,1110,null,1108,null,null,1112]
[null,"1103 ",null,null,null,"1103 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,1104,1104,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1103 ",1114,null,1104]
[null,1101,null,null,null,1101,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1100,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1100,1100,null,null,1101]
[null,1099,null,null,null,1099,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1099,1100,null,null,1099,1100]
[null,"1081 ",null,null,null,"1081 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1081,null,null,null,null,null,"1081 ",1075]
[null,1075,null,null,null,1075,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1075,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1074,null,null,null,null,null,1075]
[null,1071,null,null,null,1071,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1071]
[null,1070,68,"GREECE","End of the Mycenaean Civilization\nWhatever the causes, the Mycenaean civilization disappeared definitively when Mycenae and Tiryns were destroyed again, then abandoned, and became minor places for the rest of its existence.\nDARK AGE\nPeriod in the history of Greece that runs from the collapse of the Mycenaean world to the Greek archaic era.\"",1070,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1070]
[null,1069,69,"EGYPT","End of the New Egyptian Empire.\nA High Priest attempted to stage a coup against Ramses XI who managed to depose him and replaced him with a Libyan mercenary general, Herihor. He and his relative Esmendes defeated the \"impure\" and then succeeded Ramses XI. Esmendes proclaimed himself pharaoh in Lower Egypt, while Herihor became an independent sovereign in the south, although holding only religious office. ",1069,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1070,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1069]
[null,1068,null,null,null,1068,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1068,null,null,null,1069]
[null,1056,null,null,null,1056,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1056,1056]
[null,1050,null,null,null,1050,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1050,null,null,null,1050,null,null,1050]
[null,1046,null,"CHINA","The army of the Zhou dynasty, led by the famous Jiang Ziya, defeated the Shang dynasty, at the Battle of Muye and the defeated king Di Xin gathered all his treasures in the palace, set them on fire and committed suicide.",1046,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1046]
[null,1046,null,"CHINA","Zhou Dynasty: It was the last of the dynasties of kings before the imperial dynasties. During this time, the great Chinese thinkers of ancient times lived, such as Confucius, and classical Chinese literature began.",1046,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1046,1054,null,null,null,null,null,1046]
[null,1046,null,null,null,1046,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1046]
[null,"1045 ",null,null,null,"1045 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1045 ",1050,null,null,1043]
[null,1042,null,null,null,1042,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1042]
[null,1042,null,null,null,1042,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1042,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1042]
[null,"1033 ",null,null,null,"1033 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1033 ",1031,null,null,1039,null,null,1040]
[null,1030,null,null,null,1030,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1030,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1030]
[null,1030,null,null,null,1030,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1030]
[null,"1025 ",null,null,null,"1025 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1025 ",1020]
[null,1021,null,null,null,1021,null,null,null,null,1021]
[null,1020,null,null,null,1020,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1020]
[null,1016,null,null,null,1016,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1016,1016]
[null,1010,null,null,null,1010,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1010]
[null,1010,null,null,null,1010,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1010]
[null,"1008 ",null,null,null,"1008 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1008 "]
[null,"1007 ",null,null,null,"1007 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1007 "]
[null,"1004 ",null,null,null,"1004 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,1000,null,1000,1000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1004 ",null,1000]
[null,1003,null,null,null,1003,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1003,null,null,1000]
[null,1000,null,null,null,1000,null,null,null,null,1000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1000]
[null,995,null,null,null,995,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,995]
[null,991,null,null,null,991,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,991]
[null,"987 ",null,null,null,"987 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"987 ",null,null,null,993]
[null,"985 ",null,null,null,"985 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"985 ",null,null,null,984]
[null,"984 ",null,null,null,"984 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"984 "]
[null,"978 ",null,null,null,"978 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"978 ",null,null,null,978]
[null,976,null,null,null,976,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,976]
[null,973,null,null,null,973,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,973,973,null,null,959]
[null,966,null,null,null,966,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,966]
[null,967,null,null,null,967,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,967,967]
[null,965,null,null,null,965,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,965]
[null,960,null,null,null,960,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,960]
[null,"943 ",null,null,null,"943 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"943 ",null,null,null,945]
[null,"942 ",null,null,null,"942 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"942 "]
[null,937,null,null,null,937,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,937]
[null,930,70,"MIDDLE EAST MEDITERRANEAN","The Kingdom of Judah was a state in the Mediterranean Levant that the Hebrew Bible describes as the successor to the United Kingdom of Israel, after the schism caused by the death of Solomon; the kingdom is considered to have been a small entity, of tribal origin, that It was limited to the region of Judea, with Jerusalem and its nearby surroundings, dependent on the Kingdom of Israel and only after the fall of Samaria, Judah became a relatively important kingdom.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHICS",930,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,930]
[null,928,null,null,null,928,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,928]
[null,924,null,null,null,924,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,924]
[null,922,null,null,null,922,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,922]
[null,920,null,null,null,920,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,920]
[null,916,null,null,null,916,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,916]
[null,911,71,"ASSYRIA","Neo-Assyrian Empire Period\nThe Assyrians perfected techniques of conquest and imperial rule, becoming the most powerful state in the region, dominating the Ancient Near East, the eastern Mediterranean, Anatolia, the Caucasus and parts of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa. eclipsing and conquering rivals such as Babylon, Elam, Persia, Urartu, Lydia, the Medes, the Phrygians, the Cimmerians, Israel, Judah, Phoenicia, Chaldea, Canaan, the Kushite Empire, the Arabs and Egypt.",911,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,911,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kingdom of Judah (south) and Kingdom of Israel (north), around 830 BC. C. Judah covers the region of Judea, and Israel covers Samaria and Galilee."]
[null,911,null,null,null,911,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,911]
[null,900,72,"ASSYRIA","The conquests of Adad-nirari II at the end of the 10th century BC. C. made Assyria the most powerful state in the region, which came to dominate the Ancient Near East, the eastern Mediterranean, Anatolia, the Caucasus and parts of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa, eclipsing and conquering rivals such as Babylon, Elam, Persia, Urartu, Lydia, the Medes, the Phrygians, the Cimmerians, Israel, Judah, Phoenicia, Chaldea, Canaan, the Kushite Empire, the Arabs and Egypt.",900,null,null,null,null,null,900,900,900,null,null,null,null,null,null,900,null,null,900,900,900,null,null,null,null,900]
[null,891,null,null,null,891,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,891]
[null,888,null,null,null,888,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,888,891]
[null,885,73,"\"Nimrud\r\n(Kalkhu-Calaj)\r\nASSYRIA\"","Ashurnasirpal II, King of Assyria.\nHe decided to build in Kalkhu, ancient Nimrud, his new capital.\"",885,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,885,null,null,null,null,null,885]
[null,877,null,null,null,877,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,877]
[null,{"$f":"+F458","v":875},null,null,null,875,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,875,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,875]
[null,860,74,"\"Türkiye\r\nARMENIA\"","Urartu is one of the first kingdoms of Armenia, located in a mountainous area located between the southeast of the Black Sea and the southwest of the Caspian Sea, currently shared by the Armenian Republic, Iran and Turkey, formed after the fall of the Hittite Empire. It includes the great lakes of Van in Turkey (where the ancient capital Tushpa is located), Urmia (in Iran) and Lake Sevan (in Armenia). In Urartu the Assyrians (first cavalry of archers) supplied themselves with horses that could be ridden, possibly the first horses large enough for cavalry (previously they were only used as chariot teams).\nVER GRAFICA ILUSTRATIVA",860,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,860]
[null,858,null,null,null,858,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,858]
[null,856,null,null,null,856,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,856]
[null,"855 ",null,null,null,"855 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"855 "]
[null,850,null,null,null,850,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,850]
[null,841,null,null,null,841,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,841]
[null,838,null,null,null,838,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,838]
[null,825,null,null,null,825,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,825]
[null,827,null,null,null,827,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,827]
[null,824,null,null,null,824,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,824]
[null,"819 ",null,null,null,"819 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,819,null,null,null,null,null,"819 ",823,null,824,818]
[null,"813 ",null,null,null,"813 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"813 ",810,null,814]
[null,808,75,"GREECE","The Kingdom of Macedonia was a Greek state of classical and Hellenistic antiquity, in the north of modern-day Greece, bordered by the Kingdom of Epirus in the west and the region of Thrace in the east. This territory largely coincides with the contemporary Greek regions on the outskirts of Western Macedonia and Central Macedonia.",808,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,808,null,null,null,null,800,null,"811 ",800,800]
[null,"800 ",null,null,null,"800 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,800,808,null,null,null,null,null,800,"800 ",null,null,800,null,800]
[null,796,null,null,null,796,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,796]
[null,"790 ",null,null,null,"790 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"790 "]
[null,782,null,null,null,782,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,782,null,null,null,null,782]
[null,"780 ",null,null,null,"780 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"780 ",783,null,null,null,null,null,780]
[null,776,null,null,null,776,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,776]
[null,775,null,null,null,775,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,775]
[null,770,null,null,null,770,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,770]
[null,770,null,null,null,770,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,770]
[null,"769 ",null,null,null,"769 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"769 ",772,null,null,null,null,null,719]
[null,"761 ",null,null,null,"761 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,760,760,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"761 ",754,null,null,null,null,null,696,"Assyria - Urartu around 800 BC. c."]
[null,754,null,null,null,754,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,754]
[null,753,76,"ROME","The Roman Monarchy was the oldest period in the history of Ancient Rome during which the Roman State was governed by kings elected by the people of Rome for life; It began with the founding of the city of Rome by Romulus on April 21, 753 BC. C. and ended with the expulsion of the last king in the year 509 BC. C. which gave way to the establishment of the Roman Republic.",753,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,753,null,null,null,null,null,753,null,null,null,null,null,null,681]
[null,753,null,null,null,753,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,753,753,null,null,null,null,null,753,null,null,null,null,null,null,676]
[null,748,null,null,null,748,null,null,null,null,null,750,null,null,null,null,null,750,null,null,null,null,null,748,744,null,748,747,null,null,651]
[null,745,null,null,null,745,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,745]
[null,740,null,null,null,740,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,740,740,null,null,null,null,null,740,null,null,740,null,null,null,618]
[null,"734 ",null,null,null,"734 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"734 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,612]
[null,732,77,"\"ASSYRIA\r\n\r\nMIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\"","Tiglath-Pileser III, the Assyrian king, came to the aid of Ahaz, king of Judah, who was besieged by Israel and Damascus, so he invaded both states, deporting the populations and imposing his protégé Hosea in Israel. He thus ended up putting down all the rebellions in Damascus, Samaria, Ashkelon and Gaza.",732,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,732,null,null,732,null,null,null,606]
[null,732,78,"SUMERIA","Nabu-mukin-zeri, King of Babylon: He was a Chaldean chief who seized the throne by overthrowing Nabu-shuma-ukin II; His reign ended with the capture of the fortress of Sapia by the Assyrian forces of Tiglathpileser III, who was killed during the Assyrian siege of Babylon.",732,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,732,732,null,null,null,null,null,585]
[null,729,79,"ASSYRIA","Tiglath-Pileser III of Assyria, as Pulu, King of Babylon, Assyrian Dynasty: Not wanting to reduce Babylon to a province or leave it in the hands of adventurers, he began a new policy, that of linking it to Assyria by a double personal monarchy and proclaimed himself king of Babylon with the name of Pulu or Pul, achieving the adhesion of the clergy of Marduk. Prominent king of Assyria, founder of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, he is considered one of the most successful commanders in history for his conquests of most of the known world.",729,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,729,729,null,null,null,null,null,571]
[null,"727 ",null,null,null,"727 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"727 ",727,null,726,727,null,null,544]
[null,725,null,null,null,725,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,725]
[null,"722 ",null,null,null,"722 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,722,720,null,null,null,null,null,"722 ",722,720,722,720]
[null,721,null,null,null,721,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,721,721]
[null,717,null,null,null,717,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,717,null,null,null,null,null,717,null,null,null,716]
[null,714,80,"ASSYRIA","Assyria pressed the eastern border of Urartu, which, at the same time, suffered attacks from the Cimmerians, steppe nomads who entered through the Caucasus and managed to defeat King Rusa I. This Urartian weakness allowed Sargon II to reduce Urartu to its original territory. mountainous and used it as a buffer state against the Cimmerians.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",714,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,714,null,null,null,null,null,715,null,null,null,"Expansion of the Assyrian Empire between 824 BC. C. and 671 BC. c."]
[null,711,null,"\"JAPAN\r\nKOREA\"","Jinmu Tennō, the first emperor of Japan, is born according to the traditional order of succession. In Japanese mythology, Ninigi no Mikoto was the grandson of Amaterasu Ōmikami, deity of the sun and ruler of the sky, considered one of the most important kami in Japanese mythology. Ninige in turn was the grandfather of Emperor Jimmu.",711,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,711]
[null,"710 ",null,null,null,"710 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"710 ",707]
[null,705,null,null,null,705,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,705," 705"]
[null,703,null,null,null,703,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,700,null,null,null,null,null,703,null,701,null,702]
[null,703,null,null,null,703,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,703]
[null,703,null,null,null,703,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,703]
[null,"700 ",null,null,null,"700 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,700,700,null,700,700,null,null,null,null,null,700,"700 "]
[null,694,null,null,null,694,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,694]
[null,"693 ",null,null,null,"693 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"693 "]
[null,689,null,null,null,689,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,689,689,680,null,690]
[null,684,null,null,null,684,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,684]
[null,"680 ",81,"Türkiye","Lydian Empire\nMermnada Dynasty: Royal family that ruled ancient Lydia, a historical region located in the west of the Anatolian peninsula, in what are now the Turkish provinces of Izmir and Manisa. until the conquest of the kingdom by the Achaemenid Cyrus II the Great.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH","680 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,680,null,null,"681 ",681]
[null,680,null,null,null,680,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,680]
[null,678,82,"IRAN","The Median Empire (678 BC - 549 BC)\nThe Median Empire or Media was an Asian empire of Antiquity that corresponded to the region populated by the Medes between the Caspian Sea and the rivers of Mesopotamia, its territory corresponded to the northwest of modern-day Iran. Its capital was Ecbatana, modern Hamadan.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",678,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,678,null,null,null,679,null,null,678,679,678]
[null,674,null,null,null,674,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,674,null,null,null,null,null,674]
[null,672,null,null,null,672,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,672]
[null,668,null,"ASSYRIA","Asurbanipal, was the last great king of Assyria, is famous for being one of the few kings of antiquity who knew how to read and write; he created the library of Nineveh, the first that collected and organized the material in a systematic way and where it was collected all the literature available in cuneiform writing at that time with 22,000 tablets, (the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Enuma Elish).\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",668,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,668,669]
[null,"668 ",83,"\"MIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\"","In the Mediterranean Levant, Tire is besieged by Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal of the Neo-Babylonian Empire of Medes and Persians and mass emigration of a large part of the population towards Carthage begins.","668 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,667,null,null,null,null,"668 ",null,null,668,null,null,null,null,"Heart of the Assyrian empire, with the main Assyrian cities.\nMaximum extent of the empire under the reign of Ashurbanipal (668-627 BC)."]
[null,665,null,null,null,665,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,665,null,665]
[null,664,null,null,null,664,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,664]
[null,664,null,null,null,664,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,664]
[null,661,null,null,null,661,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,661]
[null,660,null,"\"JAPAN\r\nKOREA\"","Emperor Jinmu, (711 BC – 585 BC) - Legendary, direct descendant of Amaterasu.",660,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,660,null,660]
[null,{"$f":"+F522","v":656},null,null,null,656,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,656]
[null,650,null,null,null,650,null,null,null,null,null,null,650,650,null,null,650,null,null,null,null,null,null,650,650,null,650]
[null,"647 ",null,null,null,"647 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,644,null,null,"647 "]
[null,645,null,null,null,645,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,645,645]
[null,640,null,null,null,640,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,640,641,null,null,644,null,null,640,null,640]
[null,630,null,null,null,630,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,630,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,630]
[null,"627 ",null,null,null,"627 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,630,630,null,null,628,null,null,null,625,null,null,null,627,625]
[null,626,null,null,null,626,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"626 ",626]
[null,617,null,null,null,617,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,617,null,null,null,null,null,617]
[null,616,null,null,null,616,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,617,null,null,null,null,null,616]
[null,614,84,"\"ASSYRIA\r\nSUMERIA\r\nIRAN\"","After repeated attacks on Assur, the city fell into the hands of the King of the Medes Ciáxares who there agreed to an alliance with the Babylonian king Nabopolassar; The Medes and Babylonians attacked the city of Nineveh, devastating and plundering the great Assyrian capital; Sin-shar-ishkun, the Assyrian king, perished during the destruction of Nineveh in 612. Assyria was divided between Babylon and the Medes.",614,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,614,614,614,614,614]
[null,612,null,null,null,612,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,612]
[null,610,null,null,null,610,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,609,null,null,610]
[null,605,null,null,null,605,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,604,604,604,null,null,null,null,null,null,"605 ",605,null,null,605]
[null,600,85,"\"Carthage\r\nMIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\"","Punic or Carthaginian state\nCreation of a maritime league or confederation that began to act as an instrument and base of naval power in the Mediterranean of the Phoenician colony Carthage.",600,null,null,null,null,null,null,600,600,600,600,600,null,null,null,600,null,600,null,null,600,600,null,600]
[null,600,null,null,null,600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,600,600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,600,null,600]
[null,600,null,null,null,600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"600 a. C."]
[null,595,null,null,null,595,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,595]
[null,590,null,null,null,590,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,590,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,590]
[null,587,null,null,null,587,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,587,null,null,587]
[null,586,null,null,null,586,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,586]
[null,585,null,"IRAN","MEDIAN EMPIRE. \nAstyages, last king of Media, son of Cyáxares; his daughter Mandana married to the Persian king Cambyses I, king of Anshan and Susa, were the parents of the Persian king Cyrus II the Great who put an end to his Median empire. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",585,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,585,null,585,null,585,585,589]
[null,580,86,"\"Türkiye\r\nARMENIA\"","The Orontid Dynasty was a hereditary dynasty that ruled over Armenia, the successor state to the kingdom of Urartu after its destruction by the Scythians; They ruled first as client kings or satraps of the Median and Achaemenid empires, who established an independent kingdom after the collapse of the Achaemenid Empire, and later as kings of Sophene and Commagene, who eventually succumbed to the Roman Empire.",580,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,580,580,580,578,null,null,null,580,null,null,null,null,null,570,null,581]
[null,575,null,null,null,575,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,575,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,572,null,null,null,null,"Median Empire around 600 BC. c."]
[null,"563 ",87,"INDUS VALLEY","Siddhārtha Gautama was a prince born in the extinct Sakia republic who, after several years of begging, meditation and asceticism, experienced a spiritual awakening, achieving the title of Buddha, which means \"The Enlightened One\"; He became an ascetic, meditator, hermit and sage who traveled for some forty years across the Gangetic Plain teaching his vision of suffering and the end of suffering and building a religious community that included men and women, laymen and monastics. Based on his teachings and philosophies, his disciples founded Buddhism.","563 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"562 ",null,null,null,null,563]
[null,"560 ",88,"\"IRAN\r\nTürkiye\"","Croesus, king of Lydia, conquered Pamphylia, Mysia and Phrygia and ultimately subjugated all the Greek cities of Anatolia.","560 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,560,null,560,null,null,"560 ",null,559,560]
[null,556,null,null,null,556,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,556]
[null,556,null,null,null,556,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"556 ",null,null,553]
[null,553,89,"IRAN","End of the Median Empire.\nAstyages, king of Media, attacked Cyrus, but was handed over to the Persian king by his own troops. Cyrus then took Ecbatana, the capital of Media, and moved his treasure to Persia.",553,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,553,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,553,null,null,553,553]
[null,550,90,"\"IRAN\r\nPERSIA\"","Persian Achaemenid Empire (550 BC-330 BC)-\nThe Achaemenid Empire is the name given to the first and most extensive of the Persian empires, which extended across the territories of the current states of Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Turkey, Russia, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, parts of Greece and Egypt. Cyrus the Great extended his rule across the central plateau of Iran and much of Mesopotamia; His conquests extended over Media, Lydia and Babylon, from the Mediterranean Sea to the Hindu Kush mountain range, creating the largest empire known up to that time.\"",550,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,550,550,null,null,null,null,551]
[null,550,null,"CHINA","Confucius, September 28, 551 - April 11, 479, was a renowned Chinese thinker whose doctrine was called Confucianism. Coming from a ruined noble family, throughout his life he alternated periods in which he served as a teacher. with others in which he was an official of the small state of Lu and worked as a carpenter in northeastern China. The teachings of Confucius were made official during the reign of Emperor Wu (141-87 BC), establishing itself as the most popular current of thought for the next 2,000 years.",550,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,550,null,550,null,550,550,null,null,null,549]
[null,547,91,"\"Türkiye\r\nIRAN\r\nASSYRIA\"","The Lydian Empire came to an end when the coalition of King Croesus, trying to attack the Medo-Persian territories of Cyrus II, was defeated in Cappadocia, in the battle of the Halis River, with which the Lydian Empire fell and from then on Lydia disappeared as independent state. \n\nAssyria became a province of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",547,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,546,null,547,null,547,547,null,null,547,547]
[null,546,null,null,null,546,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,546,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,546]
[null,545,null,null,null,545,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,545,null,null,null,null,520]
[null,539,92,"\"MIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\r\nAFRICA\"","The region of Syria-Judea, which was part of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, was peacefully subjugated by Cyrus II the Great, who completely conquered Phenicia and Carthage absorbed the trade of the region of Tartessos, controlled by the Punic colony of Gádir (present-day Cádiz).",539,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,539,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,539,539,null,null,null,519]
[null,537,93,"\"IRAN\r\nMIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\"","The Persian king Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and destroyed its empire, authorizing in 537 BC. C. the Hebrews to return to the land of Israel; He gave Jerusalem a semi-autonomous status, possibly to have a \"buffer state\" that would serve as a parapet against the then-growing power of Egypt. The Israelites managed to maintain a semi-independent status until the end of the Persian Empire, in 332 BC.",537,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,537,537]
[null,539,94,"\"IRAN\r\nSUMERIA\"","Cyrus invaded Babylon; The Persian forces diverted the waters of the Euphrates, managed to cross the river, entered Babylon without battle, conquered the city in the middle of a festive night and in the process Balthazar was murdered and Cyrus was proclaimed King of Babylon and from October 11, 539 Babylon became a province of the Persian Achaemenid Empire and was never again an independent state.",539,null,null,null,null,null,null,537,537,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,539,null,539,537,526,540]
[null,534,null,null,null,534,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,534,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lydia under the reign of Crassus around 550 BC."]
[null,530,95,"\"IRAN\r\nTRANSINDIA\"","Persian and Greek conquests of the northwestern Indian subcontinent\nCyrus the Great, king of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, invaded the trans-Indian region (in modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan).\"",530,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,530,535,null,530]
[null,525,96,"\"IRAN\r\nEGYPT\"","Conquest of Egypt: In the Battle of Pelusium in Lower Egypt, the forces of the Persian king Cambyses II defeated those of Pharaoh Psammetichus III, being decisive in allowing the Persians to seize the throne of Egypt. Cambyses II crowns himself pharaoh.",525,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,525,null,525]
[null,525,null,null,null,525,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,525]
[null,525,null,null,null,525,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,525,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,525]
[null,522,null,null,null,522,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,522]
[null,521,null,null,null,521,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,520,521,null,521,521]
[null,520,97,"\"IRAN\r\nTRANSINDIA\"","During the reign of Darius I of Persia, much of the northwestern region of the subcontinent (Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan) came to be ruled by the Persian Empire as part of its easternmost territories. The area remained under Persian control for two centuries. which ended with the conquest of Persia by Alexander the Great.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",520,null,null,null,null,null,520,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,520,520,null,null,520]
[null,509,98,"ROME","The Roman Republic was a period in the history of Rome characterized by the republican regime as a form of state, ending the Roman Monarchy with the expulsion of the last king, Lucius Tarquinius the Proud, until the beginning of the Roman Empire with the appointment of Octavian as princeps. For the direction of the state and, especially, the army in the field, a new position was expressly created with the title of Praetor (praetor, meaning \"leader\"), which was later changed to Consul.",509,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,509,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,510]
[null,509,null,null,null,509,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,509,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,510,null,null,null,null,510,"The world around 500 BC. C. The Achaemenid Empire appears in the center, in brown."]
[null,500,null,null,null,500,null,null,null,null,null,500,500,500,500,500,500,500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,500,500]
[null,499,null,null,null,499,null,null,null,null,null,500,null,null,null,null,499,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,499]
[null,498,null,null,null,498,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,498,494]
[null,493,null,null,null,493,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,492,493,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,492]
[null,486,null,null,null,486,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,486,null,486]
[null,484,null,null,null,484,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,484,null,484]
[null,480,null,null,null,480,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,480,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,480]
[null,480,null,null,null,480,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,480,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,480,null,null,null,null,476]
[null,475,null,null,null,475,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,476]
[null,475,null,"\"JAPAN\r\nKOREA\"",null,475,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,474,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,475]
[null,467,99,"\"GREECE\r\nTürkiye\"","The third medical war includes the advance of the Greek army to present-day Turkey where it defeats the Persian army in 467 and the signing of the so-called Peace of Callias in 448 BC, which forces the Persians to definitively desist from their conquest and expansion to Greece. .",467,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,467,null,null,null,467,448,null,null,null,467,null,null,null,null,468]
[null,465,null,null,null,465,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,465,null,465]
[null,465,null,null,null,465,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,465,null,null,null,null,441]
[null,454,null,null,null,454,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,454]
[null,450,null,null,null,450,null,null,null,null,null,null,450,450,null,null,450,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,450]
[null,448,null,null,null,448,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,448]
[null,441,null,null,null,441,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,441]
[null,{"$f":"+F586","v":440},null,null,null,440,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,440]
[null,425,null,null,null,425,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,425]
[null,424,null,null,null,424,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,424,null,null,424]
[null,423,null,null,null,423,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,423,null,423]
[null,418,null,null,null,418,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,418]
[null,404,null,null,null,404,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,404,null,404]
[null,404,null,null,null,404,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,404,null,null,403]
[null,401,null,null,null,401,null,null,null,null,400,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,400,401]
[null,399,null,null,null,399,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,399,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,399]
[null,397,null,null,null,397,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,397]
[null,393,null,null,null,393,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,393]
[null,392,null,"\"JAPAN\r\nKOREA\"","Emperor Kōan, (427 BC – 291 BC) - Legendary",392,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,392,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,392]
[null,390,null,null,null,390,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,400,400,null,390]
[null,388,null,null,null,388,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,388]
[null,387,null,null,null,387,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,387]
[null,380,null,null,null,380,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"390 a. C.","390 a. C.",null,"390 a. C.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,380]
[null,375,null,null,null,375,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,375]
[null,370,null,null,null,370,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,370,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,368]
[null,368,null,null,null,368,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,368]
[null,362,null,null,null,362,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,367,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,362]
[null,360,null,null,null,360,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,360]
[null,359,null,null,null,359,null,null,null,null,null,360,null,null,null,null,359,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,360]
[null,358,null,null,null,358,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,358]
[null,343,null,null,null,343,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,340,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,343]
[null,338,null,null,null,338,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,338,"338 a. C.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,338,null,338]
[null,338,null,null,null,338,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,338]
[null,336,null,"GREECE","Alexander III Great King of Media and Persia, (356-323 BC). He began the conquest of all of Greece, the Persian Empire, including Anatolia, Syria, Phoenicia, Judea, Gaza, Egypt, Bactria and Mesopotamia, and expanding the borders of his own empire to the Punjab region.",336,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,336,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,336,null,336]
[null,334,null,null,null,334,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,334,null,null,334,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,334]
[null,332,100,"EGYPT","Alexander the Great - Conquest of Egypt.\nAfter a series of dazzling victories in Greece and Anatolia, he conquered the rebellious cities of Tire and Gaza (332 BC), opening the doors to conquer Egypt, entering Memphis hailed as the liberator of Persian domination, which was extremely repressive for the Egyptians. and sacrilegious.",332,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,332]
[null,332,101,"Türkiye","Alexander the Great - Conquest of Asia Minor.\r\nAfter consolidating the Balkan border and Macedonian hegemony over the city-states of ancient Greece, Alexander crossed the Hellespont into Asia Minor (334 BC), liberating or subduing all the Greek polis cities in the Ionia area ( Mysia, Lydia, Lycia), Ephesus, Halicarnassus, Pergamum, Miletus, and many others, which were under Persian rule in Asia Minor (today Turkey) to begin the conquest of the Persian Empire.",332,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,332,null,332,null,null,null,null,null,null,332]
[null,331,102,"\"IRAN\r\nGREECE\"","In the Battle of Gaugamela, the Persian army under the command of its king, Darius III, and the Macedonian army under the command of Alexander the Great faced each other. Darius was defeated and the battle marked the collapse of the Persian Empire. The Macedonian army invaded Persia easily entering Susa, the old capital of Darius I, who continued fleeing into the interior of the territory; Alexander proceeded carefully, occupying the cities, seizing the Persian wealth and securing the supply lines; from Susa he passed to Persepolis, the ceremonial capital of the Empire. Achaemenid.\nThe kingdom of Armenia became independent parallel to the fall of the Persian Empire.",331,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,331,331,null,null,null,331,null,331,331,331,331,331]
[null,330,103,"\"GREECE\r\nIRAN\r\nSUMERIA\r\nMIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\r\nEGYPT\r\nINDUS VALLEY\"","Alexander III Great, Great King of Media and Persia, (356-323 BC).\nMacedonian Empire (330-323 BC)\nAlexander becomes Alexander III Great King of Media and Persia. He then conquered the entire Persian Empire, all of Greece, Anatolia, Syria, Phoenicia, Judea, Gaza, Egypt, Bactria and Mesopotamia, and expanded the borders of his own empire to the Punjab region.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",330,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,330,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,330]
[null,330,null,null,null,330,null,null,null,null,null,330,null,null,null,null,330,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,330,null,323,null,330,330]
[null,327,104,"INDUS VALLEY","Greek conquest of the northwest of the Indian subcontinent\nAlexander the Great conquered northwest India in 326 BC. C., kingdom of Punjab and created several vassal states in both the lower Indus and Upper Indus regions, including the kingdom of Mahagda.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",327,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,327,null,null,null,null,null,327]
[null,326,null,null,null,326,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,326]
[null,323,105,"GREECE","Death of Alexander the Great.\n\nHellenistic period (323-31)\nBetween the death of Alexander the Great and the death of Mark Antony, after his defeat in the Battle of Actium. ",323,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,323,323,323,null,323,null,323,323,323,323,323,323,323,null,323,"Extension of Alexander the Great's Macedonian Empire, including route of conquest."]
[null,323,null,null,null,323,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,323,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,323,null,323]
[null,323,null,null,null,323,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,323,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,323,323]
[null,321,107,"INDUS VALLEY","The dynasties of Magadha\n-Maurya Dynasty, founded by Chandragupta Maurya, who overthrew the Nanda Dynasty and began to expand his power across central and western India.",321,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,321]
[null,320,108,"INDUS VALLEY","Mauryan Empire (320 - 185 BC)\nAfter the death of Alexander, in India, Chandragupta Maurya took the opportunity to create the first unified empire of the Indian subcontinent. It was the first great unified empire of India originating from the kingdom of Magadha on the plains of the Indo-Gangetic basin. Ruled by the Mauryan dynasty, it dominated all of northern and central India and some regions of Afghanistan and Pakistan.",320,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,320]
[null,320,null,null,null,320,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,321,null,null,null,null,320,null,320]
[null,314,null,null,null,314,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,317,null,null,314]
[null,312,null,null,null,312,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,312,"312 a. C.",312,null,312,null,null,312,312,312]
[null,312,null,null,null,312,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,312,312]
[null,311,null,null,null,311,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,311,null,311]
[null,309,null,null,null,309,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,309,null,null,309]
[null,308,null,null,null,308,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,308,null,null,308,null,308]
[null,306,null,null,null,306,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,306,null,null,306]
[null,305,109,"\"MIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\r\nTürkiye\r\nIRAN\r\nCENTRAL ASIA\"","Seleukus proclaims himself king, initiating the Seleucid Empire, a Hellenistic successor state to the Empire of Alexander the Great that was centered in the Near East, and at the height of its power after the victory over Antigonus in 301 included central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, present-day Turkmenistan, Pamirs and some areas of Pakistan.\nPtolemy proclaimed himself pharaoh in 305 BC. C. initiating the Ptolemaic dynasty, which effectively controlled the Nile country for the next three centuries.",305,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,305,null,305,null,null,305,305,305,null,305]
[null,305,110,"\"Carthage\r\nMIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\"","Carthage remains a power in the Mediterranean, facing its Roman and Sicilian rivals and containing the growth of the influence of the Kingdom of Macedonia in the western Mediterranean.",305,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,305,null,null,null,null,null,null,305,null,null,305,305]
[null,305,null,null,null,305,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,305,null,null,null,null,305]
[null,301,null,null,null,301,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,301,null,null,null,301,null,null,301]
[null,300,null,null,null,300,null,null,null,null,300,null,300,300,null,null,null,300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,300,300,300,"300\na. C."]
[null,300,null,null,null,300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,300,null,null,"Territories of the Carthaginian Republic in 270 BC. c."]
[null,300,null,null,null,300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,300]
[null,295,111,"ROME","The Battle of Sentino, (present-day Sassoferrato, Marche), was a decisive military confrontation fought in which an alliance of Samnites, Etruscans, Umbrians and Senones was defeated by the Roman Republic, giving the latter control of the central Italian peninsula that would end up unified by Roman authority. The Samnites were subdued as allies and lost their independence; Rome then subjugated the Latins, who became citizens without suffrage, and during the next decade, the Romans achieved victories against the Gauls and subdued the Etruscans and Umbrians as allies. After this, the Etruscans, already in decline, began to be absorbed by the Romans.",295,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,295]
[null,294,112,"GREECE","Antigonid Dynasty of Macedonia: Demetrius I, son and successor of Antigonus I Monophthalmos, expelled the descendants of Cassander and the general Antipater from the throne of Macedonia and proclaimed himself King of Macedonia for ten years; his son Antigonus succeeded him in the year 283 BC and was the founder of the Antigonid dynasty of Macedonia, which ended in the reign of Perseus in 168 BC.\n",294,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,294]
[null,290,null,null,null,290,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,290,290,288,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,290]
[null,285,null,null,null,285,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,285]
[null,281,113,"\"GREECE\r\nASIA\r\nEGYPT\"\r\n","The general Lysimachus was defeated and killed by Seleucus, with which part of Thrace became the kingdom of Macedonia and the other part that of Asia Minor, both from the Seleucid dynasty, and the great empire was divided into three great states: Macedonia ( Antigonid Dynasty), complete Asia (Seleucid Dynasty) and Egypt (Ptolemaic Dynasty); shortly after Seleucus was murdered by Ptolemy Ceraunos and was succeeded by his son.\nAntiochus I Soter, (324-261 BC), Seleucid Empire. ",281,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,281,null,281,null,281,null,null,281,281,281,null,281]
[null,281,null,null,null,281,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,281,null,null,null,281,null,null,281]
[null,281,null,null,null,281,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,281,null,null,null,281]
[null,280,null,null,null,280,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,280,280,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,280,null,null,null,null,"Carthaginian Empire:\nRome and her allies in 265 BC. of C.\nSiracura in 265 BC. of C.\nCarthage in 265 BC. from C.:"]
[null,279,null,null,null,279,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,279,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Losses of Carthage (241 BC)\nLosses of Carthage (Iberia, 202 BC)\nProgressive conquests of the Numidian kings (202-149 BC)\nCarthage in 149 BC. C. on the eve of the III Punic War\nTemporary Punic conquests:\nPunic Iberia (218-202 BC)\nCities in southern Italy that went over to Hannibal"]
[null,{"$f":"+F650","v":277},null,null,null,277,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,277]
[null,275,null,null,null,275,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,275,275,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,274]
[null,274,null,null,null,274,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,274,null,null,274,274]
[null,273,null,"\"MIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\"\r\n","Carthage continues as a power in the Mediterranean, facing its Roman and Sicilian rivals and containing the growth of the influence of the Kingdom of Macedonia in the western Mediterranean. SEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",273,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,273,272,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,273,273,273]
[null,261,null,"\"MIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN ROME\"\r\n","First Punic War. \nAfter Rome's annexation of Magna Graecia, the rivalry between Rome and Carthage for dominance of the western Mediterranean increased; the first phases of the war consisted of land battles, in Sicily and North Africa , but it became an eminently naval war. Rome was victorious and conquered the island of Sicily, also forcing Carthage to pay a large tribute that destabilized Carthage so much that Rome took Corsica and Sardinia from it with little effort in the year. 238. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",261,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,260,260,260,260,260,260,null,260]
[null,260,null,"\"ASIA\r\nCENTRAL\"","Antiochus II Theos, (287-246 BC), Seleucid Empire. The Seleucid Empire had its maximum extension around 260 BC until 250 BC. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHICS         ",260,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,260,null,260,null,260,null,260,260,260,260,260,null,null,null,null,"The Kingdom of Pergamum"]
[null,260,null,"ANATOLIA","The Attalid dynasty was a Greek lineage that ruled the city of Pergamum after the death of Lysimachus of Thrace, general of Alexander the Great. One of Lysimachus' officers, Philetero, seized power in the city in 282 BC. C. and ruled around 260 BC. The later Attalids, descendants of Philetero, converted the city into the Kingdom of Pergamon. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHICS",260,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,260,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,260]
[null,255,114,"\"GREECE\r\nCENTRAL ASIA\"\r\n","Grecobactrian Kingdom.\nDiodotus I, satrap of Bactriana, rebelled against the Seleucid king Antiochus II Theos, becoming the founder and first king of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. His power extended over the provinces immediately surrounding Bactria: Arachosia, Fergana and Sogdiana; His son, Diodotus II, allied himself with the Parthian Arsaces in his fight against the Seleucids.",255,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,264,null,null,null,null,255,255,null,null,264,null,255]
[null,250,null,null,null,250,null,null,null,null,null,null,250,null,250,250,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Greek colonies.\nPhoenician colonies."]
[null,247,null,null,null,247,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,247,null,247]
[null,247,null,null,null,247,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,247]
[null,246,null,null,null,246,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,246,null,null,null,246]
[null,245,null,null,null,245,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,245,null,null,245,245]
[null,245,null,null,null,245,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,245]
[null,241,null,null,null,241,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,241,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,241]
[null,239,null,null,null,239,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,239]
[null,238,115,"\"IRAN\r\nTürkiye\r\nSUMERIA\"","Arsacid Dynasty of Parthia and the Parthian Empire (238 BC-224 AD)\r\nArsaces I, King Arsaces of the Parthian Empire. (238-211)\r\nAndrágoras is defeated and killed by the Parthians led by Arsaces, around 238 BC. C., an event that gave rise to the birth of the Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, which was one of the main political and cultural powers of ancient Iran. Arsaces as leader of the Parni, was their founder when he conquered the region of Parthia in northeastern Iran from the Seleucids, while Mithridates I (165-132) expanded the empire by also conquering Media and Mesopotamia from the Seleucids.",238,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,238,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"238 \na. C",238]
[null,238,116,"CHINA","The Chinese Unification Wars were a series of military campaigns that occurred at the end of the 3rd century BC. C. between the State of Qin and its rivals, Han, Zhao, Yan, Wei, Chu and Qi. By the year 221 BC. C., Chinese territory was unified and a campaign of conquest was launched south of the Yangtze River. These campaigns were the end of the Warring States period and the beginning of the Qin Dynasty.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHICS ",238,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,238,null,null,null,238]
[null,237,117,"\"CARTHAGE SPAIN\"","After the defeat in the First Punic War, the Carthaginian family descended from Hamilcar Barca began the conquest and effective submission of the Hispanic peninsula, which extended to a good part of it, especially to the South and the Levant; In the end, submission was achieved through tribute, alliances, marriages, or simply by force.",237,null,null,null,null,null,null,237,237,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,237,null,null,null,null,"The Seleucid Empire at the time of its maximum extension. (260-250)."]
[null,231,null,null,null,231,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,231,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,232]
[null,230,null,"\"ASIA\r\nCENTRAL\"","The Seleucid Empire was further reduced after the segregation of the Parthian Empire and the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, around 230. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHICS",230,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,230]
[null,229,null,null,null,229,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,229,229]
[null,227,null,null,null,227,null,null,null,null,null,null,227,227,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,226,null,null,227]
[null,223,null,"\"ASIA\r\nCENTRAL\"","Antiochus III Megas, (241-187 BC), Seleucid Empire.\nHis reign was the last great attempt to restore the Seleucid Empire to the level of a great power. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHICS ",223,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,222,null,null,222,null,null,null,null,223,223,null,null,223,222]
[null,224,null,null,null,224,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,218,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,230]
[null,221,null,null,null,221,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,221,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,225]
[null,221,118,"CHINA","CHINESE IMPERIAL ERA – Qin Dynasty (221–207 BC)\nThe king of the Qin founds a new dynasty and takes for himself the new name huángdì\", with religious connotations, which means \"emperor\". With Qin Shi Huang, for the first time in history a strong, centralized and unified Chinese state emerges. He ordered the construction of a wall beyond the Yellow River to better protect the new conquered territories and unified the wall fragments built during the previous centuries into the Great Wall, he also began the construction of his mausoleum, the famous Terracotta Warriors. \"\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHICS ",221,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,221]
[null,221,null,null,null,221,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,221]
[null,220,null,null,null,220,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,220,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Seleucid Empire after the segregation of the Parthian Empire and the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, around 230."]
[null,220,null,null,null,220]
[null,219,null,"\"MIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\r\nCENTRAL ASIA\"","The Fourth Syrian War is the fourth of the six conflicts that confronted the Seleucid and Egyptian empires between the 3rd century BC and 2nd century BC, for the possession of Celesyria, and which led to the decline of both contenders. and its final defeat by the power of Rome and Parthia, resulting in Ptolemaic victory and Egypt's acquisition of the southern Syrian region of the Bekaa Valley, Lebanon.\r\nThe Seleucid Empire, after the segregation of the Parthian Empire and the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, was completely decimated. SEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",219,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,219,null,null,219,219]
[null,218,null,null,null,218,null,null,null,null,null,null,218,218,null,null,null,216,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,218]
[null,214,null,null,null,214,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,214]
[null,211,null,"JAPAN","Emperor Kōgen, (273 BC – 158 BC) - Legendary",211,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,211,211,null,null,null,210]
[null,206,null,null,null,206,null,null,null,null,null,null,206,206,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,206]
[null,206,null,null,null,206]
[null,206,null,null,null,206,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,206]
[null,205,null,null,null,205,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,205]
[null,204,null,null,null,204]
[null,203,null,null,null,203]
[null,202,119,"CARTHAGE ROME","Carthage signs a peace treaty that represented the end of Carthage as a great power and the hegemony of Rome over the western Mediterranean.",202,null,null,null,null,null,null,202,202,null,null,null,202,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,202]
[null,201,120,"\"ROME\r\nSPAIN\"","Towards the end of the Second Punic War between 218 BC and 201 BC, the Iberian Peninsula can be considered subject to the power of Rome.\r\n",201,null,null,null,null,null,null,202,202,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Chinese Unification Wars\nDate: 230 BC C.-221 BC c.\nResult: Victory of Qin over Han, Zhao, Yan, Wei, Chu and Qi - Unification of China"]
[null,200,121,"ARMENIA","The Seleucid king Antiochus III Megas conquered Greater Armenia and Sophene with the help of the Armenian generals Artaxias and Zariadris, overthrowing the Orontid Dynasty and appointed Artaxias as satrap of Greater Armenia and Zariadris as satrap of Sophene.",200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,200,200,200,200,null,null,null,200,null,200,null,null,200,200,200,200,200]
[null,198,null,null,null,198,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,198]
[null,197,122,"\"ROME\r\nGREECE\"","Flaminius defeats the Macedonians at Cynoscephali and the Romans break Macedonia's hegemony over Greece.\r\nEnd of the Macedonian Wars. Liberation\" of Greece and flight of Hannibal to Asia.\"",197,null,null,null,null,null,null,197,197,200,200,197,197]
[null,196,null,null,null,196,null,null,null,null,null,null,"196 \na. C.","196 \na. C.",null,null,null,"196 \na. C.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"190\na. C.",null,null,null,null,195]
[null,194,null,null,null,194,null,null,null,null,null,null,194,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,195]
[null,191,123,"\"ROME\r\nSYRIA\"","First appearance of the Romans in Asia: they defeat Antiochus at Thermopylae and Magnesia.\n\nAfter the defeat of Antiochus by Rome in the Battle of Magnesia in 190 BC. C., Artaxias and Zariadris rebelled and with Roman support founded the independent kingdoms of Greater Armenia and Sofene.",191,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,191,191,null,null,"190 \na. C.","190 \na. C.",null,191,null,null,191]
[null,190,124,"ARMENIA","The Kingdom of Armenia, Greater Armenia or Greater Armenia, was a kingdom created in 190 BC. C. from the ashes of the ancient satrapy of Armenia, which was part of the Achaemenid empire; Artaxias I was the founder of the Artaxid Dynasty that reigned for almost two centuries in the Kingdom of Armenia, which was independent until 165 AD. C. and then a protectorate of the Roman Empire until the year 428 AD. c.",190,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"190 \na. C.","190\na. C.",null,"190 \na. C.",null,null,null,null,190]
[null,190,null,null,null,190,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,190,160,null,190,null,190,190]
[null,189,125,null,"For the Peace of Apamea signed in 188 after the Battle of Magnesia (189 BC) in which the Seleucid king Antiochus III and his allies were defeated by Rome, Pergamum, Macedonia and Rhodes, the territories west of the Taurus Mountains They passed under the indirect control of Rome and the old Seleucid power was destroyed, a decline that in turn facilitated the expansion of Parthia in the region but also marked the end of the war for control of Greece that would soon become Roman.",189,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,189,189,null,null,null,null,null,189,null,189,null,null,null,null,188]
[null,187,null,null,null,187,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,187,null,null,187,null,null,187,null,null,187,null,187]
[null,185,null,null,null,185,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,181,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,185,null,null,185]
[null,185,null,null,null,185,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,185]
[null,184,null,null,null,184,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,185,null,184]
[null,181,126,"INDUS VALLEY","\r\nAfter the accession of King Pusyamitra Sunga, who had murdered his son-in-law Brihadratha Maurya, Demetrius I, fourth monarch of the Grecobactrian Kingdom (200-180 BC), invaded India and on his way conquered extensive areas corresponding to modern-day Pakistan. , eastern Iran and the Punjab in India, giving rise to what would be the Indo-Greek Kingdom, the easternmost in the Hellenistic world, probably to protect the Greek-speaking populations in the Subcontinent. ",181,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,181,null,null,null,181,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,180,181,null,180]
[null,180,127,"INDUS VALLEY","Apollodotus I, Indo-Greek King. About Paramisos-Aracosia-Gandhara-Western Punjab.",180,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,180]
[null,179,null,null,null,179,null,null,null,null,null,null,179,null,null,null,179]
[null,175,null,null,null,175,null,null,null,null,null,175,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,175,null,null,175,null,175]
[null,170,null,null,null,170,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,171,171,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,170,170]
[null,170,null,null,null,170,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,170,null,null,170]
[null,168,null,null,null,168,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,168,168,null,null,null,null,null,168,null,168,168,168]
[null,165,null,null,null,165,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,164,null,165,164]
[null,164,null,null,null,164,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,164,null,null,164]
[null,{"$f":"+F714","v":163},null,null,null,163,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,163,null,163]
[null,162,null,null,null,162,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,162,null,162,null,null,162]
[null,160,null,null,null,160,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,160,115,null,160,null,160]
[null,157,null,null,null,157,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,155,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,157,157]
[null,155,null,null,null,155,null,null,null,null,null,null,155,155,null,null,null,155,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,155]
[null,154,null,null,null,154,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,154]
[null,151,null,null,null,151,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,151,null,151]
[null,150,28,"\"ASSYRIA\r\nIRAN\"","Already in 150 BC. C., Assyria was largely under the control of the Parthian Empire; the Parthians appear to have exercised only loose control over Assyria",150,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,150]
[null,150,29,"\"ROME\r\nGREECE \"","The Fourth Macedonian War was the last war between Rome and Macedonia; It took place as a consequence of the usurpation of the claimant Andriscus of the Macedonian throne, pretending to be the son of Perseus; Andrisco, after some early victories, was finally defeated in 148 and two years later, Pella the Macedonian capital was besieged and Macedonia became a Roman province.",150,null,null,null,null,null,150,null,null,null,null,150,150,null,null,null,null,null,150,null,null,150,null,150]
[null,149,null,null,null,149,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,149,null,null,null,null,null,146,null,null,146]
[null,148,null,null,null,148,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,148,148,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,148]
[null,147,null,null,null,147,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,147,147]
[null,146,30,"\"ROME\r\nCARTHAGE\"","In the Third Punic War Rome made the decision to eliminate any possibility of a military resurgence of Carthage and in a long-running siege operation that ended with the city being sacked, destroyed and burned to the ground, Carthage ceased to exist. exist and its surviving inhabitants were sold into slavery.",146,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,146]
[null,145,null,null,null,145,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,145,null,null,145]
[null,143,null,null,null,143,null,null,null,null,null,null,143,143,null,null,null,143,null,null,null,null,null,142,null,147,142]
[null,141,31,"IRAN","The victory over Media was followed by the Parthian campaign of conquest of Babylon, in which they first conquered the city of Seleucia on the Tigris where Mithridates minted coins and held an official investiture ceremony in 141 BC. C. to later conquer Babylon in the summer of the same year; The following year, the Seleucid king, Demetrius II, gathered an army and set out for war against Mithridates but was defeated several times and in 138 BC. C he was captured and held prisoner for 10 years by Mithridates.",141,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,141,null,141,null,null,141,null,141]
[null,138,null,null,null,138,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,138,null,null,138,null,null,null,138]
[null,134,null,null,null,134,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,134]
[null,133,null,null,null,133,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,133,null,null,"133 \na. C.",null,null,"133 \na. C.",null,132,"133 \na. C."]
[null,131,null,null,null,131,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,131]
[null,130,null,null,null,130,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,130,null,130,null,null,130]
[null,129,null,null,null,129,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,129,null,null,129]
[null,129,null,null,null,129,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,129,129,129]
[null,128,null,null,null,128,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,128,null,null,128]
[null,126,null,null,null,126,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,126,null,126,126]
[null,125,null,null,null,125,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,125,null,null,125]
[null,125,null,null,null,125,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,125,null,null,null,125,null,null,null,null,125,125,null,125,125,null,124,null,125]
[null,123,32,"ROME","The southeast of Further Gaul, the current regions of Languedoc and Provence, was conquered by Rome, ensuring land communications between Italy and Spain.",123,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,123,123,null,123,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,122,120,null,122]
[null,120,33,"\"GREECE\r\nCENTRAL ASIA\"\r\n","The Greco-Bactrian king Heliocles I, pressured by invading Scythian tribes, abandoned Bactria and moved his capital to the Kabul Valley, from where he ran his Indian territories. Having abandoned the Bactrian territories, he is technically the last Greco-Bactrian king, despite his many descendants. He traveled beyond the Hindu Kush, forming the western part of the Indo-Greek Kingdom.",120,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,120,120]
[null,121,null,null,null,121,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"123 \na. C",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,121,null,null,120,null,121]
[null,119,null,null,null,119,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,119]
[null,118,null,null,null,118,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,118,118,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,118,118]
[null,116,null,null,null,116,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,116,null,null,null,null,null,116]
[null,115,null,null,null,115,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,115,115,null,null,null,null,null,115,115,114,null,115,114,115,115,null,115]
[null,113,null,null,null,113,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,113]
[null,112,null,null,null,112,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,112]
[null,110,null,null,null,110,null,null,null,null,null,null,"110 \na. C.","110 \na. C.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,110,null,null,110,null,null,110,null,110]
[null,109,null,null,null,109,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,109]
[null,107,null,null,null,107,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,107]
[null,102,null,null,null,102,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,102,null,102]
[null,100,null,null,null,100,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,100]
[null,97,null,"JAPAN","Emperor Sujin, (149 a. C. – 30 a. C.) - Legendary",97,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,100,97]
[null,96,null,null,null,96,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,96,null,null,null,null,null,null,96,null,null,96,96,97]
[null,95,null,null,null,95,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,95,null,null,95,null,null,95]
[null,95,34,"ARMENIA","The Armenian Empire (95 BC-12 AD) was an empire that stretched from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, dominating the Caucasus, much of modern-day eastern Turkey, and Syria. Tigranes II \"the Great\" proclaimed himself king of kings after defeating the Parthian Empire and the Syrians, taking the dominions of the empire to its maximum expansion; With the aim of having a capital in a more central position in his new and extensive domains that would facilitate faster administration, Tigranes founded Tigranocerta.",95,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,95,null,95,null,95,95,null,95]
[null,94,null,null,null,94,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,94,null,null,94]
[null,94,null,null,null,94,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,94,null,93,94]
[null,90,null,null,null,90,null,null,null,null,null,90,null,null,null,null,null,90,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,90]
[null,90,null,null,null,90,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,90,null,null,90,null,null,90,null,91,90,null,90]
[null,90,null,null,null,90,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,90]
[null,88,null,null,null,88,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,88]
[null,87,null,null,null,87,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,87,null,null,87,null,null,null,87]
[null,84,null,null,null,84,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,84]
[null,83,null,null,null,83,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,83,null,null,null,null,null,83,null,null,83,null,83]
[null,80,null,null,null,80,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,81,null,null,81,null,null,81,"\n\n80"]
[null,83,null,null,null,83,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,75]
[null,74,null,null,null,74,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,74,74,null,null,74,null,null,74,null,74,74,74,75,null,74]
[null,73,null,null,null,73,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,73,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,74]
[null,73,null,null,null,73,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,73]
[null,70,null,null,null,70,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,70,null,null,70]
[null,69,null,null,null,69,null,null,null,null,null,null,61,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,69,null,69,null,69,69,null,66]
[null,69,null,null,null,69,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,69,null,null,69]
[null,67,null,null,null,67,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,67]
[null,65,35,"ROME","Pompey advanced towards Armenia and Tigranes, now 75 years old, surrendered and the war ended in 65 BC; Pompey was generous by returning part of his former empire in exchange for 6,000 talents of silver and Tigranes continued his reign in Armenia as vassal friend and ally of the Roman people until his death in 55 BC.\nMithridates fled to the Caucasus but after accepting his complete defeat, he committed suicide in 63, with which the strength of the kingdom of Pontus was destroyed and Rome asserted its power over Anatolia, also subjecting the Kingdoms of Armenia and Syria to Roman power.",65,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,65,65,null,65,null,null,null,null,65]
[null,{"$f":"+F778","v":65},36,"ROME","The people of Antioch and Syria supported the Roman overthrow of the Seleucid king Antiochus XIII and the following year asked Rome to be annexed to the Roman Empire.\r\nAlthough Pompey decided to convert Syria into a Roman province, Philip II Philo-Roman, (-63 BC), Seleucid Empire was able to reign in part of the country as a Roman client until 63 BC. C.",65,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,65,null,null,65]
[null,64,null,null,null,64,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,64,null,null,64]
[null,63,37,"\"ROME\r\nIRAN\"","END OF THE SELEUCID EMPIRE\nWith the death of Mithridates of Pontus in 63 BC. C. and the subjugation of the Kingdom of Pontus and the Kingdom of Armenia, Pompey dedicated himself to the creation of new client kingdoms and the establishment of new Roman Provinces such as Armenia and Judea and finally converted Bithynia, Cyrene and Syria; Seleucid power was destroyed but this decline in turn facilitated the expansion of Parthia in the region.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",63,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,63,null,null,63,null,null,63,null,63,63]
[null,"63 a. C. ",38,"\"ROME\r\nIRAN\"","The Euphrates River began to serve as a border, although continually crossed, between the Roman Empire (later Byzantine Empire) and the Parthian Empire (later Sassanian); on the other hand, the northern hill regions together with the kingdom of Armenia were scene of the vast majority of battles and fortifications for containment between Rome and the Persian Empire that lived in a multi-secular balance of forces.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH","63 a. C. ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"63 a. C. ",null,null,"63 \na. C. ",null,null,"63 \na. C. ",null,"63 \na. C. ",null,null,null,null,null,"Timeline of the Parthian empire, including the most important events and its territorial evolution"]
[null,63,null,null,null,63,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,63,null,null,null,null,null,63,null,null,63]
[null,60,null,null,null,60,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,60]
[{"$f":"753-B784+1","v":696},58,null,null,null,58,null,null,null,null,null,58,null,null,58,58,null,58]
[697,57,null,null,null,57,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"57\na. C."]
[699,55,39,"\"ROME\r\nENGLAND\"","Julius Caesar decided to make a reconnaissance expedition to the island in 55 BC, which he called Britannia.\r\nYear 54 a. C. returned to England with a larger army and, after defeating a confederation of tribes from the southeast of the country, he subdued part of England, urging it to recognize the supremacy of Rome, by paying some tributes and bringing it closer to the orbit of influence. Roman.",55,null,null,null,null,null,55,50,null,55,55,null,55,null,null,null,55,null,null,null,57,null,null,55]
[701,53,40,"IRAN","The Battle of Carras, currently in Harran, Turkey, was a military confrontation between the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire; the Parthian army defeated a numerically superior Roman invasion force commanded by Crassus in one of the most crushing defeats of the Roman history.\nOrodes II king of the Parthian Empire invaded Armenia following his victory over the Roman general Marcus Licinius Crassus at the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC. C.; Artavasdes II was forced to join the Parthians and later to give his sister in marriage to Pacorus I of Parthia, son and heir of Orodes I.",53,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,53,null,null,null,53,null,53,null,53,null,51,52,null,53]
[705,49,null,null,null,49,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,49,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,51,null,null,48]
[708,46,null,null,null,46,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,46]
[709,45,41,"ROME","January: The Julian Calendar comes into force, which will continue to be used in most of Europe until 1582. In this year, 445 days were counted, instead of the normal 365, to correct the discrepancies of the previous calendar and was called the last year of confusion.\" To this end, two Merkedinus months were added, between November and December, one of 33 days and another of 34, in addition to the month interspersed in February.\nMarch: Battle of Munda\nApril: suicide of Cato the Younger; Caesar's dictatorship begins.\nCaesar returns to Rome with supreme power.\nVER GRAFICA ILUSTRATIVA",45,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,45,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,47]
[710,44,null,null,"\n\n\n\n",44,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,44,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,44]
[711,43,null,null,null,43,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,43,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,44]
[711,43,null,null,null,43,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,43]
[714,40,null,"ROME","When Julius Caesar and Pompey declared civil war in Rome, the Parthian emperor Orodes II decided to forget the quarrels with Armenia and allied himself with Artavasdes II, son of Tigranes. Together they defeated Crassus and conquered the Roman provinces of Syria and Palestine, which were recovered in 38 BC. C. by Mark Antony who overthrew the king of Palestine imposed by the Armenians, Antigonus, to place Herod in power.",40,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,40,40,null,40]
[716,38,null,"\"MIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\"","Antigonus Mattathias, king of Judea and High Priest, proclaimed king by the Parthians who occupied Judea in the year 40, was defeated by Herod I the Great with the help of the Romans once the provinces of Syria and Palestine were recovered in the year 38 BC. C. by Marco Antonio.",38,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,38,38]
[717,37,null,null,null,37,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,37,null,null,37,null,"The Roman Republic, (509-27 BC), around 44 BC. c."]
[717,37,null,null,null,37,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,37,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,37]
[720,34,42,"ROME","Marcus Antony attacked Armenia and had King Artavasdes II executed, who was an ally of the Parthians and had been taken prisoner to Egypt.\r\nArtaxias II, Artaxid King of Armenia. Eldest son of Artavasdes II, he succeeded his father to the throne when he was taken prisoner by Mark Antony and executed on the orders of Cleopatra VII.\"",34,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,34,null,null,null,null,34]
[721,33,null,null,null,33,null,null,null,null,null,34,null,null,null,null,null,37,null,null,null,null,25,null,null,37,null,null,null,null,33]
[722,32,null,null,null,32,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,32,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,32]
[720,34,null,null,null,34,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,34]
[723,31,null,null,null,31,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,31,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,31]
[724,30,43,"ROME","Octavian pursued Antony and Cleopatra to Alexandria but they preferred to commit suicide rather than submit to the new ruler of the Roman world. Octavian returned to Rome, called himself Caesar Augustus and inaugurated the Roman Empire; Octavian moved Cleopatra's children from Egypt to Rome where he celebrated his military triumph in Rome by parading with the three orphans chained behind his chariot.\nEgypt becomes a Roman province.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",30,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,30,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,30,30]
[724,30,44,"ROME","The lands south of the Danube, modern-day Austria, became part of the Roman Empire, first as an independent vassal kingdom.",30,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,30]
[724,30,45,"ARMENIA","After the defeat of Mark Antony, the eldest son of Artavasdes II, Artaxias II, a Parthian ally, returned to the throne of Armenia.\r\nArtaxias II, Artaxid King of Armenia supported by the Parthian King Phraates IV.",30,null,null,null,null,null,null,"29 \na. C.",29,null,null,null,29,null,null,null,30,null,null,null,29,29]
[725,29,null,"ROME","Octavian alone dominates the entire Roman world. End of the Roman Republic.\nOctavian founded in the same place where Carthage had existed, a Roman colony with the name of Colonia Iulia Concordia Carthago, which became the capital of the Roman province of Africa, one of the most important grain-producing areas of the Roman Empire. Its port was vital for the export of African wheat to Rome. The city became the second largest in the Empire with 400,000 inhabitants.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,29,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"29\na. C."]
[727,27,46,"ROME","Roman Empire (27 BC - 305 AD). \nThe Senate granted Octavian the use of the new title of Augustus\" by which he became the first Roman Emperor, Caesar Augustus, initiating the system of government of The Principality as a collegiate monarchy adapting the republican institutions towards a protectorate where the prince holds all the powers and supervises the classical authorities that notoriously evolved towards an autocracy based on military power.\"",27,null,null,null,null,null,null,"27 \na. C.",null,27,27,null,27,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,28]
[727,27,null,"ROME","Rome organized Gaul into four provinces: to Narbonensis, (123 BC-5th century), sufficiently Romanized to become a senatorial province, it added Aquitaine Gaul, (27 BC-303), Lyonese Gaul, (27 BC-486), and Gaul Belgium, (27 BC-5th century).",27,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,27]
[727,27,47,"ROME","The Roman province of Gaul Belgium was located in Belgium, the southern part of today's Netherlands, and also occupied Luxembourg, northeastern France, and western Germany; The native inhabitants, the Belgae, were a mixture of Celts and Germanic tribes; The province ended up being part of the Merovingian kingdom of Clovis I and in the 8th century the province was the heart of Charlemagne's empire. When Charlemagne's son, Ludovico Pio, died, the province was divided between what would become the future nations of Germany and France.",27,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,27,27,null,"27 \na. C."]
[727,27,null,null,null,27,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,27,null,null,null,27]
[729,25,null,null,null,25,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,25,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,26,null,null,25]
[734,20,null,null,null,20,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,20]
[735,19,null,null,null,19,null,null,null,null,null,null,"19 \na. C.","19 \na. C.",null,null,null,19,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,30]
[736,18,null,null,null,18,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"18\na.C."]
[738,16,null,null,null,16,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,16,null,null,16]
[739,15,48,"ROME","The Roman conquest of Germania was carried out based on Augustus's policy of territorial expansion; A series of Roman interventions were carried out in Germania that aimed to annex new territories between the Rhine and the Elbe, which belonged to several Germanic tribes.",15,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"15 a. C."]
[742,12,null,null,null,12,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,12,null,null,null,null,null,12]
[743,11,null,null,null,11,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,11]
[null,10,null,null,null,10,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,10]
[{"$f":"753+B820","v":761},8,null,null,null,8,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,8,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,7]
[758,5,null,null,null,5,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,5]
[755,2,null,null,null,2,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2,12,null,null,null,"2 a. C."]
[754,1,49,"ROME","In the current Julian calendar this year corresponds to the year 753 A.U.C, after the founding of Rome, which was calculated as the year Jesus Christ was born on December 25, which is the first year before Christ (year 1 B.C.) corresponds to the same year 753 a.u.c. (since Christ was born almost at the end, on December 25). The following year 754 a.u.c. became the year 1 A.D., Anno Domini, year 1 of the Lord, but the previous years continued to be counted as years B.C. Finally, in the 17th century, the years before 1 A.D. began to be counted. like years before Christ, a. C., and the later ones are years after Christ, d. C..",1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1]
[753,0,50,"ROME","When the counting of the Christian era began in the year 607, (1360 A.U.C.), the mathematical concept of zero did not exist, and years were counted ordinally. Thus, there is no year 0. Establishing the origin of the calendar in this way, the first millennium (first 1000 years) passed between January 1 of the year 1 and December 31 of the year 1000. In the same way, the first century passed between January 1, year 1 and December 31, year 100.",0]
[753,0,null,null,null,0]
[754,1,51,"ROME","In the current Julian calendar this year corresponds to the year 754 A.U.C., after the founding of Rome, one year after the birth of Jesus Christ on December 25, 753 A.U.C.; However, when the so-called Christian era was established in the year 607, the beginning of the scale became the date of Christ's birth, that is, the year A.U.C. minus 753.",1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,null,null,null,null,1]
[755,2,null,null,null,2]
[757,4,null,null,null,4,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,4,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,4]
[759,6,null,null,null,6,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,6,null,6,null,null,null,null,null,6,null,null,6]
[759,6,null,null,null,6,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,6]
[761,8,null,null,null,8,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,8]
[762,9,null,null,null,9,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,9]
[762,9,52,"ROME GERMANY","The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest was an armed confrontation near modern Osnabrück (Lower Saxony, Germany) between an alliance of Germanic tribes led by the leader Arminius and the legions of the Roman Empire led by Publius Quintilius Varus, governor of the province of the Germania Magna, which extended to the Elbe River; The Romans were skillfully led to a place with complicated terrain, ambushed and annihilated their 17th, 18th and 19th legions, six auxiliary cohorts and three wings of cavalry, so Varus ended up committing suicide when he saw everything was lost. With this decisive defeat, the Romans retreated from the Elbe, focusing on the course of the Rhine River, the border between the Empire and the so-called barbarians that would remain that way for four hundred years.",9,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,9,null,9]
[763,10,53,"INDUS VALLEY","Strato II \"Soter\" was an Indo-Greek king who, ruling in eastern Punjab, his territory was invaded by Rajuvula, Indo-Scythian king of Mathura and he became the last of the Indo-Greek kings.",10,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,10,null,null,10]
[765,12,54,"ARMENIA","Erato of Armenia, Artaxid Queen of Armenia, abdicated as the last representative of the Artaxid dynasty and Rome imposed its total domination over the region of Armenia after years of confrontations.",12,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,12]
[767,14,null,null,null,14,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,14,null," 14",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,14,14]
[768,15,null,null,null,15,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,15,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,15]
[769,16,null,null,null,16,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,16]
[769,16,null,null,null,16,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,16]
[776,23,null,null,null,23,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,23]
[778,25,null,null,null,25,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,25]
[{"$f":"753+B842","v":778},{"$f":"+F842","v":25},null,null,null,25,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,25]
[783,30,55,"ASIA\r\nCENTRAL","Kushan Empire (30-375) expanded from what is now Afghanistan in the northwest of the subcontinent; it was founded by a tribe called Kushan, from modern Xinjiang (China), who rose to power and reunited all the tribes in a confederation that had diplomatic contacts with Rome, the Parthian Empire, Sassanid Persia and China, and for several centuries were at the center of exchanges between East and West. Due to pressure from the Scythian tribes, the Kushans expanded towards South, to the region known as Gandhara—which includes the Northwest Frontier and Pothowar (in present-day Pakistan) and the Kabul River Valley and Kandahar (in present-day Afghanistan), where they had three capitals: Kapishi (present-day Begram, in Afghanistan), Pushklavati (present-day Peshawar, Pakistan) and Mathurā (India).\nHereus (c. 1-30), first Kushan ruler.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",30,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,30]
[783,30,null,null,null,30,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,30,null,null,"Kushan territories (green) and maximum expansion towards 140 with Kanishka (yellow)"]
[786,33,56,"ROME","Jesus of Nazareth preached for three years in the regions of Galilee and Judea for which he was crucified in Jerusalem under the government of Pontius Pilate. With these two facts, his followers formed Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on his life and teachings, claiming the belief that Jesus is the Son of God and, by extension, the incarnation of God himself.",33,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,33]
[788,35,null,null,null,35,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,35]
[789,36,null,null,null,36,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,36]
[790,37,null,null,null,37,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," 37",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,37]
[791,38,null,null,null,38,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,38]
[793,40,null,null,null,40,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,40,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,40]
[794,41,null,null,null,41,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," 41"]
[796,43,57,"ROME","The Romans made the decisive move of reducing Britannia to a Roman province; They invaded Britain, forcing their advance inland through various battles against the British tribes, starting with the Battle of Medway in which they defeated the British tribes under the command of Cunobeline and his sons Caratacus and Togodumnus. After this the Romans crossed the Thames and continued the campaign.",43,null,null,null,null,null,43,null,null,null,null,null,43]
[797,44,null,null,null,44,null,null,null,null,null,44]
[799,46,null,null,null,46,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,46]
[801,48,null,null,null,48,null,null,null,null,null,48]
[803,50,null,null,null,50,null,null,null,null,null,50,null,null,null,50,50,50]
[804,51,null,null,null,51]
[804,51,null,null,null,51,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,51]
[805,52,null,null,null,52]
[807,54,58,"IRAN","The Arsacid dynasty of Parthia established itself as an important house in Armenia and ruled intermittently during the chaotic years that followed the fall of the Artaxid dynasty until 53, when Tiridates I took power in Armenia, a state situated between the two empires. Parthian and Roman but which had been a state dependent on Rome since the time of Emperor Augustus.\nTiridates, King of Armenia. ",54,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," 54",null,null,null,54,null,null,null,55]
[808,55,null,null,null,55,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,55,null,null,55,55,null,null,null,55]
[810,57,null,null,null,57,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,57]
[811,58,null,null,null,58,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,58,null,null,58,58,null,null,null,58,null,null,null,null,57]
[813,60,null,null,null,60,null,null,null,null,null,60,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,60,60]
[814,61,null,null,null,61,null,null,null,null,null,61]
[817,64,null,null,null,64,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,64]
[816,63,59,"IRAN","Arsacid dynasty of Armenia (63-428).\n When the war between Rome and the Parthian Empire ended without a decisive victory, the conflict ended with an agreement in which the two parties had to make concessions synthesized in the Establishment of the Arsacid dynasty of Armenia as a client of Rome: from then on a Parthian prince of the Arsacid lineage would occupy the Armenian throne, but his appointment had to be approved by the Roman emperor. With the coronation of Tiridates in Rome by Nero, an important precedent was set that, While on the one hand it turned Armenia into a kind of satellite state\" of Rome, it also implied a de facto cession of territory to the Parthian Empire.\"",63,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,63,63]
[818,65,null,null,null,65,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,65]
[819,66,null,null,null,66,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,66,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,66]
[821,68,null,null,null,68,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,40,40,null,68]
[822,69,null,null,null,69,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,69,null,69]
[822,69,null,null,null,69,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,69]
[822,69,null,null,null,69,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,69]
[822,69,null,null,null,69,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,69]
[823,70,null,"JAPAN","Emperor Keikō, (12 - 130) - Legendary",70,null,null,null,null,null,70,null,null,null,null,null,70,null,null,null,null,null,70,null,null,70,null,null,71]
[831,78,null,null,null,78,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,78]
[831,78,null,null,null,78,null,null,null,null,null,78,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,78]
[832,79,null,null,null,79,null,null,null,null,null,79,null,null,null,null,null,79]
[828,75,null,null,null,75,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,80,null,75]
[831,78,null,null,null,78,null,null,null,null,null,78]
[834,81,null,null,null,81,null,null,null,null,null,81,null,null,null,null,null,81]
[836,83,null,null,null,83,null,null,null,null,null,83,null,null,null,83]
[839,86,null,null,null,86,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,86]
[{"$f":"753+B884","v":840},87,null,null,null,87,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,87,null,null,null,null,87]
[841,88,null,null,null,88,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,88]
[849,96,null,null,null,96,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,96]
[849,96,null,null,null,96,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,96]
[851,98,null,null,null,98,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,98,null,null,null,null,100]
[854,101,null,null,null,101,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,101,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,100]
[859,106,null,null,null,106,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,106]
[859,106,null,null,null,106,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,106,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,105,null,null,105,null,106]
[861,108,null,null,null,108,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,108]
[864,111,null,null,null,111]
[867,114,60,"\"ROME\r\nIRAN\"","Peace between Parthia and the Roman Empire would last fifty years until Emperor Trajan began a campaign against the Parthians, sparked by the Parthian king Osroes' decision to place an unacceptable king on the throne of Armenia, a kingdom over which they had shared hegemony of the two great empires since the time of Nero. The first phase was a complete success and the Parthians were defeated and Armenia, Assyria and Mesopotamia were integrated into the Empire but shortly before his death in 116, the emperor was forced to withdraw his army to crush the revolts of other provinces. .",114,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,114,null,null,null,114,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,111]
[869,116,61,"ROMA","Trajan conquers Mesopotamia and Assyria, which were provinces of the Roman Empire, in 116.",116,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,116,null,null,null,null,null,116,116,116]
[869,116,null,null,null,116,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,116]
[868,115,null,null,null,115,null,null,null,null,null,115,null,null,null,null,null,115,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,115,115]
[870,117,null,"\"SUMERIAN\r\nASSYRIA\r\nROME\"","Mesopotamia and Assyria had to be evacuated after Hadrian took over as Emperor. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH: \"The Roman Empire in the year 117 AD.\"",117,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,117,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,117]
[871,118,62,"ROME","Mesopotamia and Assyria had to be evacuated after Hadrian took over as Emperor.",118,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,118,null,null,null,null,null,118,118]
[875,122,null,null,null,122,null,null,null,null,null,122]
[878,125,63,"IRAN","Hadrian returned Mesopotamia and Assyria to the Parthian Empire as part of a peace treaty.",125,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,125,null,null,null,125,null,125,125,125,null,null,null,null,125,"The Roman Empire in the year 117 AD. c."]
[878,125,null,null,null,125,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,125]
[880,127,null,null,null,127,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,127]
[882,129,null,null,null,129,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,129]
[884,131,null,"JAPAN","Emperor Seimu, (83 - 191) - Legendary",131,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,131]
[888,{"$f":"+F906","v":135},null,null,null,135,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,132,null,null,132]
[891,138,null,null,null,138,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,138]
[893,140,64,"INDUS VALLEY","Period of maximum expansion of the Kushan empire",140,null,null,null,null,null,140,null,null,null,null,null,140,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,140]
[897,144,null,null,null,144,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,144]
[898,145,null,null,null,145,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,145]
[900,147,null,null,null,147,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,147,null,null,null,null,146]
[900,147,null,"INDUS VALLEY","Vāsishka, Kushan Emperor.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC ",147,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,151]
[908,155,null,null,null,155,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,155]
[913,160,null,null,null,160,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,160,160,160]
[914,161,null,null,null,161,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,161]
[914,161,null,null,null,161,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,161]
[915,162,null,null,null,162,null,null,null,null,null,162,null,null,null,null,null,162]
[918,165,null,null,null,165,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,165,null,null,null,165]
[921,168,null,null,null,168,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,168]
[930,177,null,null,null,177,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,177]
[942,189,null,null,null,189,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,189]
[942,189,null,null,null,189,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,189]
[944,191,null,null,null,191,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"-",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,191]
[944,191,null,null,null,191,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,191,192]
[946,193,null,null,null,193,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,193]
[946,193,null,null,null,193,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,193]
[946,193,null,null,null,193,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,193]
[946,193,null,null,null,193,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,193]
[946,193,null,null,null,193,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,193]
[953,200,null,null,null,200,null,null,null,null,null,null,200,200,200,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,200]
[953,200,null,null,null,200,null,null,null,null,null,null,200,200]
[961,208,null,null,null,208,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,208]
[962,209,null,null,null,209,null,null,null,null,null,209,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,209]
[964,211,null,null,null,211,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,211]
[964,211,null,null,null,211,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,211]
[969,216,null,null,null,216,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,217,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,216]
[971,218,null,null,null,218,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,218]
[973,220,null,null,null,220,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,220]
[974,221,null,null,null,221,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,221]
[975,222,null,null,null,222,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,222]
[977,224,null,null,null,224,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,224,null,null,null,null,222]
[977,224,65,"IRAN","Sassanid Empire (224-651)\nThe Sassanid Empire, the last Iranian state prior to the Muslim Conquest, whose territory included the current countries of Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Afghanistan and parts of eastern Turkey and Syria, as well as part of Pakistan, the Caucasus, Central Asia and Arabia. Furthermore, during the government of Khosrau II (r. 590-628), the territories of present-day Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine were annexed to the empire. Persia and Mesopotamia continued to be controlled, from the city of Ctesiphon located on the banks of the Tigris River, which was later abandoned with the founding of Baghdad.",224,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,224,null,224]
[977,224,66,"IRAN","Ardacher I, King of kings of Iran, overthrew the Arsacids of Parthia, starting a new Persian kingdom under the Sassanid dynasty; The Sassanids were determined to restore ancient Persia to its former glory, making Zoroastrianism the state religion and claiming Armenia as part of the empire.",224,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,224,null,null,null,224]
[978,225,67,"\"IRAN\r\nINDUS VALLEY\"","The Sassanids invaded Bactria and northern India and established the kingdom of the Indo-Sassanids or Kushanshahs; The Kushan Empire was divided and controlled the eastern part, while the Indo-Sassanid Kingdom was established in the western part.",225,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,224,null,null,225]
[979,226,68,"\"IRAN\r\nINDUS VALLEY\"","Indo-Sassanid kingdom of the Sassanid Empire of Persia (226-651), which was contemporary with the Gupta Empire, expanded into the region of present-day Balochistan in Pakistan where the mixture of Indian and Iranian cultures gave rise to a hybrid culture under the rule of the Indo-Sasanids.",226,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,226]
[979,226,69,"\"IRAN\r\nASSYRIA\"","The Sassanid Empire took control of ancient Assyria, which was governed as the province of Ashuristan or Aššuristan where the religion of the Assyrians was, from the 1st and 2nd centuries, the Nestorian Christian Church, although some still worshiped the ancient Mesopotamian religion, with the god Assur worshiped in his city until almost the end of the 3rd century / beginning of the 4th century. Judaism also flourished in Ashuristan, and some of its most important works were produced here. The Assyrians were the original inhabitants and were more numerous than the Persians in the province of Asuristan.",226,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,226]
[983,230,null,null,null,230,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,230]
[{"$f":"753+B948","v":988},235,null,null,null,235,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,235,235,null,235]
[988,235,null,null,null,235,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,235]
[991,238,null,null,null,238,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,238]
[991,238,null,null,null,238,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,238]
[991,238,null,null,null,238,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,238]
[991,238,null,null,null,238,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,238,238,238]
[991,238,null,null,null,238,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,238]
[993,240,null,null,null,240,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,240,null,null,240]
[993,240,null,null,null,240,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,240]
[995,242,null,null,null,242,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,242,null,null,null,242,null,null,null,242]
[997,244,null,null,null,244,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,244]
[1002,249,null,null,null,249,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,249,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,250]
[1003,250,null,null,null,250,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,250,250,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,250]
[1004,251,null,null,null,251,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,251,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,250]
[1004,251,null,null,null,251,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,251]
[1004,251,null,null,null,251,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,251]
[1005,252,null,null,null,252,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,252,null,null,null,252,null,null,null,252]
[1006,253,null,null,null,253,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,253]
[1006,253,null,null,null,253,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,253]
[1008,255,null,null,null,255,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,255,255,255]
[1009,256,null,null,null,256,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,256,256]
[1013,260,null,null,null,260,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,260]
[1013,{"$f":"+F970","v":260},null,null,null,260,null,null,null,null,null,260,260,260,260,260,null,260]
[1016,263,null,null,null,263,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,263]
[1018,265,null,null,null,265,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,265,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,265]
[1018,265,null,null,null,265,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,265]
[1019,266,null,null,null,266,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,266,null,null,null,null,266]
[1021,268,70,"\"MIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\"","Empire of Palmyra\nPalmyra was an ancient prosperous Arab city in the Syrian desert, vassal of Rome until the year 268 when, taking advantage of the crisis of the Roman Empire, Queen Zenobia revolted and formed a State with the Roman provinces of Syria-Palestine, Egypt and areas of the Southeast Asia Minor of the Parthian Empire.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",268,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,268,268,null,268,null,null,null,null,null,268,null,null,268,null,250]
[1021,268,null,null,null,268,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,268]
[1022,269,null,null,null,269,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,269]
[1023,270,null,"JAPAN","Emperor Ōjin, (201 - 310) - First historical emperor, deified at Hachiman.",270,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,270,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,270,null,null,270,270]
[1023,270,null,null,null,270,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,270,null,null,null,null,270,null,null,270,null,null,null,null,null,"The Palmyra Empire in yellow under the control of Zenobia circa 271 AD. c."]
[1025,272,null,null,null,272,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,272]
[1026,273,71,"ROME","The Romans destroyed a garrison established in Palmyra at the fort of Daphne and, driving south to Apamea, continued towards Emesa and again defeated Zenobia at the Battle of Emesa, forcing her to evacuate the capital and flee to seek help from the Sassanids. but she was soon captured near the river Euphrates and brought back to the emperor; Shortly after, the citizens of Palmyra accepted peace and the city's capitulation.",273,null,null,null,null,null,273,273,273,273,273,null,273,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,273]
[1028,275,null,null,null,275,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,275,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,274]
[1028,275,null,null,null,275,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,275]
[1029,276,null,null,null,276,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,276]
[1029,276,null,null,null,276,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,276]
[1033,280,null,null,null,280]
[1035,282,null,null,null,282,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,282,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,280]
[1036,283,null,null,null,283,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,283]
[1036,283,null,null,null,283,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,283]
[1038,285,null,null,null,285,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,285,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,275]
[1038,285,null,null,null,285,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,285]
[1037,284,null,null,null,284,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,284]
[1040,287,null,null,null,287,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,286,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,287]
[1043,290,null,null,null,290,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,280]
[1044,291,null,null,null,291,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,291]
[1046,293,null,null,null,293,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,293,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,293]
[1046,293,null,null,null,293,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,293]
[1051,298,null,null,null,298,null,null,null,null,null,null,298,298]
[1053,300,null,null,null,300,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,300]
[1054,301,null,null,null,301,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,300,null,null,301,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,300]
[1055,302,null,null,null,302,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,302]
[1057,304,null,null,null,304,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,304]
[1058,305,null,null,null,305,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,305]
[1058,305,null,null,null,305,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,305]
[1059,306,null,null,null,306,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,306]
[1061,308,null,null,null,308,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,308]
[1059,306,null,null,null,306,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,306]
[1062,309,null,null,null,309,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,309]
[1062,309,null,null,null,309,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,309]
[1066,313,null,"JAPAN","Emperor Nintoku, (290 - 399) - Probably inaccurate data.",313,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,313,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,313,311]
[1068,315,null,null,null,315,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,315,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,317]
[{"$f":"753+B1012","v":1072},319,72,"INDUS VALLEY","Chandra Gupta I, King of Magadha. -Founder of the Gupta Empire, he extended his dominions beyond Magadha, from the Ganges River to Prayaga (present-day Prayagraj) and around 321 assumed the imperial title of Maharajadhiraja and expanded his empire through marriage alliances.",319,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,319]
[1074,321,null,"INDUS VALLEY","Middle classical period (250 - 650)\r\nGupta Empire: The Golden Age (320-550)\r\nEra marked by great advances in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectics, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy that materialized the elements of what is known as Hindu culture. The military exploits of the first three monarchs – Chandragupta I, Damadragupta and Chandragupta II – allowed them to subdue much of India.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",321,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,320,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,321]
[1077,324,null,null,null,324,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,324]
[1078,325,73,"ROME","Constantine, aware of the numerous divisions that existed within Christianity, decided to convene an ecumenical council of bishops in the city of Nicea, in Bithynia, to establish religious peace and build the unity of the Christian Church through the condemnation of Christian doctrine. of Arius, who proclaimed that Christ himself had preached that he was created by God the Father and was subordinate to him.",325,null,null,null,null,null,null,325,325,325,325,null,325,325,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"In maroon, the Gupta Empire; in brown, their vassal states."]
[1083,330,74,"\"ROME\r\nBYZANTIUM\"","Constantine the Great moved the capital of the Empire from Rome to Byzantium, later renamed \"Constantinople\" in his honor.",330,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,330,330,null,330,null,null,null,null,330,null,null,null,null,330]
[1085,332,null,null,null,332,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,332]
[1085,332,null,null,null,332,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,332]
[1088,335,null,null,null,335,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,335]
[1090,337,null,null,null,337,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,337,334,null,null,337]
[1090,337,null,null,null,337,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,337,337]
[1090,337,null,null,null,337,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,337]
[1090,337,null,null,null,337,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,337]
[1093,340,null,null,null,340,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,340]
[1094,341,null,null,null,341,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,341]
[1098,345,null,null,null,345,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,345]
[1099,346,null,null,null,346,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,346]
[1103,350,null,null,null,350,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,350,null,350,350,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,350]
[1108,355,null,null,null,355,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,355,355]
[1113,360,null,null,null,360,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,360,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,360,null,null,360]
[1116,363,null,null,null,363,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,363,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,360]
[1117,364,null,null,null,364,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,364]
[1117,364,null,null,null,364,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,364,364]
[1121,{"$f":"+F1034","v":368},null,null,null,368,null,null,null,null,null,368]
[1123,370,null,null,null,370,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,370,370,null,370,null,370,null,null,370,null,null,370]
[1128,375,null,null,null,375,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,375,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,375]
[1128,375,null,null,null,375,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,375,null,null,null,null,375]
[1129,376,null,null,null,376,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,376,null,null,null,null,376]
[1131,378,null,null,null,378,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,378,378]
[1132,379,null,null,null,379,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,379]
[1132,379,null,null,null,379,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"379  "]
[1133,380,75,"ROME","BIRTH OF THE CURRENT WESTERN CIVILIZATION\nOn February 27, 380, by the Edict of Thessalonica by Emperor Theodosius, Nicene Christianity became the official and exclusive religion of the Roman Empire, which had far-reaching consequences since it united the Judeo-Christian roots of the European continent with the Greco-Roman culture. At the same time, Theodosius promulgated laws against paganism that were used by the most exalted Christians to legitimize their attacks against temples and institutions of paganism. ",380,null,null,null,null,null,380,380,380,380,380,380,380,380,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,380]
[1132,379,null,null,null,379,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,379]
[1135,382,null,null,null,382,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,382]
[1136,383,null,null,null,383,null,null,null,null,null,383,null,null,null,null,null,383,383,null,null,null,null,null,null,383,null,null,null,null,386]
[1137,384,null,null,null,384,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,384,null,null,null,null,null,null,384,null,null,null,384]
[1141,388,null,null,null,388,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,387,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,388]
[1144,391,null,null,null,391,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,391,null,null,null,null,null,391]
[1145,392,null,null,null,392,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,392,392]
[1145,392,null,null,null,392,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,392]
[1146,393,null,null,null,393,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,393]
[1148,395,null,null,null,395,null,null,null,null,null,395,null,null,null,null,null,395,395,null,null,null,null,null,null,395]
[1148,395,76,"\"ROME\r\nBYZANTIUM\"","Upon his death (January 17, 395), Theodosius divided the Empire: the Western Empire ruled by his son Honorius and the Eastern Empire, later known as the Byzantine Empire ruled by his son Arcadius.",395,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,395,395,395,null,395,395,null,null,null,null,395,395]
[1148,395,null,null,null,395,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,395,395,"395  "]
[1149,396,null,null,null,396,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,400,null,null,396]
[1151,398,null,null,null,398,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,398]
[1152,399,null,null,null,399,null,null,null,null,null,400,null,null,400,400,null,399,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,399,null,null,null,400]
[1153,400,null,null,null,400,null,null,null,null,null,424,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,400]
[1154,401,null,null,null,401,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,401]
[1159,406,77,"ROME","The Rhine River freezes; numerous Germanic tribes, Vandals, Suebi, Alans and others cross it; The Franks try to defend the Roman Empire, without success.",406,null,null,null,null,null,406,406,406,406,406,null,406,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,406]
[1160,407,null,null,null,407,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,407]
[1161,408,78,"\"ROME\r\nFRANCE\"","In 408, Alaric invaded the Italian peninsula, attacked the city of Rome and put it under siege and sacked it; After ten years of war, in 418 the Romans granted the Visigoths the province of Aquitanica secunda and part of the adjacent Novempopulania and Narbonensis prima as a settlement in such a way that they controlled the Atlantic coast from the Pyrenees to the Loire as well as the Garonne Valley to Toulouse where they established the powerful Visigoth kingdom of Toulouse, their capital.",408,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,408,408,null,408,"408  "]
[1162,409,79,"\"ROME\r\nENGLAND\"","The end of Roman rule in Britain was formalized in 409 when Romano-British magistrates were expelled from their cities and then in 410 when the emperor Honorius responded to a request for military aid with the rescript of Honorius, telling the Romano-Britons who \"should take care of their own defense.\"",409,null,null,null,null,null,409,null,null,null,null,null,409]
[1163,410,null,null,null,410,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,410]
[1165,412,null,null,null,412,null,null,null,null,null,410,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,412]
[1168,415,null,null,null,415,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,415,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,415]
[1169,416,80,"ROME","After eight years of conflict, both the Empire and the Visigoths were interested in reaching some type of settlement that would put an end to it. An agreement was finally reached in which the Romans would supply 5,400 tons of grain and agree to a legal settlement of the Visigoths in southwest Gaul. They, for their part, would return Gala Placidia and fight, on behalf of the Empire. , against the invaders of Hispania.",416,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,416,null,null,416]
[1171,418,null,null,null,418,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,418,418,null,null,418]
[1171,418,81,"\"FRANCE\r\nSPAIN\"","The Visigoth Kingdom of Tolosa or Gallo-Visigoth, was a political entity established by the Visigoth people with capital in the Gallic city of Tolosa, after the pact or foedus in which the Romans granted them as a settlement a part of the current France and the Iberian Peninsula. , the province of Aquitanica second and part of the adjacent Novempopulania and Narbonensis prima in such a way that they controlled the Atlantic coast from the Pyrenees to the Loire as well as the Garonne valley to Toulouse.\r\n\r\nTheodoric I, Visigoth King of Tolosa 418-451, Died in the Battle of the Catalaunic Fields",418,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,418,418,null,null,418]
[753,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,418,418,null,null,418]
[1173,{"$f":"+F1071","v":420},null,null,null,420,null,null,null,null,null,420,null,null,null,null,null,null,420,null,null,null,null,null,null,420]
[1173,420,null,null,null,420,null,null,null,null,null,420,null,null,420,420,null,420,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,420,null,null,null,null,420]
[1173,420,null,null,null,420,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,420]
[1176,423,null,null,null,423,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,423]
[1177,424,null,null,null,424,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,424]
[{"$f":"753+B1076","v":1178},425,null,null,null,425,null,null,null,null,null,425,null,null,null,null,425,425,425,null,null,null,null,null,null,425,null,null,425]
[1180,427,null,null,null,427,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,427]
[1181,428,82,"\"IRAN\r\nARMENIA\"","He was deposed by the Sassanid Persians, the last Arsacid ruler of Armenia, which was divided between the Sassanid Empire of Persia, which established control in eastern Armenia, and the Roman Empire.",428,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,428,428,null,428,null,null,null,428]
[1185,432,null,null,null,432,null,null,null,null,null,432]
[1187,434,null,null,null,434,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,448,448,null,null,434,null,null,null,null,null,null,434]
[1188,435,null,null,null,435,null,null,null,null,null,435,null,null,null,null,null,435]
[1191,438,null,null,null,438,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,438]
[1194,441,null,null,null,441,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,441,null,null,null,null,null,null,441]
[1193,440,null,null,null,440,null,null,null,null,null,440]
[1200,447,null,null,null,447,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,447,null,null,null,447]
[1203,450,null,null,null,450,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"450  ",null,null,null,null,null,null,450]
[1203,450,83,"\"ASIA\r\nCENTRAL\"","“In the Mediterranean around 450 AD the Hunnic Empire stretched from the steppes of Central Asia to present-day Germany and from the Danube to the Baltic, with its headquarters in present-day Hungary.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH\"",450,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,450,null,450,"450  ",null,450,null,450,null,null,450]
[1204,451,null,null,null,451,null,null,null,null,null,null,451,451,451,451,null,null,451]
[1204,451,null,null,null,451,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,451,451]
[1204,451,null,null,null,451,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,451,451,null,null,451]
[1206,453,null,null,null,453,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,453,453,null,null,453,453,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Mediterranean world around 450 AD. C.; The Hun Empire stretched from the steppes of Central Asia to modern-day Germany, and from the Danube to the Baltic, with its headquarters in modern-day Hungary."]
[1207,454,null,null,null,454,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,453,453,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,454]
[1207,454,null,null,null,454,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,454]
[1208,455,null,null,null,455,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,455]
[1208,455,null,null,null,455,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,455,455,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,455]
[1208,455,null,null,null,455,null,null,null,null,null,455,null,null,451,451,null,455,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,455]
[1209,456,null,null,null,456,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,457,"457-481",null,456]
[1210,457,null,null,null,457,null,null,null,null,null,null,476,476,null,463,null,457,457,null,null,null,null,null,null,457,null,null,null,457,479]
[1212,459,null,null,null,459,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,459]
[1214,461,null,null,null,461,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,461]
[1218,465,null,null,null,465,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,465]
[1219,466,null,null,null,466,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,466,466,null,null,466]
[1220,467,null,null,null,467,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,467,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,467]
[1221,468,null,null,null,468,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,468]
[1222,469,null,null,null,469,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,469,null,null,469]
[1225,472,null,null,null,472,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,472]
[1225,472,null,null,null,472,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,472]
[1226,473,null,null,null,473,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,473,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,473]
[1226,473,null,null,null,473,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,473,474]
[1227,474,null,null,null,474,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,474,"474 "]
[1227,474,null,null,null,474,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,474,474,null,null,null,474]
[1228,475,null,null,null,475,null,null,null,null,null,null,490,490,null,null,null,475,"475 "]
[1228,475,null,null,null,475,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,475,475,null,null,475]
[1229,476,84,"ROME","Flavius Odoacer also known as Odovacar, a Roman citizen born in Pannonia of Herulian and Scyrian origin, chief of the Germanic tribe of the Herulians, was proclaimed King of Italy by his soldiers and deposed Romulus Augustulus.",476,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,476,476,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,476]
[1229,476,85,"ROME","Flavius Odoacer proclaims himself King of Italy.\nHe subsequently sends the imperial ensigns to Constantinople, thus symbolizing the death of the Western Roman Empire.\nEND OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC ",476,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,476,476,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Territorial evolution of the Eastern Roman Byzantine Empire since the division of the Roman Empire by Theodosius in 395."]
[1230,477,null,null,null,477,null,null,null,null,null,477]
[1234,481,null,null,null,481,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,481,481,null,480,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,480]
[1235,482,null,null,null,482,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,482]
[1236,483,null,null,null,483,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,483]
[1237,484,null,null,null,484,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,484,484,null,null,484,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,484]
[1238,485,null,null,null,485,null,null,null,null,null,485,null,null,485,485,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,485]
[1241,488,null,null,null,488,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,488,null,null,null,488]
[1242,489,null,null,null,489,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,489,489,null,489,489]
[1244,491,null,null,null,491,null,null,null,null,null,490,null,null,null,null,null,null,"491 "]
[1246,493,null,null,null,493,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,493]
[1246,493,null,null,null,493,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,493]
[1249,496,null,null,null,496,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,496,496,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,496,null,null,495]
[1251,498,null,null,null,498,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,498,null,null,null,499]
[1253,500,null,null,null,500,null,null,null,null,null,500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,500]
[1255,502,null,null,null,502,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,502,null,null,null,null,null,null,502,null,null,null,null,502]
[1259,506,null,null,null,506,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,506,506,null,null,506]
[1260,507,null,null,null,507,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,507,507,507,null,507,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,502,null,565,null,507]
[1260,507,null,null,null,507,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,507]
[1260,507,null,null,null,507,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,507]
[1261,{"$f":"+F1135","v":508},null,null,null,508,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,509,509,null,null,508]
[1262,509,null,null,null,509,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,509,509]
[1264,511,null,null,null,511,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,511,511,511]
[1271,518,null,null,null,518,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,518]
[1271,518,null,null,null,518,null,null,null,null,null,519,null,null,null,null,null,null,518]
[{"$f":"753+B1140","v":1272},519,null,null,null,519,null,null,null,null,null,519]
[1279,526,null,null,null,526,null,null,null,null,null,527,null,null,null,null,null,526,526,null,null,null,null,null,null,526]
[1280,527,null,null,null,527,null,null,null,null,null,527,null,null,null,null,null,null,527]
[1281,528,null,null,null,528,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,528]
[1282,529,null,null,null,529,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,529,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,530]
[1284,531,null,null,null,531,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,531,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,531]
[1286,533,null,null,null,533,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,534,533,null,null,null,null,null,null,531,null,null,null,null,534]
[1287,534,null,null,null,534,null,null,null,null,null,534]
[1288,535,null,null,null,535,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,534,534,null,535,535,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,536,535]
[1290,537,null,null,null,537,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,536,537]
[1291,538,null,null,null,538,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,538]
[1293,540,null,null,null,540,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,540,540,540,null,null,null,null,null,null,540,null,null,540,539]
[1294,541,null,null,null,541,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,540,541,null,null,null,null,null,null,540,null,null,540]
[1294,541,null,null,null,541,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,541,541,null,null,null,null,null,null,541]
[1294,541,null,null,null,541,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,542,541]
[1296,543,null,null,null,543,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,543]
[1299,546,null,null,null,546,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,546,547]
[1301,548,null,null,null,548,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,548,548,548,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,550]
[1302,549,null,null,null,549,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,551]
[1303,550,86,"INDUS VALLEY","The collapse of the Gupta Empire before the Huns was not due to inherent defects in the army, but to internal problems, as was also happening in Western Europe and China.",550,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,550]
[1304,551,null,null,null,551,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,551]
[1305,552,null,null,null,552,null,null,null,null,null,null,552,552,null,null,null,552,null,null,552,null,null,null,null,552,null,null,null,552]
[1306,553,null,null,null,553,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,553,null,null,null,null,553,null,null,null,null,553]
[1307,554,null,"ROME","Justinian proclaims the restoration of the imperial government in Italy (end of the Gothic War) by achieving the conquest of the kingdom of the Vandals in North Africa and the conquest of the Ostrogothic kingdom of Italy, restoring the territories after more than half a century of barbarian control. of Dalmatia, Sicily and the Italian peninsula, including the city of Rome, in the territory of the empire.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",554,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,555,555,null,null,554,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,557,"Territorial evolution of the Eastern Roman Byzantine Empire with its apogee under Justinian I in 550."]
[1314,561,null,null,null,561,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,561,561,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,562,null,null,560,null,557]
[1315,562,null,null,null,562,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,562]
[1316,563,null,null,null,563,null,null,null,null,null,563,null,null,null,null,534,563,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,563]
[1318,565,null,null,null,565,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"565 "]
[1318,565,null,null,null,565,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"565 "]
[1320,567,null,null,null,567,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,567]
[1321,568,null,null,null,568,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,568,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,567]
[1321,568,null,null,"  Rise of Islam",568,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,568]
[1323,570,87,"ARABIA","Muhammad, (Mecca, c. April 26, 570-Medina, June 8, 632), was the founder of Islam. His full name in Arabic is Abū l-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn 'Abd Allāh ibn' Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hāšim al-Qurayšī, which is hispanized as \"Muhammad.\" In the Muslim religion, Muhammad is considered \"the last of the prophets\", messengers sent by God to update his message, whose predecessors would include Abraham, Moses and Jesus of Nazareth.",570,null,null,null,null,null,570,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,570]
[1324,571,null,null,null,571,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,571]
[1324,571,null,null,null,571,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,571]
[1325,572,null,null,null,572,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,570]
[1326,573,null,null,null,573,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,573,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,572]
[1328,575,null,null,null,575,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,575,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,575]
[1331,578,null,null,null,578,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"578 ",null,null,null,null,null,null,579]
[1335,582,null,null,null,582,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,582,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,581]
[1335,582,null,null,null,582,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,582,null,null,null,null,null,null,590]
[1337,584,null,null,null,584,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,584,584,null,584,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,585]
[1339,586,null,null,null,586,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,586]
[1340,587,null,null,null,587,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,587]
[1343,590,null,null,null,590,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,590,null,null,null,null,null,null,590]
[1344,591,null,null,null,591,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,591]
[1344,591,null,null,null,591,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,591,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,591]
[1345,592,null,null,null,592,null,null,null,null,null,592]
[1346,593,null,null,null,593,null,null,null,null,null,593,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,593]
[1348,595,null,null,null,595,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,595]
[1350,597,null,null,null,597,null,null,null,null,null,597]
[1353,600,null,null,null,600,null,null,null,null,null,600,null,null,null,600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,600]
[1354,601,null,null,null,601,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,601]
[1355,602,null,"IRAN","Chosrau II, who had recovered the Persian throne thanks to Maurice, declared war on his murderer Phocas, now the Byzantine Emperor, and the last and most devastating of the Byzantine-Sassanid wars began; in 608 the Sassanids took Theodosiopolis from the Byzantines. and the Heraclius, the Elder and Gregory, rebelled against the emperor Phocas, who had deposed Maurice 6 years earlier; the young Heraclius captured Phocas and murdered him.\r\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",602,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,602,null,null,null,null,null,null,602,null,null,null,null,null,"The Sassanid Empire under Khosrau II (620)"]
[null,602,null,null,null,602,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,602]
[null,602,null,null,null,602,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,602,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,600]
[null,603,null,null,null,603,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,603]
[null,604,null,null,null,604,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,604]
[null,606,null,null,null,606,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,606]
[null,{"$f":"+F1199","v":607},88,"ROME","The so-called Christian era arose in the year 607, during the pontificate of Boniface IV, and here the beginning of the scale became the date of the birth of Christ, which at first was not known exactly. A Romanian monk, Dionysius the Exiguus, a mathematician, based on the Bible and other historical sources, between the years 526 and 530, had dated the birth of Christ on December 25, 753 BC. The following year, 754 BC. became the year 1 A.D., Anno Domini, year 1 of the Lord, but the previous years continued to be counted as years B.C. Finally, in the 17th century, the years before 1 A.D. began to be counted. like years before Christ, a. C., and the later ones are years after Christ, d. c.",607,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,607]
[null,609,89,"\"IRAN\r\nMIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\"","Syria was temporarily occupied by the Sassanids.",609,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,609]
[null,610,90,"ARABIA","Muhammad had a vision of the archangel Gabriel who told him that he had been chosen as the last of the prophets and as such he began to preach the word of God as a prophet of Islam in Mecca on the basis of strict monotheism, predicting the Day of Judgment. Final.",610,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,610,null,null,null,null,610,610,null,null,null,null,null,611]
[null,611,null,null,null,611,null,null,null,null,null,611]
[null,null,null,null,null,612,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,612]
[null,{"$f":"+F1204","v":616},null,null,null,616,null,null,null,null,null,616,null,null,null,null,null,"616 "]
[null,{"$f":"+F1205","v":618},null,null,null,618,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,618,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,629]
[null,null,null,null,null,621,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,621]
[null,{"$f":"+F1207","v":622},null,null,null,622,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,622,622,null,null,null,null,null,622]
[null,623,null,null,null,623,null,null,null,null,null,null,624,624,null,623,null,null,627,624,null,null,null,null,null,627]
[null,626,null,null,null,626,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,626]
[null,627,null,null,null,627,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,627]
[null,628,91,"BYZANTIUM","Syria was recovered by the Byzantines.",628,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,628,628]
[null,628,null,null,null,628,null,null,null,null,null,628,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,628]
[null,628,null,null,null,628,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,628]
[null,629,null,null,null,629,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,629,629,null,null,629,null,null,null,null,null,null,629,null,null,null,629]
[null,630,null,null,null,630,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,630]
[null,630,null,null,null,630,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,630]
[null,631,null,null,null,631,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,631]
[null,632,null,null,null,632,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,632,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,618]
[null,632,null,null,null,632,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,632,null,null,null,null,null,632,null,null,606]
[null,632,null,null,null,632,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,632]
[null,633,null,null,null,633,null,null,null,null,null,633,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,633]
[null,634,null,null,null,634,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,634,"634-639",null,null,null,634]
[null,634,null,null,null,634,null,null,null,null,null,634,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,634,null,null,null,null,null,634]
[null,636,92,"CALIPHATES","The Battle of Yarmouk was a confrontation between the armies of the Byzantine Empire, reinforced with Frankish, Slavic, Georgian, Armenian and Ghassanid mercenaries, and the Orthodox Caliphate, with a decisive victory for the Muslims since Heraclius was left without the strength to form a new army and shortly afterwards There was the Arab counterattack that took over Syria in 638, including the Ghassanid kingdom; Egypt was isolated by land and fell after the death of the emperor with the surrender of Alexandria in November 642.",636,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,636,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,636,null,null,636,636]
[null,636,93,"CALIPHATES","Muslim conquest of Persia (636-651)\r\nThe Muslim conquest of Persia led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia (Iran); The vast majority of Iranian peoples, including the Persians and Kurds, ended up passing from Zoroastrianism to the Shiite branch of Islam mainly, although not exclusively.\"",636,null,null,null,null,null,636,null,null,639,639,null,null,636,636,null,null,null,null,null,636,636]
[null,636,94,"CALIPHATES","The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah was the decisive battle between the Muslim Arab army and the Sassanid Persian army that ended in a devastating Persian retreat. After the battle, the Arab armies advanced towards Ctesiphon, the Persian capital, which was quickly evacuated by Yazdgerd after a brief siege and when they finished taking and plundering the city, they continued their advance towards the East, defeating two Sassanid counterattacks and finally destroying the persian empire.",636,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"636 ",null,636,null,null,null,null,null,636,637]
[null,637,95,"CALIPHATES","The siege of Jerusalem was undertaken by the Muslim army in November 636 and after six months of siege, Patriarch Sophronius capitulated, on condition that the city be handed over to the caliph in person. Consequently, in April 637, Caliph Omar went to the city to receive the surrender of the square from the patriarch. The city became a sacred place for the new religion, as it already was for Judaism and Christianity.",637,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,650,null,null,637,637]
[null,639,null,null,null,639,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,639,657,657,null,null,639,639,null,637,null,null,null,null,null,639]
[null,640,96,"CALIPHATES","Two Arab contingents were detached from Syria and central Mesopotamia, occupying northern Mesopatamia and preparing to attack Armenia. By the year 640, the Arabs controlled all of Mesopotamia, including the present-day Iranian province of Khuzestan.",640,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,640,null,null,null,640,null,640]
[null,641,null,null,null,641,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,641]
[null,641,null,null,null,641,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,641]
[null,642,97,"CALIPHATES","The Battle of Nihavand pitted an army of the Sassanian Empire commanded by Fayzuran against an Arab army commanded by Numan ibn Muqarrin and ended with the victory of the Arab army, thus ending the conquest of Persia by the Arabs.",642,null,null,null,null,null,642,null,642,673,673,null,null,null,642,null,null,null,null,null,642,null,642,null,642]
[null,643,null,null,null,643,null,null,null,null,null,643]
[null,644,98,"CALIPHATES","Arab forces stationed in Basra and Khuzestan advanced southwards into the province of Fars (cradle of the Sassanids), occupying it along with its most important city, Shiraz.",644,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,673,"673-675",null,null,null,644,null,null,null,null,null,644]
[null,644,99,"CALIPHATES","As part of the Muslim conquests, the Arab forces settled in northern Syria, after crossing the northern part of the Zagros and eliminating the Kurdish resistance, began to penetrate and attack the mountainous territory of Armenia until finally the majority of the Christian lords Armenians submitted to the caliph, in exchange for respecting their customs; However, parts of Armenia and a large number of Armenians still remained under Byzantine jurisdiction.",644,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,645,644,644,644,null,null,null,null,null,645,null,645]
[null,644,null,null,null,644,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,644,null,null,null,null,null,644,null,645]
[null,647,null,null,null,647,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,647]
[null,null,null,null,null,648,null,null,null,null,null,648]
[null,null,null,null,null,649,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,649]
[null,{"$f":"+F1240","v":650},null,null,null,650,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,650,650,650,null,null,null,null,650,null,null,650]
[null,651,100,"CALIPHATES","The conquest ends and the occupation of Persia by the Arab Muslims begins with the consequent decline of the Zoroastrian religion and the Islamization especially, (although not exclusively), of its Shiite branch of the vast majority of the Iranian peoples, including the Persians. and Kurds.",651,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,652,null,651,null,null,null,null,null,651]
[null,653,null,null,null,653,null,null,null,null,null,null,654,654,null,null,null,"653 "]
[null,655,null,null,null,655,null,null,null,null,null,655,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,655]
[null,656,null,null,null,656,null,null,null,null,null,656,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,656]
[null,656,null,null,null,656,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,656,null,null,null,656]
[null,660,null,null,null,660,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,660]
[null,661,101,"CALIPHATES","Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus\nThe civil war ended when the Umayyad leaders obtained victories that allowed them to establish themselves in Syria and dominate Egypt and the subsequent assassination of Caliph Ali and the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty in the Sunni-leaning Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus with a territorial shift in power. from Arabia to Syria, leaving Mecca only as a spiritual center.",661,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,661,661,661,null,null,null,661,null,null,661,null,null,661]
[null,661,null,null,null,661,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"662 ",null,661,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,661]
[null,663,null,null,null,663,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,663]
[null,664,null,null,null,664,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,664]
[null,665,null,null,null,665,null,null,null,null,null,665]
[null,669,null,null,null,669,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,669,null,669]
[null,671,null,null,null,671,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,671]
[null,668,null,null,null,668,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,668]
[null,668,null,null,null,668,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,668,null,668]
[null,671,null,null,null,671,null,null,null,null,null,671]
[null,672,null,null,null,672,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,672]
[null,672,null,null,null,672,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,672,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,672]
[null,674,null,null,null,674,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,675,675,null,null,674]
[null,675,null,null,null,675,null,null,null,null,null,675]
[null,676,null,null,null,676,null,null,null,null,null,676,null,null,676,676]
[null,680,null,null,null,680,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,680,680]
[null,680,null,null,null,680,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,680,null,null,null,null,680,680,680]
[null,681,null,null,null,681,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,681,null,null,681,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,682]
[null,683,null,null,null,683,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,683]
[null,684,null,null,null,684,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,684]
[null,685,null,null,null,685,null,null,null,null,null,685,null,null,null,null,null,null,685,685,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,686]
[null,687,null,null,null,687,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,687]
[null,688,null,null,null,688,null,null,null,null,null,688,null,null,null,null,null,688]
[null,688,null,null,null,688,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"688 "]
[null,690,102,"\"JAPAN\r\nKOREA\"","Establishment of the Japanese imperial system.\nSupported by popular beliefs, the governors of Yamato legitimized the process by which Japan would be governed by an imperial system, strongly supported by the Shintō belief. Thus, since the year 690, the presentation of the Three Sacred Treasures to the Emperor by a group of Shinto priests is part of the great coronation ceremony; The objects presented represent the three primary virtues of Japan: courage (a legendary sword), wisdom (a sacred mirror) and benevolence (a jewel necklace from the Jomon era). ",690,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,690]
[null,692,null,null,null,692,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,691,691,null,null,null,692]
[null,695,null,null,null,695,null,null,null,null,null,695,null,null,695,695,null,null,695]
[null,697,null,null,null,697,null,null,null,null,null,null,696,696,null,null,null,697,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,697]
[null,698,null,null,null,698,null,null,null,null,null,null,700,700,null,null,null,null,698,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,698]
[null,700,null,null,null,700,null,null,null,null,700,null,null,700,null,null,null,"700 ",null,null,null,null,700,null,null,null,null,null,700]
[null,701,null,null,null,701,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,701,null,null,null,null,700,null,null,null,null,null,null,701]
[null,701,null,null,null,701,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,701]
[null,703,null,null,null,703,null,null,null,null,null,703]
[null,705,null,null,null,705,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,705,null,null,null,null,null,705,712,null,null,705,705]
[null,707,null,null,null,707,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,707]
[null,708,null,null,null,708,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,708]
[null,709,103,"CALIPHATES","The city of Ceuta is conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate.",709,null,null,null,null,null,null,709,709,null,null,null,null,null,709]
[null,710,null,null,null,710,null,null,null,null,null,710,null,710,null,null,null,null,710,710,710,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,710]
[null,711,null,null,null,711,null,null,null,null,null,null,711,711,null,null,null,null,null,711]
[null,711,104,"CALIPHATES","Establishment of Al-Andalus\r\nName of all the areas conquered by Arab-Muslim troops in territories currently belonging to Spain, Portugal, France, Andorra and Gibraltar, under Muslim power between the years 711 and 1492.",711,null,null,null,null,null,null,711,711,711,711,null,712,null,711,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,712]
[null,712,null,null,null,712,null,null,null,null,null,null,712,712]
[null,715,null,null,null,715,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,715,715,null,712,null,715,null,null,null,null,null,715,null,null,null,715]
[null,717,null,null,null,717,null,null,null,null,null,null,716,716,null,null,null,null,717]
[null,717,null,null,null,717,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,717,717]
[null,717,105,"\"BYZANTIUM\r\nCALIPHATES\"","Siege of Constantinople (717-718)\nDuring the siege of Constantinople by the land and sea forces of the Umayyad Caliphate, the city was defended by the Byzantine emperor Leo III, who offered fierce resistance and in the decisive battle received help from the Bulgarian empire now led by Tervel, for the defeat of the Muslims. that prevented the expansion of the caliphate throughout Europe.",717,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,717,717,717]
[null,718,106,"CALIPHATES","The border between the Byzantines and the Abbasid rulers was set in the Taurus Mountains, on the eastern edge of Asia Minor with powerful defenses of both States in the almost unpopulated area; There was an exchange of embassies and even some periods of truce, but both the Abbasid caliphate and the Byzantine lords organized raids and reprisals of enemy campaigns almost every year, until the appearance of a new people, the Seljuks, who began to influence the region from 1060.",718,null,null,null,null,null,null,718,718,718,718,null,null,718,718,718,718]
[null,720,null,null,null,720,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,720,null,null,720,null,null,null,null,null,720]
[null,722,null,null,null,722,null,null,null,null,null,722,722,722,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,723]
[null,724,null,null,null,724,null,null,null,null,null,724,725,725,721,721,null,null,null,724,null,null,724,null,null,null,null,null,null,724]
[null,726,null,null,null,726,null,null,null,null,null,726,null,null,null,null,null,688]
[null,727,null,null,null,727,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,727]
[null,728,null,null,null,728,null,null,null,null,null,728]
[null,730,null,null,null,730,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,730,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,731]
[null,732,107,"\"FRANCE\r\nGERMANY\r\nCALIPHATES\"","Battle of Poitiers between the Frankish leader Charles Martel and the Muslim army stopped Muslim expansion northward from the Iberian Peninsula, preventing the invasion of central Europe.",732,null,null,null,null,null,null,732,732,732,732,null,null,null,732]
[null,734,null,null,null,734,null,null,null,null,null,734]
[null,737,null,null,null,737,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,737,737,737]
[null,739,null,null,null,739,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,739]
[null,{"$f":"+F1304","v":740},null,null,null,740,null,null,null,null,null,740,null,null,null,null,null,null,740]
[null,741,null,null,null,741,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,741]
[null,741,null,null,null,741,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,741,743]
[null,743,null,null,null,743,null,null,null,null,null,743,null,null,743,743,null,null,null,744]
[null,744,null,null,null,744,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,745,null,744,null,744]
[null,744,null,null,null,744,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,745,null,"744 ",null,744,744,null,null,null,null,744]
[null,748,null,null,null,748,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," "," ",null,"749 ",748,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,748]
[null,750,108,"CALIPHATES","The Abbasid Revolution or Black Clothes Movement led to the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate by the Abbasid Caliphate; The revolution essentially marked the end of the Arab empire and the beginning of a more inclusive and multi-ethnic state in the Near and Middle East.",750,null,null,null,null,null,null,750,750,null,null,null,null,null,750,750,null,null,750,750,750,750,750,750,749]
[null,750,null,"CALIPHATES","CALIPHATES \"Abbasid Caliphate of Baghdad (Sunni) (750-1259). \nFounded by Abu l-Abbas, descendant of Abbas, uncle of Muhammad, who after a decisive victory at the Great Zab River, crushed the Umayyad dynasty and was proclaimed caliph; moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad and was dominated by the Turkish military oligarchy who ordered the murder of the entire Umayyad family. \nAbu al-'Abbas as-Saffah, Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad. (1750-1754)\" 750",750,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,750,750,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,750]
[null,751,null,null,null,751,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,751,751,null,751,null,751,null,null,null,null,null,751,null,null,750,null,751]
[null,753,null,"INDUS VALLEY","Rashtrakuta Empire (753-982): royal dynasty ruling in the Malwa region of the present state of Madhya Pradesh; the first rulers were Hindus but the later ones were strongly influenced by Jainism. The architecture reached a milestone in the Dravidian style, whose The best example is the Kailasanath temple of Ellora. The Rashtrakutas ruled a territory larger than that of any previous dynasty, highlighting the encouragement given to education and religious tolerance and their contribution in the field of the arts, especially literature and the architecture.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",753,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,753,null,null,null,null,753,null,null,null,null,null,753]
[null,754,null,null,null,754,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,754,754,null,754,null,754,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,755]
[null,756,null,null,null,756,null,null,null,null,null,756,756,756,null,null,null,756,null,756]
[null,756,null,null,null,756,null,null,null,null,null,null,756,756,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Location of the Rashtrakuta Empire."]
[null,757,null,null,null,757,null,null,null,null,null,757,null,757]
[null,758,null,null,null,758,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,758,758,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,760,758]
[null,761,null,null,null,761,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,761,null,null,null,761]
[null,763,null,null,null,763,null,null,null,null,null,763,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,764,763]
[null,768,null,null,null,768,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,768,768]
[null,768,null,null,null,768,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,768,768,768]
[null,770,null,null,null,770,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,770]
[null,770,null,"CALIPHATES","The Golden Age of Islam or Islamic Renaissance.\nIt was a period of Muslim expansion in which many engineers, scholars and merchants of the Islamic world contributed greatly to aspects such as the arts, agriculture, economics, industry, literature, navigation, philosophy, science and technology, preserving and improving the classical legacy by one side and adding new inventions and innovations of their own. Muslim philosophers, poets, artists, scientists, merchants and artisans created a unique culture that has influenced societies on all continents.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",770,null,null,null,null,null,770,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,770,null,null,null,770,null,null,null,null,770,770]
[null,774,null,null,null,774,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,774,774,774,null,774]
[null,774,null,null,null,774,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,774,774,null,774,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Muslim expansion\nExpansion under Muhammad, 622-632\nExpansion during the Orthodox Caliphate, 632-661\nExpansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661-750"]
[null,775,null,null,null,775,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,775,775,775,null,null,null,null,775]
[null,778,null,null,null,778,null,null,null,null,null,null,778,778,778,778]
[null,780,null,null,null,780,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,781,780,null,null,null,780]
[null,781,null,null,null,781,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,785,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,781]
[null,783,null,null,null,783,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,783]
[null,786,null,null,null,786,null,null,null,null,null,786,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,786]
[null,789,null,null,null,789,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,789,null,null,null,null,null,789]
[null,791,null,null,null,791,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,791]
[null,792,null,null,null,792,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,792]
[null,795,null,null,null,795,null,null,null,null,null,null,795,795,795,795,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,794]
[null,797,null,null,null,797,null,null,null,null,null,797,797,797,797,797,null,null,797]
[null,799,null,null,null,799,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,799,799,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,800]
[null,800,null,null,null,800,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,800]
[null,800,109,"\"FRANCE\r\nGERMANY\r\nITALY\"","Carolingian Empire (800-843).\nIt was a Frankish Kingdom of the Carolingian dynasty from the coronation as emperor in Rome of Charlemagne in the year 800 until the division of its territories in the Treaty of Verdun in 843.",800,null,null,null,null,null,800,800,800,800,800,800,800,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,800,"Maximum extension of the Silk Road."]
[null,800,null,"\"CHINA\r\nCENTRAL ASIA\"","Maximum extension of the Silk Road.\nThe Near East was the last stop before entering Europe. As for the Spice Route, from approximately the 9th century it was extended maritimely further south under the name of the Zwahili Corridor, touching Zanzibar and approximately the coasts located between the current borders of Mozambique and South Africa. Such a Zwahili runner transported gold, diamonds, ivory, furs and slaves.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",800,null,null,null,null,800,null,null,null,800,800,null,800]
[null,802,null,null,null,802,null,null,null,null,null,802,null,null,null,null,null,null,802,809]
[null,806,null,null,null,806,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,806]
[null,809,null,null,null,809,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,810,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,810,809]
[null,811,null,null,null,811,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,811]
[null,811,null,null,null,811,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,811]
[null,811,null,null,null,811,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,811]
[null,813,null,null,null,813,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,813]
[null,813,null,null,null,813,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,813,813]
[null,814,null,null,null,814,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,814,814,null,null,814,840,null,null,null,840,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Map of the Abbasid empire around 820."]
[null,816,null,null,null,816,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,816]
[null,818,null,"IRAN","The Samanids or Samanids were one of the first dynasties of Iranian emirs to exercise their power in the eastern provinces of Iran after the Arab conquest; they are remembered mainly for their work of patronage, fundamental in the development of post-Islamic Persian literature ( neo-Persian\"). They established an Emirate dependent on the Abbasid Caliphate, (de facto, an independent State). The Qarakhanis in the eastern part and the Ghaznavis divided up the old Samanid emirate. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC\"",818,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,818,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,819]
[null,819,null,"IRAN","The Tahirids or Tahirids were a dynasty that ruled Khorasan initially as an Emirate dependent on the Abbasid Caliphate but who were considered the first establishers of an independent State in Iran after the Arab conquest until its conquest by the Saffaris.\n SEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",819,null,null,null,null,null,819,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,819]
[null,820,null,"CALIPHATES","Al-Mamun, Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad greatly expanded the Abbasid empire around 820. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE CHART",820,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,820,820,820,null,820,820,820,820,820]
[null,824,null,null,null,824,null,null,null,null,null,825,824,824,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,823,null,"The Samanid Empire of Persia, (819-999), at its peak"]
[null,829,null,null,null,829,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,830,null,null,829,833]
[null,831,null,null,null,831,null,null,null,null,null,831]
[null,833,null,null,null,833,null,null,null,null,null,833,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,833]
[null,836,null,null,null,836,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,836]
[null,838,null,null,null,838,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,839,838,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,838]
[null,839,null,null,null,839,null,null,null,null,null,839]
[null,839,null,null,null,839,null,null,null,null,null,839,null,null,null,null,null,839]
[null,840,null,null,null,840,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"840 ","840 "]
[null,842,null,null,null,842,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,842,null,null,null,null,842,842]
[null,843,110,"\"FRANCE\r\nGERMANY\r\nITALY\"","End of the Carolingian Empire-Treaty of Verdun\nPact reached between Lothair I, Louis the Germanic, and Charles the Bald—sons of Ludovico Pío and grandsons of Charlemagne. Three territories emerged that became known as Western France (present-day France), Middle France and Eastern France (present-day Germany).",843,null,null,null,null,null,843,null,null,843,843,null,843,null,847]
[null,843,null,null,null,843,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,843,843,null,null,null,861,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tahirid Emirate of Persia, (820-872), to its greatest extent"]
[null,{"$f":"+F1368","v":843},null,null,null,843,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,843,843]
[null,843,null,null,null,843,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,843]
[null,846,null,null,null,846,null,null,null,null,null,846]
[null,850,null,null,null,850,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,850,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,850,850,null,null,null,null,null,850,850]
[null,852,null,null,null,852,null,null,null,null,null,852]
[null,854,null,null,null,854,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,854]
[null,855,null,null,null,855,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,855,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,855,858]
[null,856,null,null,null,856,null,null,null,null,null,856]
[null,858,null,null,null,858,null,null,null,null,null,858]
[null,859,null,null,null,859,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,859]
[null,860,null,null,null,860,null,null,null,null,null,860,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,860,null,null,null,null,null,null,860]
[null,861,null,"IRAN","The Saffarid Muslim dynasty established an Emirate dependent on the Abbasid Caliphate, (de facto, an independent state), which ruled in Sistan, in the southeast of present-day Iran and southwest of Afghanistan; it was the first dynasty to emerge in Iran after the Muslim conquest of Persia, which tried to maintain elements of local culture such as the courtly cultivation of the Persian language along with the Islamic religion, introduced by the Arabs, around 900, were confined to their center of Sistan, being reduced to the role of vassals of the Samanids and their successors. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",861,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,861]
[null,862,null,null,null,862,null,null,null,null,null,862]
[null,862,null,null,null,862,null,null,null,null,null,862,null,null,null,862,null,862,863,862,null,null,862]
[null,865,null,null,null,865,null,null,null,null,null,865,null,null,null,null,null,null,865,866,null,null,862]
[null,866,null,null,null,866,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,866]
[null,867,null,null,null,867,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,867]
[null,867,null,null,null,867,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,867]
[null,867,null,null,null,867,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,867]
[null,869,null,null,null,869,null,null,null,null,null,null,868,868,null,null,null,null,null,869,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Saffarid Emirate of Persia, (861-1003), in its greatest extent"]
[null,871,null,null,null,871,null,null,null,null,null,871]
[null,874,null,null,null,874,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,874,870]
[null,875,null,null,null,875,null,null,null,null,null,866,null,null,null,null,null,875,null,null,null,null,862]
[null,876,null,null,null,876,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,876,null,877,null,null,null,null,879,null,null,null,null,null,null,876]
[null,877,null,null,null,877,null,null,null,null,null,877,null,null,877,null,null,879,null,null,null,null,882]
[null,878,null,null,null,878,null,null,null,null,null,878,878]
[null,879,null,null,null,879,null,null,null,null,null,879,null,null,879]
[null,880,null,null,null,880,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,880]
[null,881,null,null,null,881,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,881,880]
[null,882,null,null,null,882,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,882,null,null,null,null,null,null,882]
[null,884,null,null,null,884,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,884,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,884]
[null,885,null,null,null,885,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,885,null,null,null,null,null,null,885]
[null,886,null,null,null,886,null,null,null,null,null,886,null,null,null,null,null,null,886]
[null,887,null,"ENGLAND","Alfred the Great took Londinium, displaced the Vikings and began the relocation of the former Roman walled area; he appointed his son-in-law Earl Æthelred of Mercia as governor of London, wanting a way to provide suitable accommodation for northern merchants from Europe, which arrived from the Baltic and Italy. With this act and since then it can be said that the area of the City of London acquired its administrative independence since it quickly developed its own legislative code for the merchant classes, achieving such autonomy that It was granted the status of a separate kingdom with its own laws.\n SEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC.",887,null,null,null,null,null,887,null,null,null,887,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,887,null,"London City Boundaries; The old walls are in red and the municipality in black.\nFrom: Dpaajones from English Wikipedia"]
[null,888,null,null,null,888,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,888,null,null,888]
[null,889,null,null,null,889,null,null,null,null,null,889,null,null,null,null,null,889]
[null,891,null,null,null,891,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,891]
[null,892,null,null,null,892,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,892,null,null,null,null,892]
[null,893,null,null,null,893,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,893]
[null,894,null,null,null,894,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,895,null,894,894]
[null,896,null,null,null,896,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,896,null,null,896]
[null,898,null,null,null,898,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,898,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,897]
[null,899,null,null,null,899,null,null,null,null,null,899]
[null,900,null,null,null,900,null,null,null,null,null,900,null,null,901,900,null,900]
[null,902,null,null,null,902,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,902,902]
[null,904,null,null,null,904,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,904]
[null,907,null,null,null,907,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,907,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,908,null,907]
[null,909,null,null,null,909,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,909,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,909,null,null,907]
[null,910,null,null,null,910,null,null,null,null,null,null,910,910,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,909]
[null,910,null,null,null,910,null,null,null,null,null,null,910,910,911,911]
[null,912,null,null,null,912,null,null,null,null,null,null,912,912,null,null,null,null,912,912,null,null,913]
[null,913,null,null,null,913,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,913,null,null,null,913]
[null,914,null,null,null,914,null,null,null,null,null,914,914,914,null,null,null,null,914]
[null,915,null,null,null,915,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,915,null,null,null,915]
[null,916,null,null,null,916,null,null,null,null,null,916]
[null,917,null,null,null,917,null,null,null,null,null,917]
[null,918,null,null,null,918,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,918]
[null,919,null,null,null,919,null,null,null,null,null,919,null,null,null,919,null,null,919]
[null,920,null,null,null,920,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,920]
[null,921,null,null,null,921,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,921]
[null,922,null,null,null,922,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,922,null,null,922,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,934]
[null,923,null,null,null,923,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,923,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,923]
[null,924,null,null,null,924,null,null,null,null,null,924,924,924,null,924,null,924]
[null,925,null,null,null,925,null,null,null,null,null,null,925,925]
[null,{"$f":"+F1432","v":926},null,null,null,926,null,null,null,null,null,null,926]
[null,927,null,null,null,927,null,null,null,null,null,927,null,null,null,null,null,null,927,null,null,null,null,null,null,928]
[null,929,null,null,null,929,null,null,null,null,null,null,929,929,null,null,null,null,null,929]
[null,929,null,null,null,929,null,null,null,null,null,null,929,929]
[null,930,null,null,null,930,null,null,null,null,null,930,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,930]
[null,931,null,null,null,931,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,931]
[null,932,null,null,null,932,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,932]
[null,934,null,"IRAN","The Buyids, also known as the Buyids, were an Iranian Shia dynasty originating from Daylam who founded an Emirate dependent on the Abbasid Caliphate with Baghdad as the seat of the caliphate, (de facto, an independent state), which controlled most of what is today es Iran and Iraq in the 10th and 11th centuries. The Buyid Emirates gradually fell to the Ghaznavids and the Seljuk Turks. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",934,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,934,null,null,null,null,null,934,null,null,null,null,null,"The Buyida Empire in 970"]
[null,936,null,null,null,936,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,936,936,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,936]
[null,937,null,null,null,937,null,null,null,null,null,937]
[null,939,null,null,null,939,null,null,null,null,null,939,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,939]
[null,940,null,null,null,940,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,940,null,null,941,null,null,null,null,null,940]
[null,943,null,null,null,943,null,null,null,null,null,943,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,943]
[null,944,null,null,null,944,null,null,null,null,null,944]
[null,945,null,null,null,945,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,945]
[null,945,null,null,null,945,null,null,null,null,null,945,null,null,null,null,null,null,945,null,null,null,945]
[null,946,null,null,null,946,null,null,null,null,null,946,null,null,null,947,null,947,null,946,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,946,null,946,947]
[null,950,null,null,null,950,null,null,null,null,null,null,950,950,null,null,null,950]
[null,951,null,null,null,951,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,951,null,951,null,951,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,952,null,null,951]
[null,954,null,null,null,954,null,null,null,null,null,954,null,null,954,955]
[null,955,null,null,null,955,null,null,null,null,null,955,null,null,null,955]
[null,956,null,null,null,956,null,null,null,null,null,956,null,956]
[null,957,null,null,null,957,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,957]
[null,958,null,null,null,958,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,958]
[null,959,null,null,null,959,null,null,null,null,null,959,null,null,null,null,null,null,959,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,960,null,960]
[null,960,null,null,null,960,null,null,null,null,null,960,null,960,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,960,"The Ghaznavid Empire of Persia, (962-1040), at its peak"]
[null,962,111,"\"GERMANY\r\nITALY\"","Holy Roman German Empire\r\n- Grouping of imperial states of Western and Central Europe with very few common institutions with a monarchical and corporate organization, led by an emperor.\r\n- At its peak, the Empire encompassed most of present-day Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, the Czech Republic and Slovenia, as well as eastern France, northern Italy and western Poland.",962,null,null,null,null,null,962,961,961,null,962,null,962]
[null,962,null,"\"IRAN\r\nCENTRAL ASIA\"","Gaznavid Empire - The Ghaznavids or Ghaznavids were a Muslim dynasty, of Mamluk Turkish origin, who reigned in the regions of Khorasan, Afghanistan and Punjab, with capital in Ghazni and then, almost at the end of the regime, in Lahore as an Emirate dependent on the Empire Samanid until 1040 when the Seljuks took over their Persian domains and a century later the Gurids took over their remaining Indian subcontinental lands.\n SEE ILLUSTRATIVE CHART",962,null,null,null,null,null,975,null,null,null,962,null,962,963,null,null,null,962,null,null,962,null,null,962]
[null,966,null,null,null,966,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,966]
[null,965,null,null,null,965,null,null,null,null,null,978,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,965,null,null,null,null,965]
[null,967,null,null,null,967,null,null,null,null,null,967,null,null,null,967,null,null,null,null,null,null,966,null,null,null,null,null,null,967]
[null,969,null,null,null,969,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,969,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,969,null,969]
[null,971,null,null,null,971,null,null,null,null,null,971,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,971]
[null,972,null,null,null,972,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,972,null,null,null,null,975]
[null,973,null,null,null,973,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,973,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,973]
[null,974,null,"\"ROME\r\nGERMANY\"","Evolution of the territory of the Holy Roman Empire from its founding to its disappearance. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",974,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,973,null,974,null,974]
[null,975,null,null,null,975,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,976,null,null,975,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Evolution of the territory of the Holy Roman Empire from its founding to its disappearance"]
[null,976,null,null,null,976,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,976,null,976,null,null,976,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,996]
[null,978,null,null,null,978,null,null,null,null,null,978]
[null,980,null,null,null,980,null,null,null,null,null,980,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,980]
[null,983,null,null,null,983,null,null,null,null,null,980,null,null,null,null,null,983,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,982]
[null,985,null,"INDUS VALLEY","The very ancient Tamil Chola dynasty was at the peak of its influence and power during the medieval period when great kings like Rajaraja Chola I, (985-1014) and Rajendra Chola, (1012-1044), occupied the throne and under their vision and direction the Chola kingdom expanded beyond the traditional boundaries of a Tamil kingdom. At its peak, the Chola empire stretched from the island of Sri Lanka in the south to the banks of the Godavari river in the north; the kingdoms a along the east coast of India to the Ganges River they recognized the feudal sovereignty of the Chola, and the Chola maritime forces invaded and conquered Srivijaya in the Malay Archipelago.\n SEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",985,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,985,null,null,null,null,null,null,985,null,null,null,null,985,null,null,985,984]
[null,986,null,null,null,986,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,986]
[null,986,null,null,null,986,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,986,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,986]
[null,987,null,null,null,987,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,987]
[null,987,null,null,null,987,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,987,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Chola Empire and its area of influence in the times of Rajendra Chola (1012-1044)."]
[null,988,null,null,null,988,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,988,null,null,null,988,null,null,null,null,null,988]
[null,992,null,null,null,992,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,992]
[null,995,null,null,null,995,null,null,null,null,null,995,null,null,null,994,null,null,995]
[null,996,null,null,null,996,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,996,996,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,997]
[null,997,null,null,null,997,null,null,null,null,null,997,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,997]
[null,999,null,null,null,999,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,999]
[null,1000,null,null,null,1000,null,null,null,null,null,1000,null,null,null,1000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1000]
[null,1005,null,null,null,1005,null,null,null,null,null,1005]
[null,1009,null,null,null,1009,null,null,null,null,null,null,1009,1009,null,null,null,1002]
[null,1009,null,null,null,1009,null,null,null,null,null,null,1009,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1009]
[null,1010,null,null,null,1010,null,null,null,null,null,null,1010,1010]
[null,1010,null,null,null,1010,null,null,null,null,null,null,1010,1010,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1011]
[null,1013,null,null,null,1013,null,null,null,null,null,1013,1013,1013]
[null,1014,null,null,null,1014,null,null,null,null,null,1014]
[null,1014,null,null,null,1014,null,null,null,null,null,1014,null,null,null,1014]
[null,1015,null,null,null,1015,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1014,null,null,null,null,1015]
[null,1016,null,null,null,1016,null,null,null,null,null,null,1016,1016,null,null,null,1017,null,null,1016,null,null,null,null,1016,null,null,null,1016]
[null,1017,null,null,null,1017,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1017]
[null,{"$f":"+F1496","v":1017},null,null,null,1017,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1017]
[null,1018,null,null,null,1018,null,null,null,null,null,1016,1018,1018,null,1018,null,null,1018,null,null,null,1019]
[null,1018,null,null,null,1018,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1018 \n1023","1018 \n1023"]
[null,1021,null,null,null,1021,null,null,null,null,null,null,1021,1021,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1020]
[null,1023,null,null,null,1023,null,null,null,null,null,null,1023,1023,null,null,null,null,1021]
[null,1024,null,null,null,1024,null,null,null,null,null,null,1024,1024,null,null,null,null,1025,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1021]
[null,1025,null,null,null,1025,null,null,null,null,null,null,1025,1025,null,null,null,1027,1028,null,null,null,1025]
[null,1027,null,null,null,1027,null,null,null,null,null,null,1027,1027,null,1027,null,null,1028,991,1028,null,null,null,null,1028]
[null,1028,null,null,null,1028,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1028]
[null,1030,null,null,null,1030,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1030]
[null,1031,null,null,null,1031,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1031,null,null,null,null,1031]
[null,1032,null,null,null,1032,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1032]
[null,1033,null,null,null,1033,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1033,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1036]
[null,1034,null,null,null,1034,null,null,null,null,null,1034,null,null,null,null,null,null,1034,null,null,null,null,null,null,1034]
[null,1035,null,null,null,1035,null,null,null,null,null,1035,1035,1035,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1036]
[null,1037,null,null,null,1037,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1037,null,1036,null,null,1037]
[null,1037,null,null,null,1037,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1037,null,null,null,1039,null,null,1037,null,null,null,null,1037,null,null,1038]
[null,1038,null,null,null,1038,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1038,null,null,null,null,1038]
[null,1040,null,null,null,1040,null,null,null,null,null,1040,null,null,null,null,null,null,1040,null,1040,null,null,null,null,1040,null,null,1040]
[null,1040,null,null,null,1040,null,null,null,null,null,1040]
[null,1041,null,null,null,1041,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1041,1041,null,null,null,null,null,null,1041]
[null,1041,null,null,null,1041,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1041,null,1041,null,null,null,null,1041]
[null,1042,null,null,null,1042,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1042]
[null,1042,null,null,null,1042,null,null,null,null,null,1042,null,null,null,null,null,null,1042]
[null,1042,null,null,null,1042,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1042]
[null,1043,null,null,null,1043,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1043,null,null,null,1043]
[null,1044,null,null,null,1044,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1046,null,null,null,null,1044,null,null,null,null,1044]
[null,1045,112,"BYZANTIUM","The Byzantine Empire conquered Ani and ended the kingdom of Bagratid Armenia and soon, the other Armenian states also fell under Byzantine control for a brief period until the conquest of the Seljuks in 1071.",1045,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1045,1045,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1045]
[null,1048,113,"\"Türkiye\r\nBYZANTIUM\"","The Seljuk forces begin fighting in Anatolia against the Byzantines and led by Tugrïl Beg carry out their first major invasion of Armenia.",1048,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1048,null,1048,1048]
[null,1051,null,null,null,1051,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1053,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1051]
[null,1054,114,"\"BYZANTIUM\r\nROME\"","The Schism of East and West or the Great Schism was the religious conflict that occurred when the French cardinal Humberto de Silva Candida, sent by Pope Leo IX to Constantinople, and Patriarch Michael I Cerularius, excommunicated each other. This confrontation of authorities led to the separation of Western Catholicism, which recognized the supreme authority of Rome, from the Eastern or Orthodox.",1054,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1054,1054,null,null,null,1054]
[null,1055,null,null,null,1055,null,null,null,null,null,1055,null,null,null,1055,null,null,null,null,1055,null,null,null,null,1055,null,null,1055]
[null,1056,null,null,null,1056,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1056]
[null,1057,null,null,null,1057,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1057]
[null,1057,null,null,null,1057,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1057]
[null,1059,null,null,null,1059,null,null,null,null,null,1058,null,null,null,null,null,null,"-"]
[null,1059,null,null,null,1059,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1060,null,null,null,1059]
[null,1063,null,null,null,1063,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1063,null,null,null,null,1063]
[null,1065,null,null,null,1065,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1065]
[null,1066,null,null,null,1066,null,null,null,null,null,1066,1065,1065]
[null,1066,null,null,null,1066,null,null,null,null,null,1066]
[null,1067,null,null,null,1067]
[null,1069,null,null,null,1069,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1068,1068,null,null,null,1069,null,null,null,null,null,1070,1068]
[null,1070,null,null,null,1070,null,null,null,null,null,1070]
[null,1071,null,null,null,1071,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1071,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1071]
[null,1071,115,"\"Türkiye\r\nBYZANTIUM\"","Alp Arslan, Seljuk sultan, invaded the Byzantine Empire in 1068 and the Roman Emperor IV Diogenes, assuming command in person, faced the invaders in three arduous campaigns until in 1071 the two forces fought the Battle of Manzikert in which the Byzantines They were completely defeated and Romanus IV was taken prisoner. The victory at Manzikert marked the beginning of Turkish ascendancy in Anatolia and the beginning of the end of the Eastern Byzantine Empire.",1071,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1071,null,1071,1071,null,null,null,1071]
[null,1072,null,null,null,1072,null,null,null,null,null,1072,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1072,null,1073,1072,null,1072]
[null,1073,null,null,null,1073,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1073,null,1073,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1073]
[null,1075,null,null,null,1075,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1075,null,null,null,1075,1076,null,1076,null,null,null,null,null,1075]
[null,1077,null,null,null,1077,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1077,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1077]
[null,1077,null,"IRAN","The Khorezmites were a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkish Mamluk origin who under the Chorasmian Empire ruled Greater Iran, first as vassals of the Seljuks and later independent in the 11th century; the empire survived until the Mongol invasion of 1220. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH ",1077,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1077,null,null,null,null,1077]
[null,1077,null,null,null,1077,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1077,null,null,null,null,1077]
[null,1078,null,null,null,1078,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1078,null,null,1078,1078,null,null,null,null,1094]
[null,1080,null,null,null,1080,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1080,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Chorasmian Khorasmian Empire, (1077-1231), at its greatest extent"]
[null,1081,null,null,null,1081,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1080,1081]
[null,1082,null,null,null,1082,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1082]
[null,1084,null,null,null,1084,null,null,null,null,null,null,1085,1085,null,1084]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1086]
[null,{"$f":"+F1554","v":1087},null,null,null,1087,null,null,null,null,null,1087,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1087]
[null,{"$f":"+F1555","v":1088},null,null,null,1088,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1088,1088]
[null,{"$f":"+F1556","v":1090},null,null,null,1090,null,null,null,null,null,1090,1090,1090]
[null,{"$f":"+F1557","v":1093},null,null,null,1093,null,null,null,null,null,1093,1093,null,null,null,null,1093,null,null,null,null,1093]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1094]
[null,{"$f":"+F1559","v":1095},null,null,null,1095,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1095,null,1095,1095,1094,1092]
[null,1096,null,null,null,1096,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1096,1096,null,null,null,1097]
[null,1097,null,null,null,1097,null,null,null,null,null,1097,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1097]
[null,1098,116,"\"BYZANTIUM\r\nMIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\"","The county of Edessa was the first of the principal Crusader states founded around the city of Edessa, which had a long history since ancient times, as well as an extensive Christian tradition. It was reconquered by the Muslim Seljuks in 1144, this being the trigger for the Second Crusade.",1098,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1098,1098,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1098]
[null,1098,117,"\"BYZANTIUM\r\nMIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\"","The Principality of Antioch was one of the Crusader states of the Holy Land established during the First Crusade. Antioch, the ancient Byzantine city, was conquered by the Muslims a decade ago, in 1085, and in the First Crusade, Prince Bohemond of Taranto carried out a victorious military campaign to recover territories that Byzantium had lost to the Muslim advance, managing to end his campaign with the taking of Antioch in 1097; Then, Bohemond retained the territory, creating this principality that survived until its fall to the Mamluks.",1098,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1099,1098,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1098]
[null,1099,118,"\"BYZANTIUM\r\nMIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\"","The Kingdom of Jerusalem or Kingdom of Acre was a Latin Catholic state that was founded after the conquest of Jerusalem in the First Crusade. The kingdom lasted two hundred years and occupied parts of present-day Israel, Palestine, Lebanon and Jordan with its capital in Jerusalem; It was destroyed in 1291 with the conquest of Acre by the Muslim Mamluks.",1099,null,null,null,null,null,1100,null,null,null,null,null,null,1099,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1099,1101]
[null,1102,119,"\"BYZANTIUM\r\nMIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\"","The siege of Tripoli that began in 1102 led to the creation in 1109 of the county of Tripoli, when Raymond IV of Toulouse conquered the territories from the emirate of Tripoli. Some of its main cities were Safita, Tortosa and Tripoli in Lebanon. The county managed to save itself from Saladin's conquests after the battle of Hattin and from 1201 it was united with Antioch, until its capture in 1268.",1102,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1102,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1102]
[null,1107,null,null,null,1107,null,null,null,null,null,1107,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1107]
[null,1109,null,null,null,1109,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1109,1108,null,null,null,null,null,1107]
[null,1116,null,null,null,1116,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1111,null,null,null,null,1116,null,1113,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1115]
[null,1118,null,null,null,1118,null,null,null,null,null,null,1139,1139,null,null,null,null,1118,1118,1118,null,null,null,null,1118,null,1130]
[null,1120,null,null,null,1120,null,null,null,null,null,1120]
[null,1124,null,null,null,1124,null,null,null,null,null,1124]
[null,1125,null,null,null,1125,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1125,null,null,null,null,1125,null,null,null,null,null,null,1123]
[null,1126,null,null,null,1126,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1126]
[null,1127,null,null,null,1127,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1127,null,null,null,null,1127,null,null,null,null,1127]
[null,1127,null,null,null,1127,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1127,null,null,1130,null,1127]
[null,1132,null,null,null,1132,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1130,null,null,null,null,1132]
[null,1133,null,null,null,1133,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1133,null,null,null,1135]
[null,1135,null,null,null,1135,null,null,null,null,null,1135]
[null,1136,null,null,null,1136,null,null,null,null,null,1137,null,null,1137,1136,null,1138,null,1136,null,null,1136]
[null,1138,null,null,null,1138,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1138,null,1139]
[null,1141,null,null,null,1141,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1141,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1149,1140]
[null,1142,null,null,null,1142,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1142]
[null,1143,null,null,null,1143,null,null,null,null,null,null,1143,null,null,1141,null,null,1143]
[null,1144,120,"Türkiye","Zengi, governor of Mosul and Aleppo, took Edessa with thirty thousand soldiers, completely destroying it and burning the citadel with the Christians entrenched in it, in what could be considered the first successful campaign of the Turks against the Crusader States and which marked the disappearance of the easternmost state.",1144,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1144,null,1144,null,null,null,null,1144,1144,null,1144]
[null,1146,null,null,null,1146,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1146,1146,null,1146,null,null,null,null,1146]
[null,1147,null,null,null,1147,null,null,null,null,null,null,1146,1146,null,null,null,null,1147]
[null,1147,null,null,null,1147,null,null,null,null,null,null,1147,1147,null,null,null,null,1147]
[null,1148,null,null,null,1148,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1148,null,null,null,null,1148]
[null,1148,null,null,null,1148,null,null,null,null,null,null,1147,null,null,null,null,null,1148,null,null,null,null,null,null,1148,null,null,1148]
[null,1152,null,null,null,1152,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1152,null,1152,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1154]
[null,1154,null,null,null,1154,null,null,null,null,null,1154,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1155]
[null,1155,null,null,null,1155,null,null,null,null,null,1155]
[null,1156,null,null,null,1156,null,null,null,null,null,1156,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1156]
[null,1157,null,null,null,1157,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1157,null,1157,null,null,null,1154,1154,null,null,null,null,1154,null,1154,null,1156]
[null,1157,null,null,null,1157,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1157,null,1157,null,null,null,null,1156,null,1157,null,null,null,null,1160,null,1158]
[null,1158,null,null,null,1158,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1158]
[null,1160,null,null,null,1160,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1160]
[null,1162,null,null,null,1162,null,null,null,null,null,null,1162,1162,null,1162,null,null,1162,null,null,null,1168,null,null,null,null,1163,1162]
[null,1163,null,null,null,1163,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1162,null,null,null,null,1163,null,1174,null,null,1163,null,1163]
[null,1164,null,null,null,1164,null,null,null,null,null,null,1164,1164,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1165]
[null,1165,null,null,null,1165,null,null,null,null,null,1165]
[null,1166,null,null,null,1166,null,null,null,null,null,1166]
[null,1167,null,null,null,1167,null,null,null,null,null,1167]
[null,1168,null,null,null,1168,null,null,null,null,null,1168]
[null,1169,null,null,null,1169,null,null,null,null,null,1169]
[null,1169,null,null,null,1169,null,null,null,null,null,1169,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1170,1169,null,null,null,null,1169,null,1169,null,1168]
[null,1170,null,null,null,1170,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1170]
[null,1171,121,"\"MIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\r\nEGYPT\"","Ayubi Dynasty\nSaladin proclaimed himself sultan of Egypt in 1171 and began the Ayyubid dynasty to lead Islam against the Christians, achieving the conquests of Africa and Nubia between 1172 and 1174, of Arabia in 1175 (only consolidated until 1182) and all of Syria in 1176. ",1171,null,null,null,null,null,1171,null,null,null,null,null,null,1173,null,1171,null,null,null,null,1171,1171,1171]
[null,1171,null,null,null,1171,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1171,null,null,null,null,1171,1171,1171]
[null,1172,null,null,null,1172,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1172]
[null,1173,null,null,null,1173,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1173]
[null,1176,122,"\"Türkiye\r\nBYZANTIUM\"","The Battle of Myriocephalus between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks in Phrygia on September 17, 1176 ended with a defeat that the Byzantine Emperor Manuel himself compared to that of Manzikert and which, as in that case, became a legendary disaster and the Empire fell into chaos and apathy and would no longer be able to mount a major offensive in the east; Ultimately, the defeat meant that the Byzantines permanently lost control over the Anatolian plateau.",1176,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1176,null,1176,null,1176]
[null,1177,null,null,null,1177,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1177]
[null,1179,null,null,null,1179,null,null,null,null,null,null,1179,null,null,null,null,null,null,1180]
[null,1180,null,null,null,1180,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1180,null,null,null,1180,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1180]
[null,1182,null,null,null,1182,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1182,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1180]
[null,1182,null,null,null,1182,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1182]
[null,1183,null,null,null,1183,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1183,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1183]
[null,1183,null,null,null,1183,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1183]
[null,1184,null,null,null,1184,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1184]
[null,1185,null,null,null,1185,null,null,null,null,null,1185,1185,null,null,null,null,null,1185,null,null,null,1212]
[null,1185,null,null,null,1185,null,null,null,null,null,1185,null,null,null,1185,null,null,1185,null,null,null,1216]
[null,{"$f":"+F1623","v":1186},null,null,null,1186,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1186,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1186,1186]
[null,1187,null,null,null,1187,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1187,null,1187,null,1218,1187,1187,1187,1187,1187]
[null,1187,123,"\"MIDDLE EAST\r\nMEDITERRANEAN\r\nEGYPT\"","The conquest of Jerusalem\nAfter his victory at Hattin, Saladin occupied the north of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, conquering Galilee and Samaria and Nazareth, Sepphoris, Caesarea, Haifa were taken one after another and then took one after another the ports of Sidon, Beirut, Byblos, Toron and Once communications with Egypt were secured, he laid siege to Jerusalem; In October 1187 Saladin accepted the capitulation of the city so as not to commit a massacre.",1187,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1187,null,1187,null,null,1187,null,1187,1187,1187]
[null,1187,null,null,null,1187,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1187,null,1187,null,null,1187,null,1187,1187,1187]
[null,1188,null,null,null,1188,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1188]
[null,1189,null,null,null,1189,null,null,null,null,null,1189,null,null,null,1189,null,null,1189]
[null,1192,124,null,null,1192,null,null,null,null,null,1192,null,null,null,1191,null,null,null,null,1192,null,null,null,null,1192,1192,null,null,1192]
[null,1192,null,"\"JAPAN\r\nKOREA\"","Kamakura Shogunate Period.\r\nIn 1192, Emperor Go-Shirakawa died and Minamoto no Yoritomo proclaimed himself shōgun, a title that became a high-level military title. With this, the shogunate was established as a permanent figure, which would last about 700 years until the Meiji Restoration. With the new figure of the shogun, the emperor would become a mere spectator of the political and economic situation of the country, while the samurai would become the de facto rulers.",1192,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1192]
[null,1193,null,null,null,1193,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1193,null,null,null,null,null,null,1193]
[null,1193,null,null,null,1193,null,null,null,null,null,1192,null,null,null,null,null,1191,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1193]
[null,1194,null,null,null,1194,null,null,null,null,null,1199,null,null,null,1195,null,null,"-",null,1194]
[null,1195,null,null,null,1195,null,null,null,null,null,1195,null,null,null,null,null,null,1195]
[null,1196,null,null,null,1196,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1196,null,1196]
[]
[null,{"$f":"+F1637","v":1197},null,"\"AMERICA\r\nPERU\"","The Inca civilization, also called Inca civilization or Quechua civilization, was the last of the great pre-Columbian civilizations that preserved its independent state during the conquest of America. The development of the Inca civilization was based on agriculture that they developed through advanced technologies, such as cultivation terraces called andenes to take advantage of the slopes of the hills, as well as irrigation systems inherited from pre-Inca cultures. The Incas grew corn, peanuts, cassava, potatoes, beans, cotton, tobacco and coca, among others. The lands were communal property and were worked collectively. They also developed a South American camelid ranch (llama and alpaca).",1197,null,null,null,null,1197,null,null,1197]
[null,1197,null,"\"AMERICA\r\nPERU\"","The Inca curacazgo, curacazgo of Cuzco, kingdom of Cuzco or the Cuzco confederation was a State of ancient Peru that emerged around the 13th century in the valley of the Vilcanota River, being the first historical stage of the Inca civilization. After a slow migration of 20 For years fleeing from Aymara invasions in their native Andean highlands,1 the Incas founded the city of Cuzco, around a swamp that would later become the Plaza de Armas of Cuzco.\nTheir culture was marked with a clear Tiahuanaco influence and during this period they developed few technologies (probably none) since most of their knowledge was cultural inheritance.",1197,null,null,null,null,1197,1204,null,null,1204,1198,null,1198,1198,null,null,null,1199,null,null,null,null,1198,null,1198]
[null,1201,null,null,null,1201,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1209,null,1201,1201,null,null,null,1199,null,null,1200]
[null,1202,null,null,null,1202,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1202]
[null,1203,null,null,null,1203,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1203,null,null,null,1205,null,null,null,null,null,null,1203,null,"Partition of the Byzantine Empire after the Fourth Crusade (1204). The Latin territories are indicated in purple and the Venetian territories are indicated in green. Nicaea, Trebizond and Epirus make up the Byzantine successor states."]
[null,1204,125,"\"BYZANTIUM\r\nROME\"","Capture of Constantinople - Latin Empire.\nAlexius V Ducas takes power, being crowned in Hagia Sophia and his predecessors Isaac II and Alexios IV Angelo are executed. In April, Constantinople was taken by the crusaders and the city was sacked and devastated by fires, riots and massacres. The Latin Empire was established with Baldwin I as Emperor and the partition of the Byzantine territory was arranged among the participants of the crusade, with the Republic of Venice being the great beneficiary.",1204,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1204,null,null,null,1204]
[null,1204,null,null,null,1204,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1204,null,null,1204]
[null,1204,null,null,null,1204,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1204,null,1204]
[null,1204,null,null,null,1204,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1204]
[null,1205,null,null,null,1205,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1205]
[null,1205,null,null,null,1205,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1205]
[null,1205,null,null,null,1205,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1205,null,1205]
[null,1206,126,"\"CALIPHATES\r\nINDIA\"","Late Middle Ages (1206-1646)\nThe Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)\nIn the 12th and 13th centuries, Turkic peoples from Central Asia invaded part of northern India and established the Delhi Sultanate in the former Hindu possessions, founding a Muslim state with its capital in Delhi that was governed by several dynasties of Turkic, Indo-Turkic and Pashtun.\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH ",1206,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1206,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1206,null,1206]
[null,1206,127,"\"ASIA\r\nCENTRAL\r\nCHINA\r\nINDIA\r\nRUSSIA\r\nEUROPE\"","Mongol Empire (1206-1368)\nIt came to cover a territory from the Korean Peninsula to the Danube River and house a population of more than 100 million inhabitants and to include some regions as rich and important as China, Mesopotamia, Persia, Eastern Europe, part of India, Russia , among others.",1206,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1206,null,1206,"Territorial extent of the Mamluk Delhi Sultanate between 1206 and 1290"]
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[null,1211,null,null,null,1211,null,null,null,null,null,null,1211,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1211]
[null,1212,null,null,null,1212,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1212]
[null,1214,null,null,null,1214,null,null,null,null,null,1215,null,1214,1214,1214,null,null,null,null,null,null,1214,null,null,null,null,null,1215]
[null,1216,null,null,null,1216,null,null,null,null,null,1216]
[null,1217,null,null,null,1217,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1217,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1217]
[null,1218,null,null,null,1218,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1218,null,1218]
[null,1219,null,null,null,1219,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1219,1219,null,null,null,1219,1219]
[null,1220,null,null,null,1220,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1220,null,null,null,null,1220,null,null,null,null,1220]
[null,1221,128,"\"ASIA\r\nCENTRAL\"","The Chorasmian capital Urgench fell in 1221. The Mongol invasion of the Chorasmian Empire marked the beginning of Mongol conquests in the Islamic states, as well as the expansion of the Mongol Empire, which had thus far conquered much of the known world.",1221,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1221,null,null,null,1221]
[null,1221,null,null,null,1221,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1222,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1221]
[null,1221,null,null,null,1221,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1221]
[null,1223,null,null,null,1223,null,null,null,null,null,null,1223,null,1223,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1223]
[null,1224,null,null,null,1224,null,null,null,null,null,null,1224,1224,null,1224,null,null,1224]
[null,1225,null,null,null,1225,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1226,1225,null,null,1226,1225,1226,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1225]
[null,1226,null,null,null,1226,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1226,1167,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1226]
[null,1227,null,null,null,1227,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1227,null,null,null,null,null,null,1218,null,null,1227]
[null,1227,129,"Türkiye","The Turkish beylicates of Anatolia were the small Turkish emirates governed by a bey that initially occupied the Anatolian peninsula as vassals of the Sultanate of Rum, but after the invasion of the Mongols they began to become independent and expand towards western Anatolia, fighting against the Byzantine Empire and among themselves. In addition to the Beylicate of Söğüt, (1227), which gave rise to the Ottoman Empire, the main ones were the Beylicate of Karaman, (1240-1487), Beylicate of Aydın, (1307-1402), Beylicate of Eretna, (1335-1381 ), Beylicate of Menteşe, (1260-1424), Beylicate of Saruhan, (1304-1410)\nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH ",1227,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1227,null,null,null,null,1227,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Map of the Beylicates of Anatolia, (1227-1400)."]
[null,1229,null,null,null,1229,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1229,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1229,null,null,null,1229]
[null,1230,null,null,null,1230,null,null,null,null,null,null,1230,1230,null,null,null,null,null,null,1230]
[null,1230,130,"ARMENIA","Foreign occupation of Armenia.\nThe Mongol Ilkhanate conquered the Zakaryan principality as well as the rest of Armenia and the Mongol invasions were soon followed by those of other Central Asian tribes, which continued until 1400.",1230,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1230,null,1230,null,null,1230,null,1230,1230]
[null,1231,null,null,null,1231,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1231,null,1231,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1231]
[null,1232,null,null,null,1232,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1232,null,null,null,null,null,null,1232]
[null,1234,null,null,null,1234,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1234]
[null,1235,null,null,null,1235,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1235]
[null,1236,null,null,null,1236,null,null,null,null,null,null,1236,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1236]
[null,1236,null,null,null,1236,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1236]
[null,1237,null,null,null,1237,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1237]
[null,1238,null,null,null,1238,null,null,null,null,null,null,1238,1238,null,null,null,null,null,null,1238,null,1238]
[null,1238,null,null,null,1238,null,null,null,null,null,null,1238,1238,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1238,null,null,null,null,1238]
[null,1240,null,null,null,1240,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1240]
[null,1241,null,null,null,1241,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1241,null,null,null,null,1241,1247]
[null,1242,null,null,null,1242,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1241,null,null,1242,1242,null,null,1242,null,null,null,null,null,null,1242,1242]
[null,1242,null,null,null,1242,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1242]
[null,1243,null,null,null,1243,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1243,null,1243]
[null,1244,null,null,null,1244,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1244]
[null,1245,null,null,null,1245,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1245]
[null,1246,null,null,null,1246,null,null,null,null,null,1246,1246,1246,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1246,null,null,null,null,null,null,1246,1246]
[null,1247,null,null,null,1247,null,null,null,null,null,null,1248,null,null,1248,null,null,null,null,1247,null,1247,null,null,null,null,1250,1250]
[null,1249,null,null,null,1249,null,null,null,null,null,1249,null,1249,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1249,null,null,null,null,1249]
[null,1250,131,"\"Türkiye\r\nEGYPT\"","Mamluke Sultanate of Egypt (1250-1517)\nThe Mamluks, a military caste of knights, which emerged from the ranks of slave soldiers of Caucasian, Mongoloid and Slavic, Circassian and mainly Turkish races, founded a medieval kingdom that extended over Egypt, the Mediterranean Levant and Heyaz with capital in Cairo, installed from the fall of the Ayyubid dynasty until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt. ",1250,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1250,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1250,1250]
[null,1250,null,null,null,1250,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1251,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1250,1250]
[null,1251,null,null,null,1251,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1251,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1251]
[null,1252,null,null,null,1252,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1252,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1252,null,null,null,null,null,null,1252]
[null,1253,null,null,null,1253,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1253,null,null,1253]
[null,1254,null,null,null,1254,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1254]
[null,1256,null,"\"IRAN\r\nTürkiye\r\nCENTRAL ASIA\"","The Persian Ilkhanate was one of the four divisions of the Mongol house of Hulagu, focused primarily on Persia and neighboring territories, such as modern-day Azerbaijan, and the central and eastern parts of modern-day Turkey. At its peak, the state expanded to territories that today make up most of Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, western Afghanistan and southwestern Pakistan; it ended up disintegrating into many regional states that were established. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",1256,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1256,1256,null,null,1256,null,1256,null,null,null,null,1256]
[null,1256,null,null,null,1256,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1256]
[null,1257,null,null,null,1257,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1257,1257]
[null,1257,null,null,null,1257,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1257,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mongol Persian Ilkhanate, (1256–1353), at its greatest extent."]
[null,{"$f":"+F1701","v":1258},132,"SUMERIAN\r\n","Khan Hulagu of the Mongols appears before Baghdad, which was besieged; Attempts at negotiation failed, the caliph surrendered and the city was occupied and plundered. On Hulagu's orders, Caliph Al-Musta'sim was executed by his Mongol captors by rolling him in a rug and then being trampled by horses in accordance with a Mongol taboo that forbade shedding royal blood.",1258,null,null,null,null,null,1258,null,null,null,null,null,null,1258,1258,1258,null,null,1258,1258,1258,null,null,null,null,1259]
[null,1259,133,"I RAISED","The Christians of the Principality of Antioch allied themselves with the Mongols against Islam; the besieged Aleppo fell to the Mongols, the Great Mosque and the Citadel of Aleppo were razed, and Damascus capitulated to the Mongols.\r\n",1259,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1259,1259,null,null,null,1259,1259,1259,1259,1259,null,1259,1259]
[null,1260,134,"TURKEY\r\nI RAISED","Triumph of the Mamluk Muslims at the Battle of Ain Jalut, in the Jezreel Valley, Galilee, which stopped the Mongol advance in the Middle East and destroyed the myth of Mongol invincibility. With Baibars as commander, the Mamluk forces took Damascus and most of Syria, pursued the remnants of the Mongol hosts and drove them from the region; The Ilkhanate lost Syria and Palestine forever and its limit was fixed at the Tigris River.",1260,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1260,1260,1260,null,null,1260,1260,1260,1260,1260,null,1260,1260]
[null,1261,135,"BYZANTIUM","Recapture of Constantinople. After a Byzantine naval alliance with the Republic of Genoa against Venice, the Byzantines led by Michael VIII Palaeologus infiltrate the city and open the doors from within, surprising the Latins and taking the city with ease; Baldwin II of Constantinople flees and the Latins are expelled. Michael Paleologos deposed John IV Laskaris, emperor of Nicaea since 1258 and proclaimed himself emperor of Constantinople and Nicaea and ordered John to be blinded and imprisoned.",1261,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1261,1261,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1260,null,null,1260]
[null,1261,136,"CALIPHATES\r\n","The Abbasid Caliphate of Cairo\nIt was the successor of the Caliphate of Baghdad, founded by Al-Mustansir II, a member of the dynasty that was able to flee to Egypt after the conquest and sacking of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258, which put an end to the Abbasid Caliphate installed in that city.\"",1261,null,null,null,null,null,null,1261,1261,1261,1261,1261,1261,1261,1261,1261,null,1261,null,null,1261,1261,1261,1261]
[null,1261,null,null,null,1261,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1314-1316",null,null,null,1261,null,1261,null,null,null,null,null,null,1261,1312]
[null,1262,null,null,null,1262,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1262]
[null,1263,null,null,null,1263,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1263,null,null,null,null,1263,null,1263,null,null,1263]
[null,1265,null,null,null,1265,null,null,null,null,null,1265,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1265,null,null,null,null,1265]
[null,1266,null,null,null,1266,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1266]
[null,1267,null,null,null,1267,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1267]
[null,1268,null,null,null,1268,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1268,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1268,1268]
[null,1270,null,null,null,1270,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1270,1270,null,null,null,null,1270]
[null,1271,null,"CHINA\r\n\r\n","Division of the Mongol Empire. \nGreat Khanate: Mongolia and entire China ruled under the Yuan Dynasty established by Kublai Khan in the year 1271 when the Mongol empire reached its maximum extent with the conquest of the territories of the Song dynasty ruling in China from 960 and which lasted until 1368, when the Chinese of China's main ethnic group, the Han ethnic group\" expelled the foreigners and established the Ming Dynasty. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE CHART",1271,null,null,null,null,null," 1272​",null,null,null,1272,null,null,null,null,1271,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1271,1271,"States after the division of the Mongol Empire around 1270. Golden Horde - Persian Ilkhanate - Chagatay Khanate - Great Khanate"]
[null,1271,null,null,null,1271,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1271,null,1264]
[null,1273,null,null,null,1273,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1273,null,null,null,null,null,null,1264]
[null,1273,null,null,null,1273,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1273,null,null,1274,null,null,null,1272,null,null,null,null,null,null,1274,1273]
[null,1274,null,null,null,1274,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1274]
[null,1277,null,null,null,1277,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1277,null,1277,null,null,null,1277,1277]
[null,1277,null,null,null,1277,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1277,null,null,null,null,null,null,1277]
[null,1278,null,null,null,1278]
[null,1279,null,null,null,1279,null,null,null,null,null,null,1279,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1279,null,null,1279]
[null,1280,null,null,null,1280,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1280,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1280,1280]
[null,1281,null,null,null,1281,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1281]
[null,1282,null,null,null,1282,null,null,null,null,null,1282,null,null,null,null,null,null,1282,null,1283,null,null,null,null,1282]
[null,1284,null,null,null,1284,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1284]
[null,1285,null,null,null,1285,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1285,null,null,null,null,null,1285,null,1283,null,null,1284]
[null,1285,null,null,null,1285,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1285,null,1283,null,null,null,null,1290]
[null,1287,null,null,null,1287,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1287]
[null,1289,null,null,null,1289,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1289]
[null,1290,null,null,null,1290,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1290,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1291,null,null,1290]
[null,1291,null,null,null,1291,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1291]
[null,1294,null,null,null,1294,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1294,null,1294,null,null,1295,null,1293,null,null,1294]
[null,1295,null,null,null,1295,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1295,null,null,null,null,1295,null,1295,null,1295,null,null,1295]
[null,1299,137,"Türkiye","Ottoman Empire (1299-1923)\nWith the conquests of Osman, the Seljuk dynasty was extinguished and the Osmanli Dynasty began, later named in honor of Osman, a name derived from the Arabic \"Uthman\" from which comes the name Ottomans in Turkish.",1299,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1298,null,null,null,null,1299,1299,null,null,null,null,null,1299,null,1298]
[null,1299,null,null,null,1299,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1299,null,null,null,null,null,null,1299]
[null,1301,null,null,null,1301,null,null,null,null,null,1301,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1301,null,1301,null,null,null,null,null,null,1301]
[null,1302,null,null,null,1302,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1302,null,1302,null,null,null,null,null,null,1302]
[null,1303,null,null,null,1303,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1303,null," 1303",null,null,null,1303,1303]
[null,1304,null,null,null,1304,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1303,null,1304,null,null,1304]
[null,1307,null,null,null,1307,null,null,null,null,null,1307,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1307,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1307]
[null,1308,null,null,null,1308,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1308,null,null,null,null,null,null,1308,null,null,null,null,null,null,1308]
[null,1308,null,null,null,1308,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1308,null,null,null,null,null,null,1308,null,null,null,null,null,null,1308]
[null,1310,null,null,null,1310,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1310,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1310,1310]
[null,1311,null,null,null,1311,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1311,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1311]
[null,1312,null,null,null,1312,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1312,null,1312]
[null,1314,null,null,null,1314,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1314]
[null,1316,null,null,null,1316,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1316,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1316]
[null,1316,null,null,null,1316,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1316,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1316]
[null,1317,null,"EGYPT","The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt during the third reign of al-Nasir Muhammad, 1317, with its political subdivisions and cities. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",1317,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1318,1318,null,1317,null,null,null,null,null,1317,1317,null,null,null,"Map of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt during the third reign of al-Nasir Muhammad, 1317, with its political subdivisions and cities."]
[null,1318,null,null,null,1318,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1318,null,null,null,1319,null,null,1318]
[null,1321,null,null,null,1321,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1322,null,null,null,1321,null,null,null,1322,null,null,null,null,null,1320,null,1320]
[null,1323,null,null,null,1323,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1323,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1323]
[null,1325,null,null,null,1325,null,null,null,null,1325,null,1325,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1325,null,1325]
[null,1326,null,null,null,1326,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1326,null,1326,null,1326]
[null,1326,null,null,null,1326,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1326]
[null,1328,null,null,null,1328,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1328]
[null,1328,null,null,null,1328,null,null,null,null,null,1327,null,null,1328,1328,null,null,1328,null,null,null,1328,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1328]
[null,1329,null,null,null,1329,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1329,null,1329,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1329]
[null,1329,null,null,null,1329,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1329]
[null,1331,null,null,null,1331,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1331]
[null,1331,null,null,null,1331,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1330,null,null,1331,null,1331,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1331,1332]
[null,1333,null,null,null,1333,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1333]
[null,1333,null,null,null,1333,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1333]
[null,{"$f":"+F1765","v":1335},138,"IRAN","The Persian-Mongol Ilkhanate quickly fragmented into territories ruled by different Mongol, Turkish, and Persian powers.",1335,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1335,null,1335,1335,1335]
[null,1335,null,null,null,1335,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1335,null,null,null,null,1333]
[null,1336,null,null,null,1336,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1336]
[null,1336,139,"INDIA","The Vijayanagara Empire (1336-1646)\nFaced with the failure of the sultans to secure dominion over all of India, the Hindu empire of Vijayanagara emerged as the political heir of the Hoysala empire, the Kakatiya empire and the Pandyan empire and consolidated a kingdom beyond the Krishna river and took the entirety of southern India. India under the aegis of Vijayanagara.\nFor two and a half centuries, from the mid-13th century, politics in northern India was dominated by the Delhi Sultanate and in southern India by the Vijayanagara Empire.",1336,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1336,null,1336,null,null,1336,1336]
[null,1337,null,null,null,1337,null,null,null,null,null,1337,null,null,1337]
[null,1338,null,null,null,1338,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1338,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1338]
[null,1340,null,null,null,1340,null,null,null,null,null,null,1340,1340,null,1342,null,null,1341,null,null,null,1340,1356,null,null,null,null,null,1339]
[null,1341,null,null,null,1341,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1341,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1341]
[null,1344,null,null,null,1344,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1344]
[null,1345,null,null,null,1345,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1346,null,null,null,null,1345,null,1345]
[null,1347,null,null,null,1347,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1347]
[null,1347,null,null,null,1347,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1347,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1347]
[null,1348,null,null,null,1348,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1348,null,1348,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1347,1348]
[null,1349,null,null,null,1349,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1349,1349]
[null,1350,null,null,null,1350,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1350,1350,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1350]
[null,1351,null,null,null,1351,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1351,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1351,1351]
[null,1352,null,null,null,1352,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1352,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1352]
[null,1353,null,null,null,1353,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1353,null,null,null,1353]
[null,1354,null,null,null,1354,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1354]
[null,1355,null,null,null,1355,null,null,null,null,null,1355,null,null,1355,"1355\n\n\n\n"]
[null,1356,null,null,null,1356,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1356,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1356]
[null,1357,null,"Türkiye","The Ottoman conquests towards the end of the reign of Orhan I contrasted with those at the beginning of his reign can be seen in the graph. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",1357,null,null,null,null,null,null,1357,null,null,1358,null,null,1357,null,1357,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Map of the Ottoman conquests towards the end of the reign of Orhan I."]
[null,1358,null,null,null,1358]
[null,1359,null,null,null,1359,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1359,null,1359,null,null,null,null,null,null,1359]
[null,1360,null,null,null,1360,null,null,null,null,null,1360]
[null,1361,null,null,null,1361,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1361,null,null,null,null,null,null,1361]
[null,1362,null,null,null,1362,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1362]
[null,1363,null,null,null,1363,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1363,null,1363,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1370]
[null,1364,null,null,null,1364,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1364,1365]
[null,1366,null,null,null,1366,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1366,null,null,null,null,1366]
[null,1368,140,"CHINA","The Yuan period faced great social instability, a situation aggravated by natural disasters, such as the floods in the Yellow River valley that caused famine and also by the plague epidemic that affected a large part of the territory, causing great social disorder at the end of the Yuan dynasty that caused numerous rebellions against the Mongols. The anti-Mongol movement culminated in the expulsion of the Mongols and the creation by Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming dynasty.",1368,null,null,null,null,null,null,1367,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1368,1368]
[null,1368,null,null,null,1368,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1368]
[null,1368,null,null,null,1368,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1368,1368]
[null,1369,null,null,null,1369,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1369,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1370]
[null,1370,null,null,null,1370,null,null,null,null,null,1370,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1370,null,null,1370]
[null,1370,141,"\"IRAN\r\nINDIA\"","The Timurid dynasty, or Gurkani, was a Sunni Muslim dynasty or clan of Turkic-Mongol origin descended from the conqueror Tamerlane. Members of the Timurid dynasty were heavily influenced by Persian culture and established two major empires in history, the Timurid Empire based in Persia and Central Asia, and the Mughal Empire based in the Indian subcontinent.",1370,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1370,null,null,1370]
[null,1370,142,"IRAN","The Timurid Empire, self-styled as the Gurkani, was a Turko-Mongol empire that comprised modern-day Uzbekistan, Iran, the South Caucasus, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, as well as parts of contemporary India, Pakistan, Syria, and Turkey.",1370,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1370,null,null,1370,1370,1370]
[null,1371,null,null,null,1371,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1371,null,null,null,null,1370,null,null,null,1371]
[null,1374,null,null,null,1374,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1373,null,null,1374]
[null,1374,null,null,null,1374,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1374,null,null,1374,1374,1374]
[null,1374,null,null,null,1374,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1374,null,1374]
[null,1377,null,null,null,1377,null,null,null,null,null,1377,null,null,null,null,null,null,1376,null,null,null,1377,null,null,null,1377,1377]
[null,1378,null,null,null,1378,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1378,null,1378,1378]
[null,1379,null,null,null,1379,null,null,null,null,null,null,1379,1379,1380,null,null,null,1379,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1377]
[null,1380,null,null,null,1380,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1380]
[null,1381,null,null,null,1381,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1381,null,null,1381]
[null,1382,null,null,null,1382,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1382,null,null,null,1382,1382,null,1382]
[null,1382,null,null,null,1382,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1382,null,null,null,1382]
[null,1383,null,null,null,1383,null,null,null,null,null,null,1383,null,null,null,null,null,1383,null,null,null,null,1383,null,null,null,null,null,1383]
[null,1383,null,null,null,1383,null,null,null,null,null,null,1383]
[null,1383,null,null,null,1383]
[null,1385,null,null,null,1385,null,null,null,null,null,null,1385,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1385,null,null,null,null,null,1404]
[null,1385,null,null,null,1385,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1385]
[null,1387,null,null,null,1387,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1387]
[null,1388,null,null,null,1388,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1388,null,1388,null,null,null,1388]
[null,1389,null,null,null,1389,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1389,null," 1389",null,null,null,null,1389]
[null,1390,null,null,null,1390,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1390,null,null,null,null,1390,null,1389,null,null,1405,null,null,null,1390]
[null,1390,null,null,null,1390,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1390,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1404]
[null,1392,null,null,null,1392,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1392,null,null,null,1392]
[null,1391,null,null,null,1391,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1391,null,1391,null,1391,null,1392,null,null,null,null,null,"1405​",1392]
[null,1394,null,null,null,1394,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1395,null,null,1394]
[null,1395,null,null,null,1395,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1395,null,null,1395]
[null,1396,143,"Türkiye","The Battle of Nicopolis, also called the Nicopolis Crusade, pitted the forces of the Ottoman Empire against a coalition of Hungarians, Vlachs, and French, with a decisive Ottoman victory with which the knights of Western Europe soon lost their enthusiasm for crusades and no More expedition was sent eastward after this defeat; The fight would continue only in Spain and in the Mediterranean, in addition to the disputes against the pagan heresies of northern Europe.",1396,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1396,null,1396]
[null,1398,null,null,null,1398,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1398,1398,1399,null,1398]
[null,{"$f":"+F1829","v":1399},null,null,null,1399,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1399,null,1399]
[null,1400,null,null,null,1400,null,null,null,null,null,1400]
[null,1401,144,"\"IRAN\r\nMIDDLE EAST\"","Tamerlane invaded Syria and sacked the cities of Aleppo and Damascus. Period of greatest extension of the Timurid Dynasty around 1400. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",1401,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1401,1401,null,1401,1401]
[null,1402,145,"\"Türkiye\r\nIRAN\"","In the Battle of Angora or Battle of Ankara, the Ottoman Sultan Beyazid I and Tamerlane (Temür), Turkish-Mongol military and political leader, last of the great nomadic conquerors of Central Asia, faced each other and ended with a decisive victory. Timurid and Beyazid were made prisoner and humiliated along with one of his children. Temür devastated the Ottoman capital, Bursa, and the entire Ottoman territory experienced a strong shock, which thanks to the fact that Tamerlane gave up continuing to attack the Ottoman domains, the threat from him disappeared forever; In any case, it took the Ottomans at least a couple of decades to recover from the blow they received.",1402,null,null,null,null,null,1399,null,null,null,null,null,null,1403,null,1402,null,1402,1402,null,null,null,null,null,null,1402,"Period of greatest extension of the Timurid Dynasty around 1400."]
[null,1402,null,null,null,1402,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1402]
[null,1404,null,null,null,1404,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1404,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1405]
[null,1406,null,null,null,1406,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1406]
[null,1405,146,"Türkiye","Syria was recovered by Sultan Násir ad-Din Farach after Tamerlane died in 1405.",1405,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1405,1405]
[null,1410,null,null,null,1410,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1410]
[null,1411,null,null,null,1411,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1411]
[null,1412,null,null,null,1412,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1412,null,1412]
[null,1413,null,null,null,1413,null,null,null,null,null,1413,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1413]
[null,1413,null,null,null,1413,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1413]
[null,1414,null,null,null,1414,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1414]
[null,1415,147,"PORTUGAL","Battle of Ceuta, one of the main trading centers in the north of the Islamic world came under the dominion of Portugal. This conquest in Africa was part of the first phase of the great European expansion that would reach all the continents of the planet.",1415,null,null,null,null,null,null,1415,null,1415,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1415]
[null,1415,148,"PORTUGAL","The Portuguese Empire\nSet of territories of Portugal and its colonies in different phases and extension that was formed in the Age of Discoveries, during which it occupied a predominant place together with the Spanish Empire, being one of the most powerful and richest powers of the time. ",1415,null,null,null,null,null,null,1415]
[null,1415,149,"PORTUGAL","Portuguese exploration of the west coast of Africa, mapping the territory and seeking trade, particularly in spices, gold and slaves.",1415,null,null,null,null,null,null,1415]
[null,1420,null,null,null,1420,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1420]
[null,1420,null,null,null,1420,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1420]
[null,1422,null,null,null,1422,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1422]
[null,1421,null,null,null,1421,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1421,null,null,1421,null,null,null,1421,1422]
[null,1422,null,null,null,1422,null,null,null,null,null,1422,null,null,1422,null,null,null,null,null,1422,null,null,1422,null,null,null,1422]
[null,1423,null,null,null,1423,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1423,null,null,null,1423,null,null,null,null,null,null,1422,null,1423,1424]
[null,1424,null,"\"GREECE\r\nBYZANTIUM\"","The once glorious BYZANTINE Roman Empire in 1425 was completely cornered. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",1424,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1424,null,null,null,null,1424]
[null,1425,null,null,null,1425,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1425,null,null,null," 1425",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1425,"The once glorious BYZANTINE Roman Empire in the year 1425, completely cornered"]
[null,1425,null,null,null,1425,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1426,null,null,null,1425]
[null,1428,null,null,null,1428,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1430,null,null,null,1428,null,null,null,null,null,null,1428]
[null,1429,null,null,null,1429,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1429]
[null,1431,null,null,null,1431,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1431,null,1430,null,null,null,1430]
[null,1432,null,null,null,1432,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1432]
[null,1433,null,null,null,1433,null,null,null,null,null,null,1433,null,null,1433]
[null,1435,null,null,null,1435,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1435]
[null,1436,null,null,null,1436,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1436]
[null,1438,null,"\"AMERICA\r\nPERU\"","The Incaico Empire, Inca Empire or Tahuantinsuyo ('the four kingdoms of the sun') was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The period of their rule is known as Incanato or Incario. It arose in the region of the Peruvian Andes between the 15th and 16th centuries as a consequence of the expansion of the Cusco curacy, being the second historical stage and the period of greatest apogee of the Inca civilization. It spanned 2,500,000 km² between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest and the Gran Chaco in the east, from the Ancasmayo River (Colombia) in the north to the Maule River (Chile) in the south.",1438,null,null,null,null,1438,null,1438,null,null,null,null,null,1437,null,null,null,1438,null,null,null,null,1438,1424]
[null,1439,null,null,null,1439,null,null,null,null,null,null,1439,null,1439,null,null,null,1439]
[null,1440,null,null,null,1440,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1440,null,null,null,null,null,null,1440]
[null,1440,null,null,null,1440,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1440,null,null,null,null,null,null,1440]
[null,1440,null,null,null,1440,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1440,null,null,null,null,null,null,1441]
[null,1442,null,null,null,1442,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1442]
[null,1444,null,null,null,1444,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1444,null,1444]
[null,1446,null,null,null,1446,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1446,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1446]
[null,1447,null,null,null,1447,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1447]
[null,1448,null,null,null,1448,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1448,null,1448]
[null,1449,null,null,null,1449,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1449,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1449,1449]
[null,1451,null,null,null,1451,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1451,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1451]
[null,1452,null,null,null,1452,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1452,null,null,1452,null,1452]
[null,1453,150,"\"Türkiye\r\nBYZANTIUM\"","Fall of Constantinople:\nSultan Mehmed II besieges Constantinople; On May 29, the Janissaries enter through a gap between the Puerta de San Romano and Blanquerna; Constantine XI is seen for the last time on the battlefield while the population takes refuge in Hagia Sophia; The city is taken and plundered and the Byzantine Empire finally ceases to exist after 1480 years of history.",1453,null,null,null,null,1453,1453,1453,1453,1453,1453,1453,1453,1453,1453,1453,null,1453,1453,1453,1453,1453,1453,1453,null,1453]
[null,1453,null,null,null,1453,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1453,null,null,1453,1453,1453]
[null,1454,null,null,null,1454,null,null,null,null,null,1454,null,1454,null,null,null,null,null,null,1454,null,null,null,null,null,null,1453]
[null,1455,null,null,null,1455,null,null,null,null,null,1455]
[null,1457,null,null,null,1457,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1457]
[null,1458,null,null,null,1458,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1458,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1457]
[null,1460,151,"Türkiye","The Ottoman armies successively seized Constantinople in 1453, Athens in 1458 and Mistra, located very close to ancient Sparta, in 1460, with which every form of independent Greek state disappeared since then; The new Ottoman administration only recognizes the existence of a population that can be considered \"Greek\" and the Patriarch of Constantinople was considered by the Ottomans as the head of that \"Greek nation.\"",1460,null,null,null,null,null,1461,null,null,1461,null,1460,null,1460,null,1460,null,null,null,null,null,null,1461]
[null,1462,null,null,null,1462,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1462,null,null,null,1462,null," 1462",null,null,null,null,1467,1465]
[null,1464,null,"Türkiye","Ottoman territorial expansion in the 14th and 15th centuries. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",1464,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1464,null,null,null,1464,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1464,1464,"Ottoman territorial expansion in the 14th and 15th centuries."]
[null,1466,null,null,null,1466,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1466,null,null,null,null,1468]
[null,1467,null,null,null,1467,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1467,null,1467,null,null,null,1467]
[null,1467,152,"\"Türkiye\r\nIRAN\"","The ruling Timurid dynasty lost most of Persia to the confederation of Ak Koyunlu Turkmen who, at their peak during the reign of Uzun Hasan, defeated and extinguished the Kara Koyunlu and conquered Iraq, Azerbaijan and western Iran, ending the dynasty; A few years later they were defeated by the Ottomans",1467,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1467,1467,1467,null,null,1467]
[null,1469,null,null,null,1469,null,null,null,null,null,null,1469,1469,null,null,null,null,1469,null,null,null,1469,null,null,null,null,null,1469]
[null,1473,153,"Türkiye","The Battle of Otlukbeli or Otluk Beli between the Ak Koyunlu and the Ottoman Empire that was fought on August 11, 1473 ended with the defeat of the Ak Koyunlu Turkmen, ending Uzun Hasan's western ambitions and Europe's hopes to find an effective ally to take up the rear of the Ottoman Turks who emerged as the dominant power in Anatolia, the Levant and central Asia.",1473,null,null,null,null,null,1470,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1473,null,1471,1473,1473,1473,1473,null,1469]
[null,1474,null,null,null,1474,null,null,null,null,null,null,1474,1474,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1474]
[null,1478,null,null,null,1478,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1478]
[null,1479,null,null,null,1479,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1479]
[null,1480,null,null,null,1480,null,null,null,null,null,null,1480,1480]
[null,{"$f":"+F1893","v":1481},null,null,null,1481,null,null,null,null,null,null,1481,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1481]
[null,1482,null,null,null,1482,null,null,null,null,null,null,1482,1482]
[null,1483,null,null,null,1483,null,null,null,null,null,1483,null,null,1483,1483]
[null,1485,null,null,null,1485,null,null,null,null,null,1485,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1485]
[null,1485,null,null,null,1485,null,null,null,null,null,1485,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1485]
[null,1487,null,null,null,1487,null,null,null,null,null,1487,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1487]
[null,1488,null,null,null,1488,null,null,null,null,null,null,1488,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1490]
[null,1490,null,null,null,1490,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1490,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1490]
[null,1491,null,null,null,1491,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1491]
[null,1491,null,null,null,1491,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1491]
[null,1492,154,"SPAIN","Spanish Empire\nWith the Capitulations of Granada and the formal delivery of the keys to the city and the fortress-palace of the Alhambra on January 2, 1492 and with the subsequent discovery of America that originated the process of Spanish colonization of America and forced evangelization or extermination of the native indigenous people brings about the end of the Reconquista and the beginning of the Empire.",1492,null,null,null,null,1492,null,1492,1492,1492,1492,1492,1492,1492,1492,1492,null,1492,1492,1492,1492,1492,1492,1492,null,1492]
[null,1493,null,null,null,1493,null,null,null,null,null,null,1493,null,null,1493]
[null,1494,null,null,null,1494,null,null,null,null,null,null,1494,null,null,null,null,1494]
[null,1494,null,null,null,1494,null,null,null,null,null,null,1494,1494]
[null,1495,null,null,null,1495,null,null,null,null,null,null,1495,null,null,1495,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1495]
[null,1496,null,null,null,1496,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1496]
[null,1497,null,null,null,1497,null,null,null,null,null,null,1497,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1497,null,null,null,null,1496]
[null,1498,null,null,null,1498,null,null,null,null,null,null,1498,null,1498,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1498]
[null,1500,null,null,null,1500,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1500,null,1500,null,1500,null,1500,null,1500]
[null,1501,155,"IRAN","The Safavid Empire or Safawi dynasty is considered the largest Iranian Empire since the Muslim conquest of Persia. The Safavids originating from Ardabil, in the north of then Iran, present-day Iranian Azerbaijan, were an Azeri Turkic-speaking dynasty, whose classical language was Persian; The Safavids created a unified and independent Iranian state, reaffirmed Iranian political identity and established Shiite Islam as the official religion of Iran in which Shiite imams, unlike Sunni caliphs, embody both spiritual and earthly powers, i.e. , a theocracy. The Shiite Safavid Empire and the Sunni Ottoman Empire were constantly at odds with religious wars. The Safavids ruled Iran until 1722, when the forces of Mir Mahmud Hotaki's Pashtuns of Afghanistan invaded their domains.",1501,null,null,null,null,null,null,1500,1502,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1501,null,1501,1501,1501]
[null,1501,null,null,null,1501,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1502]
[null,1504,null,null,null,1504,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1504,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," 1505",null,null,null,null,1501]
[null,1505,null,null,null,1505,null,null,null,null,null,null,1505,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1506,null,null,null,null,null,1503,null,1505]
[null,1507,null,null,null,1507,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1507]
[null,1508,null,null,null,1508,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1508]
[null,1509,156,"IRAN","Ismail I, Safavid Shah of Persia conquers Baghdad.",1509,null,null,null,null,null,1509,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1509]
[null,1509,null,null,null,1509,null,null,null,null,null,1509,null,null,1509]
[null,1510,null,null,null,1510,null,null,null,null,null,null,1510,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1510,null,null,null,null,null,1509]
[null,1512,null,null,null,1512,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1512]
[null,1513,null,null,null,1513,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1513]
[null,1514,157,"Türkiye","The Battle of Chaldiran between the armies of the Ottoman and Safavid empires ends with victory for the former. As a result the Ottomans gained control of eastern Anatolia and northern modern-day Iraq. Although Ismāʻil was defeated and his capital captured, the Safavid Empire survived. The war between the two powers continued under Ismāʻil's son, Emperor Tahmasp I and the Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, until Shah Abbās retook the lost area in 1602.",1514,null,null,null,null,1513,null,1514,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1514,1514,null,1514,null,1514,null,null,1510]
[null,1515,null,null,null,1515,null,null,null,null,null,null,1515,1512,1515,null,null,null,null,null,1515,null,null,null,null,null,1515,1515]
[null,1516,158,"Türkiye","Selim I the Severe immediately attacked and destroyed the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the battles of Marj Dabiq and Al-Raydaniyya, which allowed the annexation of Egypt as an Eyalate; He likewise captured Hijaz and extended Ottoman power to the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, thereby claiming the title of Caliph, guardian of the holy places of Islam.",1516,null,null,null,null,null,null,1516,1516,null,1516,null,null,null,null,1516,null,null,null,null,null,1516,1516]
[null,1516,null,null,null,1516,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1516]
[null,1517,159,"Türkiye","Selim I the Severe captured Hijaz and with it Mecca and Medina, for which he claimed the title of Caliph, guardian of the holy places of Islam.\r\nThe Ottoman sultan began to hold the title of Caliph, thus ending all Caliphates.",1517,null,null,null,null,null,null,1517,1517,1517,1517,null,null,null,1517,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1517]
[null,1519,null,null,null,1519,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1519  ","1519  "]
[null,1521,null,null,null,1521,null,null,null,null,null,null,1521,null,null,1520,null,null,null,null,1520,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1521]
[null,1521,null,null,null,1521,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1521,1521]
[null,1522,null,null,null,1522,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1522]
[null,1524,null,null,null,1524,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1524,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1524]
[null,1525,null,null,null,1525,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1525,null,null,null,null,1522,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1525]
[null,1526,160,"Türkiye","Battle of Mohacs, the Ottomans crushed the Hungarian army and King Louis II of Hungary was killed; the Kingdom of Hungary, the most powerful state east of Vienna, under Matthias I, was divided, now with the northern and western parts of Hungary was constantly at war with the Turks and Archduke Ferdinand of Austria was declared King of Hungary (Rival of the Ottomans).\nJohn of Zápolya, King of Hungary like John I, is installed as a vassal of the Ottomans.",1526,null,null,null,null,1526,null,1526,null,1526,1526,null,null,1526,1526,1526,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1526,1526]
[null,1526,161,"\"ASIA\r\nCENTRAL\r\nINDIA\"","Early Modern Age\nMughal Empire (1526-1858)\nBabur, a descendant of Tamerlane and Genghis Khan and a native of central Asia, in what is now Uzbekistan, entered the Khyber Pass and after defeating the last of the sultans of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, in the battle of Panipat in 1526, established the Mughal Empire, which at its peak included the territory of present-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh.",1526,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1526]
[null,1526,null,null,null,1526,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1526,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1526]
[null,1529,null,null,null,1529,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1529,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1529]
[null,1530,null,null,null,1530,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1530]
[null,1532,null,"\"AMERICA\r\nPERU\"","With the last actions of the civil war on November 16, 1532, the victor and new Inca, Atahualpa, met in Cajamarca with the Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro. In said meeting, November 16, 1532, Atahualpa, his entourage and his army were ambushed and he was taken prisoner by the Spanish and executed months later, on July 26, 1533; They then proclaimed Manco Inca as the new Inca, with the intention of turning him into a puppet king, which was not possible because he wanted to restore the Inca rule.",1532,null,null,null,null,1532,null,1532,1532,null,null,null,null,null,null,1532,null,null,1532,null,1532]
[null,1533,null,"\"AMERICA\r\nPERU\"","Although they caused heavy casualties to the Spanish, Manco Inca's forces were unable to take Cuzco due to the permanence of many of his brothers (such as Paullu Inca) and several towns in Tahuantinsuyo supporting the Spanish side. Finally, Manco Inca had to disband his army and retreat to the rugged mountains of Vilcabamba, from where he led the Inca resistance against the Spanish.",1533,null,null,null,null,1533,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," 1533"]
[null,1534,162,"Türkiye","In the first campaign the Ottomans led by Grand Vizier Ibrahim Pasha and later by Suleiman I himself, successfully attacked Safavid Iraq, recaptured Bitlis, and proceeded to capture Tabriz and Baghdad in 1534.",1534,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1534,null,null,1534,1534,1534]
[null,1534,null,null,null,1534,null,null,null,null,null,1534,null,null,1534,1534,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1534]
[null,1535,null,null,null,1535,null,null,null,null,1535,1535,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1535]
[null,1535,null,null,null,1535,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1535]
[null,1536,null,null,null,1536,null,null,null,null,null,1536,1536]
[null,1538,null,null,null,1538,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1538]
[null,1540,null,null,null,1540,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1540,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1540]
[null,1541,null,null,null,1541,null,null,null,null,null,1541,null,null,null,1541]
[null,1542,null,null,null,1542,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1542,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1542]
[null,1542,null,null,null,1542,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1542]
[null,1543,null,null,null,1543,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1543]
[null,1547,null,null,null,1547,null,null,null,null,null,1547,null,null,1547,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1547,null,null,null,null,null,null,1547]
[null,1547,null,null,null,1547,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," 1547​"]
[null,1548,null,null,null,1548,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1548,null,null,null,null,1548]
[null,1550,null,null,null,1550,null,null,null,null,null,1550]
[null,1553,null,null,null,1553,null,null,null,null,null,1553,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1553,null,1552,1553,null,1553]
[null,{"$f":"+F1957","v":1554},null,null,null,1554,null,null,null,null,null,1554,1556,1556]
[null,1555,null,null,null,1555,null,null,null,null,null,null,1556,null,null,1555]
[null,1556,null,null,null,1556,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1556]
[null,1556,null,null,null,1556,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1556]
[null,1557,null,null,null,1557,null,null,null,null,null,null,1557,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1557]
[null,1558,null,null,null,1558,null,null,null,null,null,1558,null,null,1558,1558]
[null,1559,null,"ROME","At the end of the Italian wars the House of Austria had managed to establish the Holy German Empire as the first world power, to the detriment of France. The states of Italy, which during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance had accumulated a power disproportionate to their small size, saw their political and military weight reduced to that of secondary powers, some of them disappearing. Territorial changes in Italy between 1495 and 1535 towards the end of the wars won by the Holy Empire in 1559. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",1559,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1559,null,null,1559]
[null,1560,null,null,null,1560,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1560,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1560]
[null,1562,null,null,null,1562,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1562,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Territorial changes in Italy between 1495 and 1535 towards the end of the wars won by the Holy Empire in 1559."]
[null,1564,null,null,null,1564,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1564]
[null,1565,null,null,null,1565,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1565]
[null,1566,null,null,null,1566,null,null,null,null,null,1566,null,1566,null,null,null,null,null,null,1566]
[null,1567,null,null,null,1567,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1567]
[null,1568,null,null,null,1568,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1568]
[null,1568,null,null,null,1568,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1568,null,1568,null,null,null,null,null,null,1569,null,null,null,null,null,1568,1568]
[null,1569,null,null,null,1569,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1569]
[null,1571,null,null,null,1571,null,null,null,null,1570,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1571]
[null,1572,null,null,null,1572,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1572]
[null,1573,null,null,null,1573,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1573]
[null,1574,null,null,null,1574,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1574]
[null,1577,163,"ENGLAND","The British Overseas Empire (1577-1697)\nThe final part of the reign of Elizabeth I, between 1577 and 1590, coincided with a time of great splendor in which the beginnings of British exploration and settlements were laid throughout the oceans outside Europe, waging numerous wars against the Spanish Empire of Philip II, which required Isabel to reinforce the navy of her kingdom and with this initiate and consolidate the exploration and construction of settlements in America, the first of which was established in 1607 in Jamestown (Virginia).",1577,null,null,null,null,null,1577,null,null,null,1576,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1576]
[null,1578,null,null,null,1578,null,null,null,null,null,null,1578,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1574,null,null,null,null,1578]
[null,1579,null,null,null,1579,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1579]
[null,1580,null,null,null,1580,null,null,null,null,null,null,1580,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1587]
[null,1580,164,"\"SPAIN\r\nPORTUGAL\"","Union of Spain with Portugal under the House of Austria\nThe historical period between 1580 and 1640 in which the Hispanic Monarchy constituted a dynastic union \"aeque principaliter\" together with the other domains that made up the Portuguese Empire under the same sovereign of the House of Austria, which were:\nPhilip II of Spain, (1527-1598) (as Philip I in Portugal) (r. 1580-1598)\nPhilip III of Spain, (1578-1621) (as Philip II in Portugal) (r. 1598-1621)\nPhilip IV of Spain, (1605-1665) (as Philip III in Portugal) (r. 1621-1640)",1580,null,null,null,null,null,null,1580,1580,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1580,null,null,null,null,null,1572]
[null,1580,null,null,null,1580,null,null,null,null,null,null,1580,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1584,null,null,null,null,null,1586]
[null,1580,null,null,null,1580,null,null,null,null,null,null,1580,1580]
[null,1582,null,null,null,1582,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1582]
[null,1584,null,null,null,1584,null,null,null,null,null,1585,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," 1584"]
[null,1585,null,null,null,1585,null,null,null,null,1585,1585,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1585]
[null,1586,null,null,null,1586,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1586]
[null,1589,null,null,null,1589,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1589]
[null,1590,null,null,null,1590,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1590]
[null,1594,null,null,null,1594,null,null,null,null,null,1594]
[null,1595,null,null,null,1595,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1595]
[null,1598,null,null,null,1598,null,null,null,null,null,null,1598,null,1598,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1598]
[null,1598,null,null,null,1598,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1598,1598,null,1598,1598,1598,1598,null,null," 1598",1598,1598,1598,1598,1598,1598,1598]
[null,1599,null,null,null,1599,null,null,null,null,null,1599,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1599]
[null,1600,null,null,null,1600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1600,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1601,1600]
[null,1602,null,null,null,1602,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1602]
[null,1603,null,null,null,1603,null,null,null,null,null,1603,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1603,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1603]
[null,1603,null,null,null,1603,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1603]
[null,1605,null,null,null,1605,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1605]
[null,1605,null,null,null,1605,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1605,null,null,null,null,null,1605,1605]
[null,1606,null,null,null,1606,null,null,null,null,1606,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1606,null,null,null,null,null,null,1606]
[null,1607,null,null,null,1607,null,null,null,null,null,1607]
[null,1607,null,null,null,1607,null,null,null,null,1607,1607,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1605]
[null,1607,null,null,null,1607,null,null,null,null,1607,1607]
[null,1609,null,null,null,1609,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1609]
[null,1610,null,null,null,1610,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1610,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1610,null,null,null,null,null,1610,1611]
[null,1612,null,null,null,1612,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1612,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1612]
[null,1613,null,null,null,1613,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," 1613"]
[null,1616,null,null,null,1616,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1616,1616]
[null,1617,null,null,null,1617,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1617,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1614,null,1616]
[null,1618,null,null,null,1618,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1618]
[null,1618,null,null,null,1618,null,null,null,null,null,1618,null,null,null,1618]
[null,1618,null,null,null,1618,null,null,null,null,null,1618,1618,1618,1618,1618,null,null,null,null,1618,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1617]
[null,1619,null,null,null,1619,null,null,null,null,1620,null,null,null,null,1619,null,null,null,null,1622,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1619]
[null,1621,null,null,null,1621,null,null,null,null,null,null,1621,1621]
[null,1622,null,null,null,1622,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1622,null,null,1622,null,1622]
[null,1623,null,null,null,1623,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1623,null,null,1623,null,1623,null,null,null,1623]
[null,1624,165,"\"IRAN\r\nIRAQ\"","The Persians besieged Baghdad and took it on January 14, 1624; The fall of the city was followed by the massacre of a large part of its Sunni population, in an attempt by the Shah to transform Baghdad into a purely Shiite city. The Persians soon captured most of Iraq, including the cities of Kirkuk and Mosul and the holy Shia shrines of Najaf and Karbala, both of which the Shah visited.",1624,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1624,null,null,1624,null,1624]
[null,1625,null,null,null,1625,null,null,null,null,1626,1625,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1626]
[null,1629,null,null,null,1629,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1629,null,null,null,1629]
[null,{"$f":"+F2021","v":1630},null,null,null,1630,null,null,null,null,1630,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1630]
[null,1635,null,null,null,1635,null,null,null,null,null,1635,null,1635,1635,1635,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1627,null,1636]
[null,1637,null,null,null,1637,null,null,null,null,1635,1635,null,null,null,1637,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1643]
[null,1638,166,"Türkiye","In 1638, Murad again personally led an army against Baghdad. The city fell in December after a 39-day siege, effectively restoring Ottoman control over Iraq, and peace negotiations began soon after.",1638,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1638,null,null,1638,null,1638]
[null,1639,null,null,null,1639,null,null,null,null,null,1639,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1639,null,null,1639,null,1639,null,null,null,1639,1661]
[null,1640,167,"PORTUGAL","Restoration of independence: December 1, 1640\nWith John IV of Portugal, the Braganza dynasty took power and achieved, after a long war, definitive independence from the Spanish crown due to the difficulty that the Spanish armies faced with all open conflicts: the War. of the Thirty Years, the uprising in Catalonia and the revolts in Portugal, Sicily and Naples.\nJohn IV, (1604-1656), King of Portugal.",1640,null,null,null,null,null,null,1640,1640,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1632,1640,1722]
[null,1642,null,null,null,1642,null,null,null,null,null,1642,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1642,null,null,1635,null,1735]
[null,1643,null,null,null,1643,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1643,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1643,1796]
[null,1647,null,null,null,1647,null,null,null,null,null,1646,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1645]
[null,1648,null,null,null,1648,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1647,null,null,null,null,1645,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1642]
[null,1648,null,null,null,1648,null,null,null,null,null,1648,null,1648,1648,1648,null,null,null,null,1648]
[null,1649,null,null,null,1649,null,null,null,null,null,1649]
[null,1650,null,null,null,1650,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1650]
[null,1651,null,null,null,1651,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1651]
[null,1652,null,null,null,1652,null,null,null,null,null,1652]
[null,1653,null,null,null,1653,null,null,null,null,null,1653]
[null,1654,null,null,null,1654,null,null,null,null,null,1654,null,null,null,1654,null,null,null,null,null,null,1654]
[null,1656,null,null,null,1656,null,null,null,null,null,null,1656,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1655]
[null,1658,null,"\"VALLEY\r\nOF THE INDUS\"","The Mughal Empire under the governments of Jahangir and Shah Jahan was characterized by political stability and strong economic activity that fostered the emergence of great centers of trade and crafts such as Agra, Lahore, Delhi and Ahmadabad, all of which were connected by roads. and river roads to other ports or more distant places and produced beautiful paintings and monumental buildings such as the world famous Taj Mahal that was built between 1631 and 1654 in the city of Agra, by Emperor Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for Mumtaz Mahal, his beloved fourth (!!) wife, who died giving birth to her fourteenth child!!\n SEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",1658,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1658,null,null,"Taj Mahal"]
[null,1659,null,null,null,1659,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1659,1659,1658,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1658]
[null,1660,null,null,null,1660,null,null,null,null,null,1660,1661]
[null,1664,null,null,null,1664,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1664,1663]
[null,1665,null,null,null,1665,null,null,null,null,null,1665,null,1665,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1665,null,null,1665]
[null,1666,null,null,null,1666,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1666]
[null,1667,null,null,null,1667,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1667,1667,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1667]
[null,1670,null,null,null,1670,null,null,null,null,null,1670]
[null,1672,null,null,null,1672,null,null,null,null,null,1672,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1672]
[null,1674,168,"\"VALLEY\r\nOF THE INDUS\"","Maratha Empire (1674-1818)\nShivaji, First Maratha Emperor: leader of the clan of Maratha Indian warriors who established an independent zone around Pune from the Deccan sultanate of Bijapur and promoted guerrilla wars against the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. In the course of his lifetime, Shivaji became involved in alliances and hostilities with the Mughal Empire, the Golconda Sultanate and the Bijapur Sultanate, as well as the English, Portuguese and French colonial powers.\"",1674,null,null,null,null,null,1674,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1674]
[null,1676,null,null,null,1676,null,null,null,null,null,1676,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," 1676"]
[null,1680,null,null,null,1680,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1680,1680]
[null,1681,null,null,null,1681,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1681]
[null,1683,null,null,null,1683,null,null,null,null,1682,1683,1683,null,null,1683,null,null,null,null,1684,null,1682]
[null,1685,null,null,null,1685,null,null,null,null,null,1685,null,null,null,1686]
[null,1688,null,null,null,1688,null,null,null,null,null,1688,null,null,null,1686,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1687]
[null,1689,null,null,null,1689,null,null,null,null,null,1689,null,null,1688,1688,null,null,null,null,1687,null," 1697",null,null,null,null,null,1689]
[null,1689,null,null,null,1689,null,null,null,null,null,1689,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1691]
[null,1694,null,null,null,1694,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1694]
[null,1695,null,null,null,1695,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1695]
[null,1696,null,null,null,1696,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1696]
[null,1697,169,"\"ENGLAND\r\nFRANCE\"","With the Peace Treaty of Rijswijk the Nine Years' War ends; among other things, Louis XIV of France agreed to recognize William III as king of England and promised not to give any further aid to James II, while renouncing his interference in the archbishopric of Cologne and the claim over part of the Rhenish Palatinate.\r\nEngland's foreign policy was halted by a series of internal problems it had faced, such as the civil war (1642-1645), the Republic and Cromwell's protectorate (1649-1660) and the subsequent restoration, all seasoned with fighting. internal disputes between Catholics and Protestants; only until after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 when the kingdom recovered the necessary internal stability.\"",1697,null,null,null,null,1697,1697,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1698]
[null,1699,null,null,null,1699,null,null,null,null,1699,1699,1699,1699,1699,1699,1699,1699,1699,1699,1699,null,1699,null,null,1699,1699,1699,1699,null,1699]
[null,1701,null,null,null,1701,null,null,null,null,null,1701,null,1701,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1700]
[null,1701,null,"\"VALLEY\r\nOF THE INDUS\"","During Aurangzeb's reign, the Mughal Empire was the largest economy in the world, worth more than 25% of the world's GDP. It controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent, stretching from Chittagong in the east to Kabul and the Balochistan region. in the west; and from Kashmir in the north to the Kaveri River basin in the south. Its population at that time has been estimated between 110 and 150 million people (a quarter of the world's population), in a territory of more than of 4 million square kilometers. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",1701,null,null,null,null,null,1701,null,1701,null,"\n\n\n1701\n\n1701\n1713 \n1740\n1786\n1797\n1840\n1861\n1888 \n1888",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Mughal Empire around 1700 towards the end of Aurangzeb's reign."]
[null,1702,null,null,null,1702,null,null,null,null,null,1702]
[null,1703,null,null,null,1703,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1703]
[null,1704,170,"IRAQ","Mamluk government in Iraq\nDuring the Ottoman Empire, the Mamluks, free slaves who converted to Islam, were trained in a special school and then assigned to military and administrative duties and as such presided over Ottoman Iraq from 1704 to 1831.",1704,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1704,1704]
[null,1705,null,null,null,1705,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1705,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1705]
[null,1706,null,null,null,1706,null,null,null,null,null,1706,1706,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1709]
[null,1707,null,null,null,1707,null,null,null,null,null,1707,null,"1715        ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1707]
[null,1709,null,null,null,1709,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1709,null,null,null,1709]
[null,1709,null,null,null,1709,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1709,null,null,null,1709]
[null,1711,null,null,null,1711,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1711,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1707]
[null,1711,null,null,null,1711,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1711]
[null,1713,null,null,null,1713,null,null,null,null,null,1713,null,null,1713,1713,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1713]
[null,1713,null,null,null,1713,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1713]
[null,1714,null,null,null,1714,null,null,null,null,null,1714]
[null,1715,null,null,null,1715,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1715]
[null,1716,null,null,null,1716,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1716]
[null,1717,null,null,null,1717,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1717,null,null,1717]
[null,1717,null,null,null,1717,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1717]
[null,1720,null,null,null,1720,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1720,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1720]
[null,1721,null,null,null,1721,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1721]
[null,1721,171,"RUSSIA","Russian empire.\r\nIt is the political system that was implemented in Russia between 1721 as a successor to the Russian Tsardom and that lasted until 1917 to govern large areas of the European, Asian and American continents.",1721,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1721]
[null,1721,null,null,null,1721,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1721]
[null,{"$f":"+F2085","v":1722},null,null,null,1722,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1722]
[null,1722,null,null,null,1722,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1722]
[null,1722,172,"\"RUSSIA\r\nIRAN\"","The Russo-Persian War, or Peter the Great's Persian Campaign, was provoked by the Tsar's attempt to expand Russian influence in the Caspian and South Caucasus regions, with the aim of preventing his rival, the Ottoman Empire, from gaining territories in the region at the expense of Safavid Persia. Russian military success and the Turkish invasion of Persian possessions in the South Caucasus in the spring of 1723 forced the government of Tahmasp II to sign a peace treaty in St. Petersburg, which handed over Derbent, Baku, and the Persian provinces of Shirvan. , Gilan, Mazandaran and Astraabad to the Russians on September 12, 1723.",1722,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1722,null,null,1722]
[null,1725,null,null,null,1725,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1724,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," 1725",null,null,1725]
[null,1727,null,null,null,1727,null,null,null,null,null,1727,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," 1727"]
[null,1729,null,null,null,1729,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1729]
[null,1730,173,null,null,1730,null,null,null,null,1730,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1730,null," 1730",null,null,1730]
[null,1732,null,null,null,1732,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1732,null,null,null,1732]
[null,1736,null,null,null,1736,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1736,null,null,null,1735]
[null,1736,null,null,null,1736,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1736]
[null,1740,null,null,null,1740,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1740,null,null,null,null,null,null," 1740"]
[null,1741,null,null,null,1741,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1740,null,null,null,null,null,null," 1741",null,null,null,null,null,1739]
[null,1742,null,null,null,1742,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1742]
[null,1744,null,null,null,1744,null,null,null,null,null,1744,null,1746]
[null,1745,null,null,null,1745,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1745,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1750,null,null,1744,1745]
[null,1747,null,null,null,1747,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1747,null,null,null,1747,null,null,1747,1747]
[null,1749,null,null,null,1749,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1749,null,null,1749]
[null,1750,null,null,null,1750,null,null,null,null,null,null,1750]
[null,1750,null,null,null,1750,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1750]
[null,1754,null,null,null,1754,null,null,null,null,null,1754,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1754,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1757]
[null,1756,null,null,null,1756,null,null,null,null,null,1756]
[null,1757,174,"ENGLAND\r\n","The Second British Empire (1757-1999)\nIt begins in Asia when the British East India Company opened the Indian province of Bengal to British rule. During the first decades of the 20th century, the British Empire reached a population of about 458 million people and about 35,000,000 km², which meant approximately a quarter of the world's population and a fifth of the land surface. The peak of the empire occurred for about a hundred years (the so-called imperial century, developed between 1815 and 1914).",1757,null,null,null,null,null,1757,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1757]
[null,1757,null,null,null,1757,null,null,null,null,null,1757]
[null,1760,null,null,null,1760,null,null,null,null,null,1760,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1760,1760]
[null,1760,null,null,null,1760,null,null,null,null,null,1760]
[null,1760,175,"ENGLAND\r\n","Industrial Revolution (1760-1840)\n• 1764-1771: The spinning Jenny was a manual spinning machine, invented in 1764​ by James Hargreaves; The hydraulic spinning machine was developed in 1771 by Richard Arkwrighten and consisted of a frame that allowed up to 128 spinning mechanisms to be operated simultaneously, substantially increasing the production and quality of industrially manufactured yarn.\n• 1775: Boulton and Watt: the English manufacturer Matthew Boulton and the Scottish engineer James Watt, founded one of the first British companies for the design and manufacture of marine and stationary steam engines, on which the First Industrial Revolution is based.\n• 1802: Discovery of the smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner and the beginnings of immunology.\n• 1804: The first steam locomotive was built by Richard Trevithick, 10 years before George Stephenson's engine.\n• 1814: George Stephenson built his first locomotive, and the first line considered modern\" was the Manchester-Liverpool line opened in 1830. \"",1760,null,null,null,null,null,1760]
[null,1762,null,null,null,1762,null,null,null,null,1762,null,null,1762,1762,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1762]
[null,1763,null,null,null,1763,null,null,null,null,1763,1763,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1762]
[null,1763,null,null,null,1763,null,null,null,null,1763,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1774]
[null,1763,null,null,null,1763,null,null,null,null,1763,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1789]
[null,1765,null,null,null,1765,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1765,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1765]
[null,1767,null,null,null,1767,null,null,null,null,1767,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1768]
[null,1772,null,null,null,1772,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1772,1771]
[null,1773,null,null,null,1773,null,null,null,null,1773,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1772,null,null,null,null,null,1773]
[null,1774,null,null,null,1774,null,null,null,null,1774,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1774]
[null,1775,null,null,null,1775,null,null,null,null,1775,1775,null,null,1774,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1761]
[null,1776,null,"\"AMERICA\r\nUSA\"","The Second Continental Congress of delegates from the Thirteen North American Colonies, meeting on May 10, 1775, took charge of the military effort and finally adopted the Declaration of Independence of the United States on July 4, 1776. The Thirteen Colonies were ( from north to south): Province of Massachusetts Bay, Province of New Hampshire, Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Province of Connecticut, Province of New York, Province of Pennsylvania, Province of New Jersey, Colony of Delaware, Province of Maryland, Colony of Virginia, Province of North Carolina, Province of South Carolina and Province of Georgia. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE CHART",1776,null,null,null,null,1776,null,1777,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Location of the Thirteen English Colonies in North America."]
[null,1776,null,null,null,1776,null,null,null,null,1776,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1778]
[null,1778,null,null,null,1778,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1778]
[null,1780,null,null,null,1780,null,null,null,null,null,1780,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1780]
[null,1783,null,null,null,1783,null,null,null,null,1783,1783,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1783]
[null,1783,null,null,null,1783,null,null,null,null,null,1783]
[null,1784,null,null,null,1784,null,null,null,null,null,1784]
[null,1786,null,null,null,1786,null,null,null,null,1787,null,null,null,1786,1786,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1786]
[null,1787,null,null,null,1787,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1759,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1787,null,null,null,null,null,1787]
[null,1788,null,null,null,1788,null,null,null,null,1789,1788]
[null,1789,176,"FRANCE","The French Revolution marks the beginning of the end of absolute monarchies and the beginning of the Contemporary Age by laying the foundations of modern democracy.",1789,null,null,null,null,1789,1789,1789,1789,1789,1789,null,null,null,null,null,null,1789]
[null,1790,null,null,null,1790,null,null,null,null,1790]
[null,1791,null,null,null,1791,null,null,null,null,1791,null,null,null,1791]
[null,1791,null,null,null,1791,null,null,null,null,1791,null,null,null,null,1790]
[null,1792,null,null,null,1792,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1792,1792,null,null,null,null,null,null,1793]
[null,1792,null,null,null,1792,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1792,1792]
[null,1793,null,null,null,1793,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1793]
[null,1794,null,null,null,1794,null,null,null,null,1795,1795,null,1788,null,null,null,null,null,null,1807,null,1795,null,null,1794]
[null,1794,null,null,null,1794,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1794]
[null,1795,null,null,null,1795,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1795,null,null,null,null,null,null,1795]
[null,1796,null,null,null,1796,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1796]
[null,1797,null,null,null,1797,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1797,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1797]
[null,1797,null,null,null,1797,null,null,null,null,1797,null,null,null,1797,1797,null,null,null,null,null,null," 1796",null,null,null,null,null,1799]
[null,1799,null,null,null,1799,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1799,1799,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1799]
[null,1800,null,null,null,1800,null,null,null,null,1800,null,null,null,1800,1800]
[null,1801,177,"\"FRANCE\r\nROME\r\nGERMANY\"","The Treaty of Lunéville was signed between France and the Holy Roman Empire as a reinforcement of the conditions imposed on Austria with the previous Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797; The disputed borders of Italy were defined, ending the Kingdom of Italy that was incorporated into the Holy Empire.",1801,null,null,null,null,null,1801,null,null,1801,1801,null,1801,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1801]
[null,0,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1801,null,null,null,null,1804,null,null,null,null,null,null,1801]
[null,1804,178,"FRANCE","First French Empire under Napoleon.\nDecember 2, 1804: ",1804,null,null,null,null,1802,null,null,null,1804,1804]
[null,{"$f":"+F2149","v":1805},null,null,null,1805,null,null,null,null,1804,null,null,null,1805,1805,null,1805,null,null,null,null,1805,null,null,null,null,1805]
[null,1806,null,null,null,1806,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1806,1806]
[null,1807,179,"FRANCE","Napoleonic invasions and the Peninsular War\nThe Spanish War of Independence was a military conflict developed between 1807 and 1814 within the context of the Napoleonic Wars, which pitted the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom and Portugal against the First French Empire, whose intention was to establish in the Spanish throne to Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte, after the Bayonne abdications.\nFaced with the Napoleonic invasion, the royal court with Mary I, her consort Peter III and her son Prince Regent Juan de Braganza, fled to Brazil on November 13, 1807. ",1807,null,null,null,null,null,1807,1807,1807,null,null,null,null,null,null,1808,null,1807]
[null,1808,null,null,null,1808,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1808]
[null,1808,null,null,null,1808,null,null,null,null,1809,null,1808,1808,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1808]
[null,1810,null,null,null,1810,null,null,null,null,1810,null,null,1810]
[null,1810,null,null,null,1810,null,null,null,null,1810,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1811]
[null,1811,null,"FRANCE","Europe after the Napoleonic victories against the Holy German Empire. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",1811,null,null,null,null,null,null,1811,1811,1811,1811,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1811,null,null,null,"Europe after the Napoleonic victories against the Holy German Empire."]
[null,1812,null,null,null,1812,null,null,null,null,1812,null,null,null,1812,1812,null,null,null,null,null,null,1812]
[null,1814,180,"FRANCE","Napoleon Bonaparte renounces the French throne and goes into exile on the island of Elba.",1814,null,null,null,null,null,null,1814,null,1814,1814]
[null,1814,181,"SPAIN","Fernando VII, (1784-1833), House of Bourbon First Restoration\r\nLouis XVIII - Reestablishment of the Bourbon Monarchy",1814,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1814,1814]
[null,1814,182,"FRANCE","The Congress of Vienna was an international meeting held in the Austrian capital, convened with the aim of reestablishing the borders of Europe after the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte and the immediate restoration of absolutist governments with political ideologies of the Old Regime.",1814,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1814,1814,null,null,null,null,null,null,1814]
[null,1815,null,null,null,1815,null,null,null,null,null,null,1815,null,1815,"1815\n\n\n\n\n1815",null,null,null,null,null,null,1815]
[null,1816,null,null,null,1816,null,null,null,null,1816,null,1816,null,1815,1815,null,1816]
[null,1817,183,"\"ENGLAND\r\nINDIA\"\r\n","The Third Anglo-Maratha War was the final and definitive conflict between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire or Confederation of India; The invasion of Maratha territory by more than one hundred and ten thousand soldiers of the British East India Company led to British Victory and the formal demise of the Maratha Empire and the firm settlement and subsequent control over much of the territory of the Indian subcontinent of the British East India Company.",1817,null,null,null,null,1817,null,1816,null,null,1815,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1817,1817]
[null,1819,null,null,null,1819,null,null,null,null,1819]
[null,1820,null,null,null,1820,null,null,null,null,1820,1820,1820]
[null,1820,null,null,null,1820,null,null,null,null,1820,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1820]
[null,1821,null,null,null,1821,null,null,null,null,1821,null,1821,null,null,null,1821,null,null,null,1821]
[null,1822,null,null,null,1822,null,null,null,null,null,null,1822,null,null,null,1822,1832]
[null,1822,184,"PORTUGAL","The end of the Portuguese Empire.\nThe Empire gradually lost power with the process of decline that began in the 17th century, this process being marked by the independence of Brazil, the most important of its colonies, and ending with the decolonization process carried out between 1960 and 1975.",1822,null,null,null,null,null,null,1822]
[null,1822,185,"BRAZIL","Empire of Brazil\nProclamation of the Independence of Brazil on September 7, 1822 and acclamation of the Empire of Brazil on October 12, 1822.\nPedro I, Emperor of Brazil, 1822-1831.",1822,null,null,null,null,1823,null,1822]
[null,1824,null,null,null,1824]
[null,1825,null,null,null,1825,null,null,null,null,1825,null,1825,1824,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," 1825"]
[null,1825,null,null,null,1825,null,null,null,null,null,null,1825,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1825]
[null,1826,null,null,null,1826,null,null,null,null,null,null,1826]
[null,1826,null,null,null,1826,null,null,null,null,null,null,1826,null,1824,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1826]
[null,1827,null,null,null,1827,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1827,null,null,null,null,null,null,1827]
[null,1827,null,null,null,1827,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1827]
[null,1828,null,null,null,1828,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1828​",null,null,null,1827,null,null,null,null,1828]
[null,1828,186,"\"RUSSIA\r\nTürkiye\"","The Russo-Turkish War was a military conflict between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire based on the Greek struggle for independence; The war broke out when the sultan, angered by Russian participation in the Battle of Navarino, closed the Dardanelles to Russian shipping traffic and revoked the Akkerman Convention (1826). The war ended with the Treaty of Adrianople and marked an important victory for Russia and another step in the decline of the Ottoman Empire. Russia gained most of the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the mouth of the Danube. Turkey recognized Russian sovereignty over Georgia and the eastern part of the territory of present-day Armenia was ceded to the Russian Empire. Russia was allowed to occupy Moldavia and Wallachia until Turkey paid a large indemnity. Serbia also achieved autonomy.",1828,null,null,null,null,1829,null,null,null,null,null,1827,null,null,null,1828,1828,1828]
[null,1830,null,null,null,1830,null,null,null,null,1830,null,null,null,1830,null,1829,null,null,null,1830]
[null,1830,null,null,null,1830,null,null,null,null,1830,1830,null,null,1830,null,null,null,null,null,1830,null,1830]
[null,1831,187,"IRAQ\r\n","The Ottomans overthrew the Mamluk regime and gradually imposed direct rule over Iraq until World War I, although the Mamluks continued to be a dominant socio-political force in Iraq, as most of the leading administrative staff in Baghdad were drawn from former Mamluk households. or they comprised a cross section of the class notable in Mamluk times.",1831,null,null,null,null,null,null,1831,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1831,1831]
[null,1832,188,"\"EGYPT\r\nI RAISED\r\nTURKEY\"","The Egyptian army crossed the border into Syria and took the city of Acre; The victorious army continued its march towards Anatolia in Konia where the Ottoman army was defeated, leaving the Egyptians with a clear path to the capital, Constantinople.",1832,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1832,null,null,null,null,null,1832,1832]
[null,1832,189,"GREECE","The Kingdom of Greece. (1832-1924)\nIt was established by the great powers United Kingdom, France and Russia, due to the inability of the Greeks to form a stable Government; It was internationally recognized that same year, in the Treaty of Constantinople, which ensured its complete independence from the Ottoman Empire. It was the three powers, and not the Hellenic representatives, who decided the system of government of the new nation, its character as an independent kingdom and the borders; Likewise, they finally managed to get one of the youngest sons of the king of Bavaria, Otto, to accept the crown of the new kingdom in May 1832.\nOtto of Wittelsbach, King of the Hellenes. (1932-1862)",1832,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1832]
[null,1833,190,"\"EGYPT\r\nI RAISED\r\nTURKEY\r\nRUSSIA\"","Faced with the threat of advance, the Turks accepted the help offered by Russia to mediate the conflict and thus the Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi was signed in Kütahya in 1833, the conditions of which were the withdrawal of Egyptian troops from Anatolia, Egypt would annex Acre, Damascus. , Aleppo and Adana and would receive Candia (Crete) and the Hijaz as war compensation and Mehmet Ali's son, Ibrahim Pasha, would become governor (valid) of Syria. This peace was humiliating for the Ottoman Turks, since they lost a large amount of ground to whoever was their vassal.",1833,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1833,null,null,null,null,null,1833,1833]
[null,1833,191,"SPAIN","End of the Spanish Empire\nDuring the reign of Ferdinand VII, Spain lost almost all of its American territories and with them its role as the main power; Spain only abandoned plans for reconquest after the king's death in 1833, when the Spanish Cortes renounced its possessions in America in 1836 and authorized the government to make peace and recognition treaties with all the new states that emerged on the continent. ",1833,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1833​",1833,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1833]
[null,1834,null,null,null,1834,null,null,null,null,null,1834,null,1833,null,1834,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1834]
[null,1835,null,null,null,1835,null,null,null,null,1835,null,1835,null,null,1835,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1835]
[null,1835,null,null,null,1835,null,null,null,null,1835]
[null,1837,null,null,null,1837,null,null,null,null,1837,1837,1837,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1838,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1837]
[null,1838,192,"EGYPT","Independence of Egypt\nIn 1838, Mehmet Ali announced his desire to achieve independence from the Ottoman Empire and turn Egypt into a hereditary kingdom; That same year, Egypt refused to accept the Ottoman-British Treaty of Balta Liman, which required the abolition of monopolies in all provinces of the Empire and imposed new, very high customs tariffs that would greatly affect the Egyptian economy and empty its coffers, which caused a new Turkish-Egyptian war.",1838,null,null,null,null,null,1839,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1839,null,null,null,null,null,null,1838,1839,null,1839]
[null,1839,193,"\"EGYPT\r\nTürkiye\"","The Ottoman army was defeated by the Egyptian near Urfa in 1839, leaving the road to Constantinople free again; Faced with this situation, Great Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia, who feared the increase in Egyptian power, supported the Ottoman cause and only France supported Egypt; Finally in 1840 the allied powers intervened and forced Mehmed to capitulate, returning Syria, Lebanon and Acre and achieving only his goal of having the right to transmit the throne of Egypt to his descendants, who thus then governed Egypt until the overthrow of the king. Fuad II in 1953.",1839,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1839,null,null,null,null,null,1839,1839,1837]
[null,1841,null,null,null,1841,null,null,null,null,1841,1841]
[null,1841,null,null,null,1841,null,null,null,null,1841,1841]
[null,1842,null,null,null,1842,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1842]
[null,1845,null,null,null,1845,null,null,null,null,1845,null,1845,null,null,null,1844]
[null,1846,null,null,null,1846,null,null,null,null,1846,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1846]
[null,1848,null,null,null,1848,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1848,1848,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1848,null,1848]
[null,1848,null,null,null,1848,null,null,null,null,1848,null,null,null,1848,1848,null,1848,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1848]
[null,1848,null,null,null,1848,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1848]
[null,1849,null,null,null,1849,null,null,null,null,1849,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1849]
[null,1850,null,null,null,1850,null,null,null,null,1850,null,1850,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1850,1850]
[null,1850,194,"\"STATE\r\nJOINED\r\nGERMANY\"","The Second Industrial and Technological Revolution refers to the set of technological and scientific innovations that laid the technological foundations of the 20th century and distanced itself from the foundations of the first industrial revolution. The most radical innovations emerged in the period between 1870 and 1913 mainly in the United States and Germany, where most of the inventions that would subsequently be developed throughout the 20th century and that ended up forming a new technological system were concentrated.",1850,null,null,null,null,1850,null,1853,null,null,1850]
[null,1853,null,null,null,1853,null,null,null,null,1853,1867,null,1868,1852,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1853,null,null,null,null,null,null,1853]
[null,1853,null,null,null,1853,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1853]
[null,1854,null,null,null,1854,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1854]
[null,1855,null,null,null,1855,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," 1855"]
[null,1856,null,null,null,1856,null,null,null,null,null,1856]
[null,1857,null,null,null,1857,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1857]
[null,1857,null,null,null,1857,null,null,null,null,1857,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1853,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1857]
[null,1858,195,"\"ENGLAND\r\nINDIA\"\r\n","The British Raj (1858-1947)\nThe British Raj was the regime of colonial rule of the British Crown over the Indian subcontinent, also known as the Crown Rule in India or Direct Rule of India. The British Raj was composed of two types of territories: British India and the Native States (or Princely States); It extended over almost all of present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, except for the small possessions of other European countries, such as Goa and Pondicherry.\nA native state (also called princely state, Indian state, principality of India) was a nominally sovereign entity of British India during the British Raj that was not ruled directly by the British, but by an Indian ruler under a scheme of indirect government, subject to a subsidiary alliance and suzerainty of the British Crown.",1858,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1858,1858]
[null,1859,null,null,null,1859,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1859]
[null,{"$f":"+F2213","v":1860},null,null,null,1860,null,null,null,null,1860,null,1853,null,null,1859,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1854]
[null,1861,196,"ROME","The Kingdom of Italy was the successor state to the Kingdom of Sardinia and other kingdoms, which emerged following the Italian national unification led by Victor Emmanuel II who crowned himself King of Italy in 1861, as a result of the concerted efforts of Italian nationalists and loyal monarchists. to the House of Savoy to establish a united kingdom that would encompass the entire Italian peninsula.",1861,null,null,null,null,1861,null,1861,null,null,1861,null,1861,null,null,1861,null,1861,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1851]
[null,1861,null,null,null,1861,null,null,null,null,1861,null,1864,null,null,null,1863,1861,null,null,null,null,1863,null,null,null,null,1863]
[null,1861,null,null,null,1861,null,null,null,null,1861]
[null,1861,null,null,null,1861,null,null,null,null,1861]
[null,1861,null,null,null,1861,null,null,null,null,1861,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1861]
[null,1863,null,null,null,1863,null,null,null,null,1863]
[null,1863,null,null,null,1863,null,null,null,null,1863,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1863]
[null,1864,null,null,null,1864,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1864,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1864,1864]
[null,1865,null,null,null,1865,null,null,null,null,1865]
[null,1865,null,null,null,1865,null,null,null,null,1865]
[null,1865,null,null,null,1865,null,null,null,null,1865]
[null,1865,null,null,null,1865,null,null,null,null,1865]
[null,1865,null,null,null,1865,null,null,null,null,1865]
[null,1866,null,null,null,1866,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1866,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1866]
[null,1867,197,"EGYPT","Khedives (1867–1914)\nThe Khedivate of Egypt was an autonomous tributary state of the Ottoman Empire, created and governed by the dynasty of Mehmet Ali after the defeat and expulsion of the French occupation forces from Lower Egypt.",1867,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1867\n",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1867,null,1867]
[null,1867,null,null,null,1867,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1867,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1867]
[null,1867,null,null,null,1867,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1867]
[null,1867,null,null,null,1867,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1867]
[null,1867,null,null,null,1867,null,null,null,null,null,1867,null,null,null,1867]
[null,1868,198,"JAPAN","The Meiji Restoration - Empire of Japan.\nThe lords of Chōshū and Satsuma, determined to end the shogunate, took control of the imperial palace in Kyoto and made the fifteen-year-old Emperor Meiji declare the restoration of his absolute power, which ended the Tokugawa regime and the rule of the shoguns in the country, which had lasted more than seven centuries and at the beginning of the Empire of Japan.",1868,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1868]
[null,1869,null,null,null,1869,null,null,null,null,1869,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1869,1869,1869]
[null,1870,null,null,null,1870,null,null,null,null,null,1870,null,null,1870,1870,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1870]
[null,1870,null,null,null,1870,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1870,1870]
[null,1871,null,null,null,1871,null,null,null,null,null,null,1871,null,1871,1871,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1871]
[null,1871,null,null,null,1871,null,null,null,null,null,1871,null,null,1871,1871,null,null,null,null,null,null,1871]
[null,1871,null,null,null,1871,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1871]
[null,1872,null,null,null,1872,null,null,null,null,1872,null,null,null,null,1872,null,null,null,null,null,null,1872]
[null,1873,null,null,null,1873,null,null,null,null,null,1873,null,null,1873]
[null,1875,null,null,null,1875,null,null,null,null,null,1875,null,1874,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1875,null,null,1875]
[null,1876,null,null,null,1876,null,null,null,null,null,1876,1876,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1876,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1876]
[null,1877,null,null,null,1877,null,null,null,null,1877,null,null,null,null,1877,null,null,null,null,1877,null,1877,null,null,null,null,null,null,1877]
[null,1878,null,null,null,1878,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1879,1878,null,null,null,null,1878,null,1878]
[null,1878,null,null,null,1878,null,null,null,null,1881,1882,null,null,1887,1878,null,1878]
[null,1879,null,null,null,1879,null,null,null,null,1881,1884,null,null,1879,1879,null,null,null,null,null,null,1879,null,null,null,null,1879]
[null,1881,null,null,null,1881,null,null,null,null,1885,null,null,null,null,1881,null,null,null,null,null,null," 1881",null,null,null,null,1881]
[null,1882,199,"\"ENGLAND\r\nEGYPT\"\r\n","British occupation of Egypt.\nThe Khedive asked the British troops to bombard the port of Alexandria and after the defeat of the Egyptian army by the British troops, the British military occupation of 1882 took place.",1882,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1882,1882,null,null,null,null,null,null,1882,null,null,null,null,1882,null,1882]
[null,1885,null,null,null,1885,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1886\n1902",null,1885,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1885,1885]
[null,1888,null,null,null,1888,null,null,null,null,1887,null,null,null,null,1888,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1888]
[null,1888,null,null,null,1888,null,null,null,null,null,null,1888,null,null,1888]
[null,1889,null,null,null,1889,null,null,null,null,1889,null,1889,null,1889,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1892,null,null,null,null,null,null,1989]
[null,1889,200,"BRAZIL","End of the Brazilian Empire - Revolution of 1889.\nMarshal Deodoro da Fonseca revolted the troops garrisoned under his command in Rio de Janeiro and in front of them declared the Republic and informed Emperor Pedro II on the night of November 15 that the army proclaimed the republic, urging him to renounce the throne. and thus avoid violence.",1889,null,null,null,null,null,null,1889,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1892,null,null,null,null,1892,null,1889]
[null,1889,201,"BRAZIL","The First Republic of Brazil (República Velha)\nThe First Republic, or República Velha (Old Republic), is the period from the promulgation of the Republic, in 1889, until the Brazilian Revolution of 1930.\nThe Portuguese Empire continues to administer its colonies facing deep movements of social discontent.\"",1889,null,null,null,null,null,null,1889,null,null,null,1897,null,null,null,1897]
[null,1890,null,null,null,1890,null,null,null,null,1890,null,1890]
[null,1891,null,null,null,1891,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1891]
[null,1893,null,null,null,1893,null,null,null,null,1893,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1892]
[null,1894,null,null,null,1894,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1894,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," 1894",null,null,null,null,null,null,1894,1894]
[null,1895,null,null,null,1895,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1895,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1896,null,null,null,1895]
[null,1896,null,null,null,1896,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1896]
[null,1897,null,null,null,1897,null,null,null,null,1897,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1897]
[null,1898,null,null,null,1898,null,null,null,null,1898,null,null,"1898        ",1899,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1898]
[null,1898,null,null,null,1898,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1898]
[null,1900,null,"Türkiye","The decline of the empire in the Balkans, to the situation in 1856 after the Crimean War, with autonomous territories, and in 1878, after the Berlin Congress, in which several became independent, others obtained broad autonomy and some were occupied, became in Ottoman territorial losses from its greatest peak until shortly before its entry into the First World War, around 1900.\n SEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPH",1900,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1900,null,"The Ottoman Empire around 1900."]
[null,1901,null,null,null,1901,null,null,null,null,1901,1901,null,null,1900,null,null,1900,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1901]
[null,1904,null,null,null,1904,null,null,null,null,null,1904,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1894,null,null,null,null,null,null,1894]
[null,1905,null,null,null,1905,null,null,null,null,null,null,1908,null,1904,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1905,null,null,null,null,null,1905,1905,1905]
[null,1906,null,null,null,1906,null,null,null,null,null,1905,null,null,1905,1905,null,null,null,null,null,null,1906,null,null,null,null,null,null,1906]
[null,1907,null,null,null,1907,null,null,null,null,null,1907,null,null,1906,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1907,null,null,1907]
[null,1908,null,null,null,1908,null,null,null,null,null,null,1908,null,null,1908,null,null,null,null,null,null,1908,null,null,null,null,null,null,1908,1908]
[null,1909,null,null,null,1909,null,null,null,null,1909,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1909,null,null,null,null,1909]
[null,1910,null,null,null,1910,null,null,null,null,null,1910,1910,null,null,1910,null,null,null,null,1909,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1910]
[null,1910,null,null,null,1910,null,null,null,null,1910,1910,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1910]
[null,1910,null,null,null,1910,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1910]
[null,1911,null,null,null,1911,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1911]
[null,{"$f":"+F2277","v":1912},202,"CHINA","End of the Empire - Beginning of the Republic of China (1912-1949)\nOn October 10, 1911, the Wuchang Uprising took place, a rebellion against the Qing dynasty in the current city of Wuhan, which provoked the Xinhai Revolution, which would end with the definitive overthrow of the last Qing emperor, Puyi, in 1912.\nSun Yat-sen is the first, short-lived president of the Republic of China in 1911 as leader of the Kuomintang or KMT, Chinese Nationalist Party.",1912,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1912,1912]
[null,1912,null,null,null,1912,null,null,null,null,1913,null,null,null,1913,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1912,1912]
[null,1913,null,null,null,1913,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1913]
[null,1914,null,null,null,1914,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1914,1913,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1914]
[null,1914,null,null,null,1914,null,null,null,null,1914,1914,null,null,1914,1914,null,null,null,null,null,null,1914,null,null,null,null,1914,null,null,1912]
[null,1914,203,"EUROPE","First World War\n- The Triple Alliance formed by the Central Powers: the German Empire and Austria-Hungary\n- against the Triple Entente, formed by the United Kingdom, France and the Russian Empire.",1914,null,null,null,null,1915,1914,1914,1914,1914,1914,null,null,null,null,1914,null,1914,null,null,null,null,1914,1914,1914]
[null,1914,null,null,null,1914,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1914,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1914,null,null,null,1914]
[null,1915,null,"ENGLAND\r\n","At the beginning of the 20th century, the British Empire covered a fifth of the surface of the Earth's map (35,000,000 km²) and was home to a quarter of its population (about 450-500 million inhabitants). Its greatest extension was took place between 1884 and 1922, between the Berlin Conference and the division of Africa and the independence of Ireland. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",1915,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1915,null,null,null,null,null,1915,null,null,1915,null,"Diachronic map of all the territories that were once part of the British Empire."]
[null,1916,null,null,null,1916,null,null,null,null,null,1916,null,null,null,1916,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1916,1916,null,null,1914,null,1916]
[null,1916,null,null,null,1916,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1916,1916]
[null,1916,null,null,null,1916,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1916,null,null,null,null,null,1916,1916]
[null,1917,204,"RUSSIA","The Revolutions in Russia\n• The February Revolution of 1917 in the Russian Empire marked the first stage of the Russian Revolution of 1917, it arose from the increase in opposition to the tsarist regime within the liberal and socialist (revolutionary) parties, the defeats of the Russian Army in the First World War and the poverty caused by long lines of women for bread and coal. The events caused the end of the Russian monarchy with the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and generated great discontent on the Russian political right over the end of tsarism, precipitating the Kornilov coup d'état, a failed counterrevolutionary attempt in September 1917 that caused the seizure of the Petrograd Soviet by the Bolsheviks who shared power with a Provisional Government of liberal politicians and moderate socialists.\n• The October Revolution, (November 6 to 8, 1917, Western calendar), was the second phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917 that culminated in the fall of the Provisional Government, the Creation of Soviet Russia by the victorious Bolsheviks and the beginning of the Russian Civil War.",1917,null,null,null,null,1917,null,null,null,null,null,1917,null,null,null,null,null,1917,null,null,null,null,1917,null,1917]
[null,1917,null,null,null,1917,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1917,1917,1917,null,1917]
[null,1917,205,"ENGLAND Türkiye","The British, under the command of General Edmund Allenby, defeated the Turkish army and occupied Syria and Palestine; This territory was administered by the British until the war ended. The British military administration ended starvation with the help of Egypt, eradicated typhus and cholera, and improved the water supply to Jerusalem.",1917,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1917,1917,1917,null,1917]
[null,1918,null,null,null,1918,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1918,null,null,null,null,null,null,1918,null,null,null,null,null,null,1918]
[null,1918,null,null,null,1918,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1918,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1918]
[null,1918,206,"GERMANY","The November Revolution in Germany forced the Abdication of William II - Hohenzollern on November 9, 1918.",1918,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1918]
[null,1918,207,"GERMANY","Establishment of the Free State of Prussia: The largest German state during the Weimar Republic, possessing almost five-eighths of its territory and population.",1918,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1918]
[null,1918,208,"GERMANY","Germany, in the midst of a revolution, requested an armistice on November 11, 1918, ending the war with an Allied victory.",1918,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1918,1918,null,null,null,null,1918]
[null,1918,209,"Türkiye EUROPE","The Armistice of Mudros, Lemnos Island, was reached between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies at the end of the First World War for the partition of the Ottoman Empire. The suspension of hostilities ended the war in the Middle East and forced the Ottomans to abandon the entire Empire except Anatolia and order the surrender of all their garrisons in Hejaz, Yemen, Syria, Mesopotamia, Tripolitania, and Cyrenaica.",1918,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1918,null,null,null,null,1918,null,null,1918,1918,null,1918]
[null,1918,210,"\"Türkiye\r\nEUROPE\"","The Occupation of Constantinople, (November 13, 1918 – October 4, 1923), the capital of the Ottoman Empire, carried out by troops from the United Kingdom, France, and Italy, within the agreements of the Mudros Armistice, meant the partition of the Ottoman Empire after the end of World War I.",1918,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1918,null,null,null,null,1918,null,null,1918,1918]
[null,1918,211,"Türkiye","The Turkish War of Independence\nAfter the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the First World War, Field Marshal Mustafa Kemal led the Turkish National Movement that channeled the independence struggles throughout the country against the Allies and their intention to partition portions of Anatolia; The main objective of Kemal and his followers was to obtain control of Anatolia, eliminating the independent or autonomous Armenian, Kurdish and Greek authorities, which he achieved through his brilliant military campaigns that led to the liberation of the country and the establishment of the current national territory of the Republic of Turkey in accordance with the Treaty of Lausanne. ",1918,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1918,null,null,null,null,1918]
[null,1918,212,"ARMENIA","The Democratic Republic of Armenia was the first modern Armenian state; It emerged in 1918, with the collapse of the Russian Empire after the Russian Revolution of 1917, which gave an opportunity to the Armenian Revolutionary Federation to create the new republic.",1918,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1918]
[null,1919,null,null,null,1919,null,null,null,null,null,1919,null,null,null,1919,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1919]
[null,1919,null,null,null,1919,null,null,null,null,null,1919,null,null,1919,1919]
[null,1919,null,"ENGLAND","• The British Empire saw its period of greatest extension, as the United Kingdom gained control of Palestine and Mesopotamia through the mechanism of the League of Nations mandate, following the fall of the Ottoman Empire in the Near East, as well as the ancient German colonies: Cameroon, Togoland, German East Africa (Tanganica, Rwanda and Burundi), South West Africa (present-day Namibia) and German New Guinea (the last two came under the control of the Union of South Africa and Australia, respectively). \nAlthough the United Kingdom emerged as one of the victors of the war and its rule extended to new areas, the high costs of the war undermined its financial capacity to maintain that vast empire. Animated map of the expansion of the British Empire. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",1919,null,null,null,null,null,1919,null,null,1919,1919,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1919,null,null,"Animated map of the expansion of the British Empire."]
[null,1919,null,null,null,1919,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1920,1919]
[null,1919,null,null,null,1919,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1919,null,null,null,null,null,null,1919]
[null,1920,null,null,null,1920,null,null,null,null,1920,1920,null,null,"1920-1924",1920,1920,1922,null,null,1920,null,null,1920,1920,null,1920,null,null,1920]
[null,1920,null,null,null,1920,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1920]
[null,1921,null,null,null,1921,null,null,null,null,1920,1921,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1921,null,null,null,null,null,null,1921]
[null,1921,null,null,null,1921,null,null,null,null,1921,1922,null,null,null,null,null,1922,null,null,1922,null,1921,null,null,null,null,1922,null,1921,1921]
[null,1922,213,"Türkiye","The sultanate was abolished on November 1, 1922 when a republic was established in Turkey that ended the political power of the Ottoman dynasty; In 1924, the caliphate was formally abolished.",1922,null,null,null,null,null,1922,null,null,null,1922,1922,null,null,null,1922,1922,1922,null,null,null,1922,1922,null,1922]
[null,1922,null,null,null,1922,null,null,null,null,1922,1922,null,1923,null,null,null,null,null,null,1923,null,1922,null,null,null,null,null,null,1922]
[null,1923,null,null,null,1923,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1923]
[null,1923,null,null,null,1923,null,null,null,null,1923,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1923,null,null,1923]
[null,1924,null,null,null,1924,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1924,null,1924,null,null,null,1923,null,1924,null,null,null,null,null,null,1924,1924]
[null,1924,null,null,null,1924,null,null,null,null,null,null,1926,null,null,null,1924,null,null,null,null,null,1924,null,null,1925,null,null,1928,1925,1925]
[null,1925,null,null,null,1925,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1925,1925,1925,null,null,null,1925]
[null,1926,null,null,null,1926,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1926]
[null,1926,null,null,null,1926,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1926]
[null,1927,null,null,null,1927,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1927]
[null,1928,null,null,null,1928,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1928]
[null,1929,null,null,null,1929,null,null,null,null,1929,null,null,null,null,1929,1929,null,null,null,null,null,null,1929,1929,null,null,null,null,1929]
[null,1930,null,null,null,1930,null,null,null,null,null,null,1930]
[null,1930,null,null,null,1930,null,null,null,null,null,1931,1930,1931,1931,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1930]
[null,1931,null,null,null,1931,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1931,1932,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1931]
[null,1932,null,null,null,1932,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1932]
[null,1932,214,"IRAQ","The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq is the current State of Iraq at the end of the British Mandate.\nFinally, on October 3, 1932, after the Iraqi government purchased the railway system built by the British during World War I and guaranteed minority rights, Iraq became a sovereign state and was accepted into the League of Nations.",1932,null,null,null,null,null,null,1932,1931,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1932,1932,1932,null,null,null,null,1932,1932]
[null,1933,null,null,null,1933,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1933,null,1933]
[null,1934,null,null,null,1934,null,null,null,null,1933,null,1934,1934,null,1934,1934,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1934]
[null,1935,null,null,null,1935,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1935,1935,1935]
[null,1936,null,null,null,1936,null,null,null,null,null,1936,null,null,null,1936,null,null,null,null,null,1936,null,null,null,null,null,1936,null,1936]
[null,1937,null,null,null,1937,null,null,null,null,null,1937,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1937]
[null,1937,null,null,null,1937,null,null,null,null,null,1937,1937,null,null,1937,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1936,1935,1937,1937]
[null,1938,null,null,null,1938,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1938,null,null,null,null,1938]
[null,1938,null,null,null,1938,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1938]
[null,1939,null,null,null,1939,null,null,null,null,null,null,1939,null,1939,1939,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1939]
[null,1939,null,null,null,1939,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1936,1940,1939,null,1936,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1939,null,1939]
[null,1940,0,null,null,1940,null,null,null,null,1940,null,null,1936,1940,1940,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1940,1940,null,null,null,null,1940]
[null,1940,null,null,null,1940,null,null,null,null,null,null,1936,1936,1940,1940,1940,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1940]
[null,1941,null,"ENGLAND IRAQ",null,1941,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1939,null,1940]
[null,1941,null,null,"In response to Arab negotiations with the Germans, the British invaded Iraq between April and May 1941, naming Nuri as-Said prime minister. The Iraqi army is defeated in less than a month, Arab nationalists flee the country and foreign forces occupy Iraq until the end of World War II.",1941,null,null,null,null,1941,1941,null,null,null,1940,1941,null,null,null,null,null,null,1941,1941,null,null,null,1940]
[null,1941,215,null,null,1941,null,null,null,null,1941,1941,null,null,null,1941,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1941,1941,null,null,null,null,1941]
[null,1941,null,null,null,1941,null,null,null,null,1941,null,null,null,null,1941,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1941,null,null,null,1941]
[null,1941,null,null,null,1941,null,null,null,null,1941,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1941]
[null,1941,null,null,null,1941,null,null,null,null,1942,null,null,null,null,1941,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1944]
[null,{"$f":"+F2344","v":1943},216,"MIDDLE EAST MEDITERRANEAN FRANCE","Popular demonstrations forced the French armed forces to release the political prisoners, which was achieved on November 22, 1943, a date that was established to celebrate the national independence day of Lebanon, establishing a single political system, Confessionalism, a type of consociativism between religious communities. Bechara El Khoury, first president of Lebanon, Riad Al-Solh, first prime minister of Lebanon and Emir Majid Arslan II, first Minister of Defense, are considered the three founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and national heroes for having achieved the independence. French troops completely withdrew from the country on December 31, 1946.",1943,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1943,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1943]
[null,1944,null,null,null,1944,null,null,null,null,null,null,1944,1944,1944,1944,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1943,1944,1944]
[null,1944,null,"ENGLAND UNITED STATES","Bretton Woods Agreements\nIn a conference that was attended by 44 nations and with the Atlantic Charter of 1941 as its main precedent, the rules for commercial and financial relations between the most industrialized countries in the world were established, trying to put an end to the protectionism of the period 1914- 1945, for which there had to be a free trade policy, where relations with the outside world would be established; A gold standard was adopted, in which the United States was to maintain the price of gold at $35.00 per ounce and was granted the power to exchange dollars for gold at that price without restrictions or limitations. In the agreements, the creation of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund was also decided, using the US dollar as the international reference currency. Both organizations began operating in 1946.",1944,null,null,null,null,1944,1944,null,null,1944,1944]
[null,1945,null,null,null,1945,null,null,null,null,1945,1945,null,null,1945,1945,null,null,null,null,null,null,1945]
[null,1945,null,null,null,1945,null,null,null,null,1945,1945,null,null,1945,1945,null,null,null,null,null,null,1945,null,null,null,null,null,null,1945]
[null,1945,217,"UNITED STATES RUSSIA","World War II boosted the American economy by providing investment capital and jobs, bringing many women into the workforce. Of the main combatants, the United States was the only nation to become rich as a result of the war. The conferences at Bretton Woods and Yalta created a new system of international organization that placed the USA and the Soviet Union at the center of world affairs. .\nAugust 6-9, 1945: Atomic bombing of Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the US.",1945,null,null,null,null,1945,1945,null,null,null,1945,null,null,null,null,null,null,1945,null,null,null,null,null,null,1945]
[null,1945,218,"JAPAN","The Japanese Empire signed the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and the Kingdom of Italy, its objectives being to establish and maintain a new order of things\" in their respective regions of the world and spheres of influence, with Nazi Germany in Europe, imperial Japan in Asia and the Kingdom of Italy in North Africa. The signatories of this alliance are known as the Axis Powers. \nSEE ILLUSTRATIVE GRAPHIC",1945,null,null,null,null,1945,null,null,null,null,1945,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1945]
[null,1945,219,"ENGLAND UNITED STATES","Britain and its empire emerged victorious from World War II, but much of Europe, a continent that had dominated the world for several centuries, lay in ruins and was home to the armies of the United States and the Soviet Union, which now They maintained the balance of global power.\r\nThis period coincided with the emergence of the United States as a global financial force after World War II; The New York Stock Exchange surpassed the London Stock Exchange and New York was briefly the financial center of the world.",1945,null,null,null,null,1945,1945,null,null,null,1945,null,null,null,null,null,null,1945,null,null,null,null,null,null,1945,1945,"Japanese Empire. Territory (1870–1895). Acquisitions (1895–1930)   Acquisitions (1930–1942)."]
[null,1945,null,null,null,1945,null,null,null,null,1945,null," 1945",null,null,1945,null,1946,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1946,1945,1945]
[null,1946,null,null,null,1946,null,null,null,null,1945,null,1946,null,1946,1946,1946,1946,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1946,null,1946,1945]
[null,1946,null,null,null,1946,null,null,null,null,1946,null,null,null,null,1946,null,1946,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1947,1946]
[null,1947,220,"\"ENGLAND\r\nUSA\"","In the face of anti-colonial movements in the colonies of European nations, Britain adopted a policy of peaceful withdrawal from its colonies once stable non-communist governments were established to assume power.\r\nBetween 1945 and 1965, the number of people under British rule outside the United Kingdom decreased from 700 million to five million, of whom three million were in Hong Kong.",1947,null,null,null,null,1947,1947,null,null,null,1947,null," 1946",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1947,null,1947]
[null,1947,221,"JAPAN","The current Constitution of Japan was promulgated on November 3, 1946 and came into force on May 3, 1947. Among its characteristics, three points stand out: the symbolic role of the emperor, the prominence of civil rights and human rights, and the renounces war. The Constitution establishes a parliamentary system of government in which legislative power resides in a bicameral National Diet, both chambers being directly elected. Executive power is exercised by a Prime Minister and the cabinet responsible to the legislature and judicial power is exercised by the Supreme Court of Justice of Japan.",1947,null,null,null,null,1947,null,null,null,null,1946,null," 1948",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1948,1948,1947,1947]
[null,1947,null,null,null,1947,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1947]
[null,1948,null,null,null,1948,null,null,null,null,1948,null,null,null,1946,1948,1947,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1947,1948]
[null,1948,null,null,null,1948,null,null,null,null,1948,null,null,null,1946,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1948,1948]
[null,1948,null,null,null,1948,null,null,null,null,1948,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1948,1948,1948]
[null,1948,null,null,null,1948,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1947,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1948]
[null,1949,222,"RUSSIA","The development of nuclear weapons by the Soviet Union was driven by antagonistic conflict with the United States and other Western bloc countries during the Cold War. On August 29, 1949, the Soviet Union successfully detonated its first atomic bomb, the RDS-1, which exploded in a 30 m tower with a yield of 22 kilotons. In 1953 a two-stage thermonuclear device was designed by the Soviets and materialized in the first hydrogen bomb (thermonuclear nuclear fusion bomb) RDS-37 proving in 1955 that the Soviet Union had the technology to launch thermonuclear weapons from an airplane .",1949,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1949,null,null,null,null,null,1956]
[null,1949,223,"CHINA","Victory of the communist side and the establishment of the People's Republic of China and exile of the nationalists to the island of Taiwan, recreating the Republic of China.",1949,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1949,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1971,null,1949]
[null,1949,null,null,null,1949,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1949,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1949]
[null,1949,null,null,null,1949,null,null,null,null,1949,null,null,null,null,1949]
[null,1949,null,null,null,1949,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1949,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1949]
[null,1949,null,null,null,1949]
[null,1949,null,null,null,1949,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1949]
[null,1949,null,null,null,1949,null,null,null,null,null,null,1949,1949,null,null,null,1949]
[null,1950,224,"ENGLAND","The United Kingdom had to accept the new situation that led the old empire to become what is today the Commonwealth or Commonwealth of Nations, an organization made up of 54 independent and semi-independent sovereign countries that share historical ties without any submission to the British crown, although the figure of the monarch of the United Kingdom is respected.",1950,null,null,null,null,1950,1950,1950,1950,1950,1950,null,1950,null,null,1950,null,1950,null,null,null,null,null,1950,1950,1950]
[null,1950,null,null,null,1950,null,null,null,null,1950]
[null,1951,null,null,null,1951,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1951]
[null,1952,null,null,null,1952,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1952]
[null,1952,null,null,null,1952,null,null,null,null,1952,1952,1951,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1952,1950,1952]
[null,1953,null,null,null,1953,null,null,null,null,1953,null,1954,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1953,null,null,null,null,1952,1991,null,1953]
[null,1953,225,"EGYPT","Proclamation of the Arab Republic of Egypt by the Free Officers Movement led by Gamal Abdel Nasser.\nMuhammad Naguib, First President of Egypt. He was forced to resign by his fellow revolutionaries in 1954 and after his resignation, the position of President was vacant until the election of Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1956.",1953,null,null,null,null,1953,null,1955,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1953,null,1953]
[null,1955,null,null,null,1955,null,null,null,null,1955,null,null,null,1954,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1955,1955,1953,null,null,null,1954]
[null,1955,null,null,null,1955,null,null,null,null,1955,1955," 1955",null,null,1955,null," 1955",null,null,null,null,1955]
[null,1955,null,null,null,1955,null,null,null,null,1955,1955,1956,null,null,1955,null,null,null,null,null,null,1955,null,null,null,null,1954,null,1955]
[null,1956,null,null,null,1956,null,null,null,null,1956,1956,1957,1957,null,null,null,1957,null,null,null,null,1956,null,null,null,null,1956,null,1956,1956]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1956]
[null,{"$f":"+F2382","v":1957},226,"AFRICA ENGLAND","The end of the British Empire in Africa came with exceptional rapidity, often leaving the new states in a poor position to address the challenges posed by sovereignty: The independence of Ghana in (1957) after ten years of political struggle, was followed by that of Nigeria (1960), Sierra Leone and Tanganyika (1961), Uganda (1962), Kenya and Zanzibar (1963), Gambia (1965), Botswana (formerly Bechuanaland) and Lesotho (formerly Basutoland) (1966), Mauritius (1966). 1968), Swaziland (1968) and Seychelles (1976).",1957,null,null,null,null,null,1957,1961,null,1957,1957,null,null,null,null,null,null,1957,null,null,null,null,null,null,1957]
[null,1958,227,"EGYPT SYRIA","Egypt and Syria formed the United Arab Republic in an attempt to create an Arab federation, but the Hashemite kings proclaimed the Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan, attempting to neutralize Egyptian influence in the region, but in open opposition of the monarchy to the first pan-Arab state. , which caused greater discontent in the town.",1958,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1958,1958,null,1958,1958,null,1958]
[null,1958,228,"IRAQ","Republic of Iraq.\r\nIn July 1958, Iraqi forces commanded by Abdul Karim Qasim and Abdul-Salam Arif seized power in a coup d'état, took over the city of Baghdad and overthrew the Hashemite monarchy. The Committee of Free Officers proclaimed the Republic and a new government, of Arab nationalist and socialist inspiration with the support of the Kurdish exiles (whose return it had allowed) and the Communist Party; In the following weeks many reforms were adopted: agrarian reform, help for poor families, urban plans, etc.",1958,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1958,1958,null,1958,null,null,null,1958]
[null,1958,null,null,null,1958,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1958,1958]
[null,1960,229,null,null,1960,null,null,null,null,1960,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1960]
[null,1960,null,"AFRICA","CLOSER TO THE END OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE\nThrough a referendum in 1960, the white population of the Union of South Africa voted against union with the United Kingdom and became independent from the United Kingdom, but remained a member of the Commonwealth. It finally withdrew from the Commonwealth on 31 May 1961, the date on which the Republic of South Africa was declared.",1960,null,null,null,null,null,1960,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1960]
[null,1961,null,"ENGLAND","THE NEW BRITISH FINANCIAL EMPIRE\nAs more and more British colonies became independent, the vast expanse of the political Empire took up less and less space on the map; but the small remnants - such as Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, the British Virgin Islands, Gibraltar, Anguilla - although they were places too poor or remote to become independent, they had a \"natural resource\" to exploit: their connection with the United Kingdom, with which They also became tax havens, offering low taxes and confidentiality to clients reluctant to scrutiny\nVER GRÁFICA ILUSTRATIVA.. ",1961,null,null,null,null,1961,1961,1961,1975,"\n1959",1961,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1961,null,null,1960,null,{"$error":"#VALUE!"}]
[null,1961,null,"ENGLAND","THE NEW BRITISH FINANCIAL EMPIRE\nThe final piece of the new financial empire was the City itself, whose recent actions almost universally presented the United Kingdom as a low-risk jurisdiction in terms of legality control and without sufficient tools to face daily an avalanche of new incorporations and without the powers or resources to verify the information provided. No one in the British government seemed to have realized what was happening but the leaders of the Bank of England knew and were delighted that the powerful engine of the financial system was starting up again. \nVER GRÁFICA ILUSTRATIVA",1961,null,null,null,null,1961,1961]
[null,1961,null,"ENGLAND","THE NEW BRITISH FINANCIAL EMPIRE\nAlthough it had been \"\"nationalized in 1946, the Bank of England effectively remained under the control of the City's commercial banks. The Bank of England consistently pursued policies that favored the City's position as a global financial centre, even when such policies were seen as detrimental to the manufacturing needs of mainland Britain; The pound was constantly overvalued, interest rates were relatively high, at times when the country saw a declining manufacturing sector.\"\nVER GRÁFICA ILUSTRATIVA",1961,null,null,null,null,1961,1961,1961,1975]
[null,1962,null,null,null,1962,null,null,null,null,1962,null,null,null,null,null,null,1962,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"THE NEW BRITISH FINANCIAL EMPIRE"]
[null,1963,null,null,null,1963,null,null,null,null,1963,null,null,null,null,"1963-1966",null,1964,null,null,null,null,null,1963,1963,null,1963,null,null,1963]
[null,1963,null,null,null,1963,null,null,null,null,1963,null,1964,null,null,null,null,1964,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1963,null,1965,1963]
[null,1964,null,null,null,1964,null,null,null,null,1964,null,1964,null,null,null,1964,null,null,null,1966,null,1964,null,null,null,null,null,null,1964]
[null,1965,null,null,null,1965,null,null,null,null,null,null,1964,null,null,1965]
[null,1966,null,null,null,1966,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1966,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1966,1966,null,1966,null,null,null,1966]
[null,1967,null,null,null,1967,null,null,null,null,null,null," 1967",null,null,null,1967,null,null,null,null,null,null,1967,null,null,1967,1967,null,1967]
[null,1968,230,"ENGLAND","Northern Ireland conflict: interethnic armed conflict between the unionists of Northern Ireland (of Protestant religion, majority in the region), supporters of preserving ties with the United Kingdom, and the Irish republicans, mostly Catholic and demographically a minority , supporters of independence or the integration of the province into the Republic of Ireland, a country of Catholic religion.\r\nGood Friday Agreement also called the Belfast Agreement, to end the Northern Ireland Conflict; was approved by the people of Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland by referendum in each place.\"",1968,null,null,null,null,null,1968,1968,null,1968,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1968,1968]
[null,1969,null,null,null,1969,null,null,null,null,1969,null,1969,1975,1969,1969]
[null,1970,null,null,null,1970,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1976,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1970,1970,null,1970,1970,null,1970,1970]
[null,1971,null,null,null,1971,null,null,null,null,1971,1971,null,null,null,1972,null,1971,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1971,null,null,null,1971]
[null,1972,null,null,null,1972,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1972]
[null,1972,null,null,null,1972,null,null,null,null,1972,1973,null,null,null,1973,1972,null,null,null,1973,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1972]
[null,1973,null,null,null,1973,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1973,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1973,1973]
[null,1974,null,null,null,1974,null,null,null,null,1974,null,1974,null,1974,1974,1974,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1974,1974]
[null,1974,null,null,null,1974,null,null,null,null,null,null,1974]
[null,1975,231,"PORTUGAL","The end of the Portuguese Empire\r\nWhen the Carnation Revolution triumphed in Portugal, one of the first acts of the new government was to end the colonial war and negotiate the delivery of all African possessions to the indigenous rebels, which was completed in 1975, although in a rather disorderly manner. in all cases.",1975,null,null,null,null,null,null,1975]
[null,1975,null,null,null,1975,null,null,null,null,null,null," 1975",null,null,null,1975,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1975]
[null,1976,null,null,null,1976,null,null,null,null,1976,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1976,1976]
[null,1977,null,null,null,1977,null,null,null,null,1977,null,null,1976,null,null,null,1978]
[null,1978,null,null,null,1978,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1978,1978,null,1978,1978]
[null,1978,null,null,null,1978,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1978,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1978]
[null,1978,null,null,null,1978,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1979,null,null,null,null,1978]
[null,1979,null,null,null,1979,null,null,null,null,1979,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1979,1979,1979,null,null,null,1979,1979]
[null,1979,null,null,null,1979,null,null,null,null,null,null," 1979",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1980,null,null,null,null,1979,null,null,null,1979,1979]
[null,1980,null,null,null,1980,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1980,null,null,null,null,null,null,1980,1980,1980,null,null,null,1980]
[null,1980,null,null,null,1980,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1980]
[null,1981,null,null,null,1981,null,null,null,null,1981,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1981,null,null,1981]
[null,1982,null,null,null,1982,null,null,null,null,null,1982,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1982,1982]
[null,1983,null,null,null,1983,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1983]
[null,1982,232,"CANADA","The Constitution Act of 1982 of the Parliament of Canada determined complete independence from British rule and is the Constitution and supreme law of the Government of Canada.",1982,null,null,null,null,null,1982]
[null,1984,null,null,null,1984,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1981,1981,1982,null,null,null,null,null,null,1982,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1984]
[null,1984,null,null,null,1984,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1984,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1984]
[null,1985,null,null,null,1985,null,null,null,null,1985,null,1985,null,null,null,1985,1985,null,null,null,null,1985,null,null,null,1985,null,null,null,1985]
[null,1986,null,null,null,1986,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1986,1986]
[null,1987,null,null,null,1987,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1987,1987]
[null,1988,null,null,null,1988,null,null,null,null,null,null,1988,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1988]
[null,1989,null,null,null,1989,null,null,null,null,1989,null,null,1982,1990,1989,null,null,null,null,1989,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1989,1989]
[null,1989,null,null,null,1989,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1989,null,null,1989,1989]
[null,1990,null,null,null,1990,null,null,null,null,1990,null,1990,null,null,1989,1990,null,null,null,null,1990,null,1990,1990,null,1990,null,null,1990,1990]
[null,1991,null,null,null,1991,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1991,null,1992,null,null,null,null,1991,null,null,null,null,null,null,1991,1991]
[null,1992,null,null,null,1992,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1991,null,1992,null,null,1993,null,1991,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1992]
[null,1992,null,null,null,1992,null,null,null,null,null,null,"1992​",null,null,1992,null,null,null,null,null,null,1991,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1992]
[null,1993,null,null,null,1993,null,null,null,null,null,null,1993,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1993]
[null,1993,null,null,null,1993,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1993]
[null,1994,null,null,null,1994,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1992,null,null,null,null,null,null,1994,1994]
[null,1995,null,null,null,1995,null,null,null,null,1993,null," 1995",1993,1993,1993,1995,1993,null,null,null,null,1993,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1995]
[null,1996,null,null,null,1996,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1996]
[null,1997,233,"CHINA ENGLAND","The Transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom to China took place. With this act the British Empire was also terminated.",1997,null,null,null,null,null,1997,null,1996,1995,1997,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1997]
[null,1998,null,null,null,1998,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1998]
[null,1998,null,null,null,1998,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1998]
[null,1999,null,null,null,1999,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2003,1998,null,1999,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1999,null,1999]
[null,1993,null,null,null,1993,null,null,null,null,2001,null,null,2004,2005,null,null,1999,null,null,2000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1993]
[null,2000,null,null,null,2000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2000]
[null,2000,null,null,null,2000,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2000,null,null,2000]
[null,{"$f":"+F2446","v":2001},null,null,null,2001,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2001]
[null,2002,null,null,null,2002,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1998,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2002]
[null,2003,null,null,null,2003,null,null,null,null,null,null,2003,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2003]
[null,2003,null,null,null,2003,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2005,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2003,2003,null,null,null,null,2003,2003]
[null,2005,null,null,null,2005,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2005,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2005]
[null,2006,null,null,null,2006,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2006,null,2006,null,null,null,null,null,2006,2006,null,null,null,null,2006,2006]
[null,2007,null,null,null,2007,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2007]
[null,2008,null,null,null,2008,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2008]
[null,2008,null,null,null,2008,null,null,null,null,2009,null,null,null,2007,2006,null,null,null,null,2007,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2008,2008]
[null,2009,null,null,null,2009,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2009]
[null,2010,null,null,null,2010,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2010]
[null,2011,null,null,null,2011,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2011]
[null,2011,null,null,null,2011,null,null,null,null,null,null," 2011",null,2012,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2008,2011,2011,null,null,2011,null,2011,2011]
[null,2012,null,null,null,2012,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2012,null,null,null,null,2012,null,2012,2012]
[null,2013,null,null,null,2013,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2013,null,2013,2013]
[null,2013,null,null,null,2013,null,null,null,null,null,2016,null,2014,2015,null,null,2013,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2014,null,null,2013]
[null,2014,null,null,null,2014,null,null,null,null,2014,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2014,2020,2014,2014,2014,2014,2014,null,null,2014]
[null,2015,null,null,null,2015,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2017,null,"2015​",2015,null,null,2014,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2015]
[null,2016,null,null,null,2016,null,null,null,null,2017,null,2016,2018,2018,null,null,2015,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2016]
[null,2017,null,null,null,2017,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2017]
[null,2017,null,null,null,2017,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2017]
[null,2018,null,null,null,2018,null,null,null,null,null,null,2019,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2018]
[null,2019,null,null,null,2019,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2019]
[null,2020,null,null,null,2020,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2020,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2020]
[null,2021,234,null,null,2021,null,null,null,null,2021,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2021,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,2021]
[null,2022,null,null,null,2022]
[null,2023,null,null,null,2023]
[null,2024,null,"U.S.A. RUSSIA CHINA U.K.","Three great dominant powers in continuous search for strategies to consolidate their power and maintain the necessary global balance",2024]
[null,2025,null,null,null,2025]
[null,2026,null,null,null,2026]
[null,2027,null,null,null,2027]
[null,2028,null,null,null,2028]
[null,2029,null,null,null,2029]
[null,2030,null,null,null,2030]
[null,2031,null,null,null,2031]
[null,2032,null,null,null,2032]
[null,2033,null,null,null,2033]
[null,2034,null,null,null,2034]
[null,2035,null,null,null,2035]
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[null,2041,null,null,null,2041]
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[null,2047,null,null,null,2047]
[null,2048,null,null,null,2048]
[null,2049,null,null,null,2049]
[null,2050,null,null,null,2050]
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[null,2055,null,null,null,2055]
[null,2056,null,null,null,2056]
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[null,2058,null,null,null,2058]
[null,2059,null,null,null,2059]
[null,2060,null,null,null,2060]
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[null,2062,null,null,null,2062]
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[null,"_OFICIAL SYNCHRONOUS UNIVERSAL HISTORY_",null,null,null," NUMBER","CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR\nREGIONS STUDYED",null,null,"1 (AMERICA)",null,null,null,"2 (UNITED KINGDOM)",null,null,null,"3 (PORTUGAL_BRAZIL)",null,null,null,"4 (SPAIN)",null,null,null,"5 (FRANCE_BELGIUM)",null,null,null,"6 (GERMANY_ NETHERLANDS)",null,null,null,"7 (GREECE",null,null,null,"8 (ROMA)",null,null,null,"9 (BIZANTIUM)",null,null,null,"10 (CALIPHATES)",null,null,null,"11 (TURKEY) ",null,null,null,null,"12 (RUSSIA_CENTRAL  ASIA )",null,null,null,"13 (SUMERIA)",null,null,null,"14 (ASSIRIA)",null,null,null,"15 (PERSIA_IRAN)",null,null,null,"16 (LEVANTE_GREAT SYRIA) ",null,null,null,"17 (EGYPT)",null,null,null,"18 (INDUS VALLEY)",null,null,null,"19 (JAPAN_KOREA)",null,null,null,"20 (CHINA)",null,null,null,"DATE",{"$f":"TODAY()","v":"2024-02-29"}]
[null,"LET'S STUDY HISTORY_LET'S MAKE HISTORY_LET'S WRITE HISTORY",null,null,null,"DESCRIPTION",null,null,null,"WESTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGION OF AMERICA\nUNITED STATES - CANADA - CENTRAL AMERICA - SOUTH AMERICA\n(?? / 1492 / CURRENT",null,null,null,"WESTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN - IRELAND - AUSTRALIA\n  BRITISH EMPIRE\n(-7500 / 1577-1997 / CURRENT)",null,null,null,"WESTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGION OF PORTUGAL - BRAZIL\nPORTUGUESE EMPIRE (1,415/1975 CURRENT)",null,null,null,"WESTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGION OF SPAIN HISPANIA / CORDOBA - AL ANDALUS \n(-1,100, 711, 1,492, CURRENT)",null,null,null,"WESTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGION OF FRANCE - BELGIUM - LUXEMBOURG MIDDLE WESTERN EUROPE",null,null,null,"WESTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGION OF GERMANY - NETHERLANDS - AUSTRIA - HUNGARY - MIDDLE EASTERN EUROPE",null,null,null,"WESTERN CIVILIZATION\nCYCLADIC CIVILIZATION MINOAN CIVILIZATION\n                 - 3300 /- 2100 -1600 / - 1200\nMACEDONIAN  - GREEK  EMPIRE\n(-330 / -168)",null,null,null,"WESTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGIÓN ROMA ITALIA WESTERN CHRISTIAN EMPIRE\n(-753 / 476 / CURRENT)",null,null,null,"WESTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGIÓN BYZANTINE CHRISTIAN EMPIRE\nCONSTANTINOPLE (BYZANTIUM)\n(395 /1,453)",null,null,null,"ISLAMIC CALIPHATES\nORTHODOX/OMEYAN/ABASI/FATIMI\n(570 - 1,261)",null,null,null,"EASTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGION -TURKEY_ANATOLIA_ARMENIA\nSELYUCID DYNASTY / OTTOMAN EMPIRE\n(1,037 - 1299 - 1923 - CURRENT))",null,null,null,null,"EASTERN CIVILIZATION\nRUSSIA AND CENTRAL ASIA REGION\nkyiv RUSS - RUSSIAN EMPIRE - SOVIET UNION - RUSSIAN FEDERATION\n(862/1721-1917/1991/CURRENT)",null,null,null,"EASTERN SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION\nREGIONS MESOPOTAMIA - IRAQ\nSUMERIAN EMPIRE\n(-26,458 / -1,800 / -1,026 / -539 / -63)",null,null,null,"EASTERN SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION\nUPPER MESOPOTAMIA REGION\nASSYRIAN EMPIRE\n(-2,000 / -612)",null,null,null,"EASTERN SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION\nIRAN REGION\nMEDES AND PERSIAN EMPIRE\n(-701 / -330 / CURRENT)",null,null,null,"EAST SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION_EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION\nREGION OF THE COUNTRY OF SHAM - MEDITERRANEAN LEFT\nGREAT SYRIA - CANAAN - PHENICIA - PUNICA\n(-6,350 / -146)",null,null,null,"EASTERN EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION\nAFRICA REGION\nEGYPTIAN EMPIRE\n(-3,100 / -525 / CURRENT)",null,null,null,"EASTERN CIVILIZATION OF THE INDUS VALLEY\nINDIA REGION - PAKISTAN - MYANMAR - VIETNAM - INDONESIA - MALAYSIA\n(-2,900 / - 1,300 / CURRENT)",null,null,null,"CHINESE EASTERN CIVILIZATION\nJAPAN REGION - KOREA\nLEGENDARY JAPANESE EMPIRE - KOREA\n711 BC- 690AD.",null,null,null,"CHINESE EASTERN CIVILIZATION\nREGION: CHINA- MONGOLIA  - THAILAND  - VIETNAM - CENTRAL ASIA - PHILIPPINES (?)\nCHINESE EMPIRE - MONGOL EMPIRE - CHINA\n(-4,700? - CURRENT)",null,null,null,"COMMENTS - ADDITIONS - SUGGESTIONS"]
[]
[null,"FORMAT FOR CORRECTIONS ADDITIONS",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS","MEDIUM CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"HISTORICAL MILESTONES BY CIVILIZATIONS AND/OR REGIONS",null,null,null,"CONTACT EMAILS","portiz1950@gmail.com"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"TYPE OF CHRONOLOGY ",null,null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"APPROX. START",null," APPROX. END.","DURATION",null,"MEDIUM CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"MEDIUM CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"MEDIUM CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"MEDIUM CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"MEDIUM CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"MEDIUM CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"MEDIUM CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"SHORT CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"MEDIUM CHRONOLOGY",null,null,null,"jairoafanador@gmail.com"]
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